A.P. Psychology. Psychologists List (For A.P. Exam)

Transcription

1 A.P. Psychology Psychologists List (For A.P. Exam) Adler, Alfred Ainsworth, Mary Bandura, Alfred Chomsky, Noam Erikson, Erik Freud, Sigmond Gardner, Howard Harlow, Harry James, William Jung, Carl Kohlberg, Lawrence Kubler-Ross, Elizabeth Maslow, Abraham Milgram, Stanley Pavlov, Ivan Piaget, Jean Schachter, Stanley Skinner, B.F. Sternberg, Robert Titchener,Edward Bradford Watson, John Wertheimer, Max Wundt, Wilhelm Zimbardo, Phillip

2 Dr. Ludy Benjamin's terms for introductory psychology from his web site. Terms/People/Concepts/Theories You Should Know Introduction, History, Research Methods, and Statistics psychology John Watson behaviorism Sigmund Freud behavioral approach psychoanalytic approach clinical psychology school psychology social psychology developmental psychology experiment theory population dependent variable experimental group placebo randomization survey method correlational study descriptive statistics central tendency measures Wilhelm Wundt empiricism psychoanalysis biological approach cognitive approach experimental psychology cognitive psychology counseling psychology industrial/organizational psych, psychometric psychology hypothesis sample independent variable operational definition control group double-blind procedure case study method naturalistic observation method ex post facto method inferential statistics mode

3 median variability range normal distribution mean standard deviation frequency distribution skewed distribution statistical significance BIOPSYCHOLOGY brain neuron axon resting potential threshold myelin sheath all-or-none response terminal buttons synapse peripheral nervous system parasympathetic system somatic nervous system cerebrum parietal lobes temporal lobes sensory cortex Broca's area spinal cord dendrite action potential depolarization refractory period neurotransmitters endorphins inhibition/excitation central nervous system (CNS) autonomic nervous system sympathetic system brain stem frontal lobes occipital lobes motor cortex association cortex Wernicke's area

4 cerebellum limbic system hypothalamus amygdala split brain hormones hippocampus reticular system thalamus corpus callosum endocrine system pituitary gland SENSATION AND PERCEPTION senses absolute threshold Weber's law receptor vision pupil retina bipolar and ganglion cells fovea accommodation acuity color opponent process color theory brightness color blindness depth perception perception difference threshold signal-detection theory sensory adaptation cornea lens rods and cones optic nerve blind spot convergence summation trichromatic color theory hue saturation dark adaptation monocular cues

5 binocular cues interposition aerial perspective motion parallax audition (hearing) ossicles basilar membrane auditory nerve place theory of hearing Bekesy's hearing theory olfactory receptors pain receptors kinesthesis perceptual constancy closure selective attention retinal disparity linear perspective texture gradient visual cortex tympanic membrane cochlea hair cells auditory cortex frequency hearing theory taste receptors touch receptors gate-control theory vestibular sense perceptual organization stroboscopic movement divided attention perceptual set (mental set) SLEEP AND DREAMING circadian rhythm REM sleep paradoxical sleep sleep deprivation narcolepsy NREM sleep slow wave sleep (delta sleep) jet lag sleep apnea insomnia

6 somnambulism (sleep walking) latent dream content lucid dreaming nightmare manifest dream content dream LEARNING learning conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) delayed conditioning temporal conditioning extinction generalization blocking effect classical conditioning (Pavlovian) unconditioned stimulus (US or UCS) unconditioned response (UR or UCR) trace conditioning simultaneous conditioning spontaneous recovery discrimination contiguity vs. contingency higher-order conditioning (also called second-order conditioning) operant conditioning reinforcement primary reinforcer positive reinforcement continuous reinforcement partial reinforcement effect interval schedules learned helplessness shaping (successive approximations) punishment secondary reinforcer negative reinforcement partial reinforcement ratio schedules latent learning cognitive maps observational learning (modeling, imitation)

7 MEMORY memory storage encoding retrieval sensory memory (sensory register) short-term memory chunking primacy effect episodic memory procedural memory implicit memory anterograde amnesia recall retroactive interference repression mnemonic methods state-dependent memory eidetic imagery long-term memory serial position effect recency effect semantic memory explicit memory flashbulb memory retrograde amnesia recognition proactive interference levels of processing Tip of the Tongue phenomenon context-dependent memory working memory DEVELOPMENT development longitudinal study nature-nurture embryo dizygotic twins maturation cross-sectional study cohort effects fetus monozygotic twins

8 teratogens cognitive development sensory-motor stage concrete-operational thinking assimilation object permanence reversibility of operations attachment avoidant attachment stranger anxiety fetal alcohol syndrome Jean Piaget preoperational thinking formal-operational thinking accommodation egocentrism conservation problems secure attachment resistant attachment life-span development temperament Lawrence Kohlberg's three levels (6 stages) of moral development Erik Erikson's eight stages of social development MOTIVATION motivation homeostasis drive-reduction extrinsic motivation learned motives hunger anorexia nervosa set-point hypothesis drive instinct intrinsic motivation biological motives arousal and performance hyperphagia bulimia nervosa achievement motivation Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs

9 PERSONALITY personality psychoanalytic theory unconscious ego defense mechanisms external locus of control self concept MMPI "Big Five" personality traits Sigmund Freud id superego projective testing internal locus of control self-esteem Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) personality testing approaches HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY health psychology stress Type A personality general adaptation syndrome stress inoculation behavioral medicine burnout Type B personality life stress events coping strategies biofeedback ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY abnormal behavior cognitive model psychoanalytic model symptom treatment biomedical model behavioral model etiology syndrome DSM-IV

10 hallucination anxiety disorders somatoform disorder conversion disorder dissociative disorders major depression mood disorders personality disorders paraphilia delusion phobias post-traumatic stress disorder/ptsd obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) dissociative identity disorder bipolar disorder schizophrenias antisocial personality disorder seasonal affective disorder (SAD) TREATMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS psychotherapy behavior therapy cognitive therapy psychosurgery aversive conditioning client-centered therapy flooding antipsychotic drugs antianxiety drugs psychoanalysis psychodynamic psychotherapies drug therapy electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) systematic desensitization family therapy implosive therapy antidepressant drugs lithium carbonate SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY social psychology attribution theory person attribution attitude fundamental attribution error situation attribution

11 self-serving bias social cognition social facilitation stereotype discrimination impression formation groupthink norms prosocial behavior bystander intervention diffusion of responsibility obedience individualism self-fulfilling prophecy cognitive dissonance theory deindividuation prejudice mere exposure effect group polarization group roles altruism pluralistic ignorance conformity Stanley Milgram collectivism Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love