Advanced Logical Thinking Skills (1) Revisit the concepts of logic
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1 Mei-Writing Academic Writing II(A) - Lecture 3 November 12, 2013 Advanced Logical Thinking Skills (1) Revisit the concepts of logic by Paul W. L. Lai
2 Build&the&& Thesis&Statement& * Build&a&one*sentence&thesis&statement& from&scratch,&based&on&one&or&two& research&keywords.& * Eliminate&the&linguis;c&&&structural& ambigui;es.& Build&the&& Logical&Argument& * Build&a&logical&argument&based&on&the& thesis&statement&developed.& * Find&and&eliminate&the&known& counterarguments.& Build&the&& Abstract& * Build&the&paper s&abstract&based&on&the& thesis&statement&and&argument& developed.& * Background*>Goal*>Thesis&Statement* >Procedures*>Implica;on.& Build&the&& Body& * Build&the&full&paper&based&on&the& abstract&developed.& * Modify&the&thesis&statement,& argument,&abstract&again&and&again.&
3 What is Logic
4 Logic is essentially a study of an inferential relation between premise and conclusion. Premise Conclusion
5 Consider a typical logical argument: (1) All human beings are mortal. (2) Peter is a human being. (3) Peter is mortal.
6 All human beings are mortal. Peter is a human being. Peter is mortal. Being mortal Human beings Peter
7 Consider a typical logical argument: (1) All human beings are mortal. (2) Peter is a human being. (3) Peter is mortal.
8 Some examples of logical inference
9 Some examples of logical inferences All people who live in Yada Residence are teachers. No one who lives in Yada Residence is not a teacher. Teacher Yada Residence
10 Some examples of logical inferences Some people who live in Yada Residence are teachers. Some people who live in Yada Residence are not teachers. Teacher Yada Residence
11 Some examples of logical inferences No men are angels. No angels are men. Men Angel
12 Some examples of logical inferences All dogs are animals. All animals are dogs. Animals Dogs
13 Some examples of logical inferences All human beings are animals. Peter is an animal. Animals Peter Human beings
14 Some examples of logical inferences All human beings are animals. Peter is a human being. Peter is an animal. Animals Peter Human beings
15 A logical relation between P and C is a relation based on which the truth of C can be inferred from the truth of P.
16 Kinds of logical relation
17 Certainty Vs Probability
18 Certainty
19 Deductive Argument In a deductive argument, the inferential relation between the argument s conclusion and its premise(s) exhibits an absolute necessity. In other words, the conclusion is claimed to follow from its premises with 100% certainty.
20 Example of a Deductive Argument (1) All human beings are mortal. (2) Peter is a human being. (3) Therefore Peter is mortal. If (1) is true, and (2) is also true, then (3) must be true.
21 Probability
22 All human beings are mortal. Peter is a human being. Peter is mortal. Being mortal Human beings Peter
23 Inductive Argument In an inductive argument, the inferential relation between the argument s conclusion and its premise(s) exhibits only a probability. In other words, the conclusion is claimed to follow from its premise(s) with less than 100% certainty.
24 Example of an Inductive Argument (1) Most corporation lawyers are rich. (2) Peter is a corporation lawyer. (3) Therefore Peter is probably rich. If (1) is true, and (2) is also true, then (3) more likely true than false.
25 (1) Most corporation lawyers are rich. (2) Peter is a corporation lawyer. (3) Therefore Peter is probably rich. Being rich Corporation Lawyer Peter
26 Group Vs Individual
27 Group
28 The relation between the categories of objects is basically in one of the three types: 1. Whole Inclusion 2. Partial Inclusion 3. Whole Exclusion
29 Whole Inclusion One class of objects, B, is wholly included in another class of objects, A. Thus all members of B are included in A. e.g. All dogs are mammals. A B
30 Partial Inclusion also implies Partial Exclusion One class of objects, A, is partially included in another class of objects, B. Thus at least one member of A, but not all members of A, is included in B. e.g. Some athletes are females. A B
31 Whole Exclusion One class of objects, A, is wholly excluded from another class of objects, B. Thus no member of A is included in B, and vice versa. Or all members of A are excluded from B, and vice versa. e.g. No circle is a triangle. A B
32 The three types of relationship can be expressed through four kinds of categorical propositions. 1. Universal affirmative propositions (A) 2. Universal negative propositions (E) 3. Particular affirmative propositions (I) 4. Particular negative propositions (O)
33 Universal affirmative propositions (A) One class of objects, B, is wholly included in another class of objects, A. Thus all members of B are included in A. e.g. All dogs are mammals. A B
34 Universal negative propositions (E) One class of objects, A, is wholly excluded from another class of objects, B. Thus no member of A is included in B, and vice versa. Or all members of A are excluded from B, and vice versa. e.g. No circle is a triangle. A B
35 Particular affirmative propositions (I) One class of objects, A, is partially included in another class of objects, B. Thus at least one member of A, but not all members of A, is included in B. e.g. Some athletes are females. A B
36 Particular negative propositions (O) One class of objects, A, is partially excluded from another class of objects, B. Thus at least one member of A, but not all members of A, is excluded from B. e.g. Some athletes are not females. A B
37 Classwork: Try building the premises for the following conclusion: Peter is a very nice guy.
38 Individual
39 e.g. Try the following: I could not submit my homework on Monday because my computer broke down on Saturday
40 My computer broke down on Saturday. No direct relation! I could not submit my assignment on Monday.
41 My computer broke down on Saturday. The assignment must be done on a computer. No other computer was available during the period. My computer was not repaired in time. I could not submit my assignment on Monday.
42 Group Discussion: Think about your thesis statement again, and judge whether it can be best supported through either (1) a relation from group to individual (2) a relation from individual to individual
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