There are two Sections in this paper. Section A Approaches and Methods in Psychology and Section B which contains five Options.

Transcription

1 [C07/SQP8] Higher Time: 3 hours Psychology Specimen Question Paper (Revised) NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS There are two Sections in this paper. Section A Approaches and Methods in Psychology and Section B which contains five Options. Candidates should answer all questions in Section A and two Options from Section B. Each Option is worth 45 marks. SECTION B Option Questions Page no Developmental Psychology B4 B 4 7 Biological Psychology B3 B6 8 3 Social Psychology B7 B The Psychology of Individual Differences B B4 8 5 Cognitive Psychology B5 B8 3 7 [C07/SQP8]

2 SECTION A APPROACHES AND METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY Answer ALL questions in this Section. A. Explain the aims of: (a) the cognitive approach 0 the psychoanalytic approach 0 in psychology. A. (a) What is the interview method of research? 0 Give two advantages and two disadvantages of the interview method of research. 8 A3. (a) Define: (i) the experimental hypothesis, and give an example; (ii) sampling, and give an example of one type. 6 State one difference between a repeated measures and independent measures/group design. (45) [C07/SQP8] Page two

3 Choose TWO options from Section B Option Question Page Developmental Psychology B4 B 4 7 Biological Psychology B3 B6 8 3 Social Psychology B7 B The Psychology of Individual Differences B B4 8 5 Cognitive Psychology B5 B8 3 7 For each Option chosen you should answer the compulsory questions from the beginning of the Option other questions as indicated in the Option. Each Option is worth 45 marks. You should answer all parts of each chosen question. [C07/SQP8] 3 Page three

4 SECTION B OPTION DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Answer BOTH questions B4 and B5 and ONE part: A, B, C, or D from B6. Answer ALL parts of chosen questions. B4. (a) What is life span development? 0 Using at least one specific example, explain how knowledge of life span development is applied in psychology. 5 (5) B5. (a) Explain one of the following concepts: attachment cognitive development moral development adolescence ageing. 0 Explain how knowledge of this concept is applied. Use at least one specific example to support your answer. 5 (5) [C07/SQP8] 4 Page four

5 OPTION (continued) Answer ONE part: A, B, C or D from B6. You may not choose the same study in questions B6 and B. B6A.Hodges and Tizard (989) studied different groups of adolescents when they were sixteen. (a) What was the main aim of this study? Hodges and Tizard used two separate groups in this study. Explain what these groups were. (c) Why did Hodges and Tizard follow up all the children who had been studied when they were eight? (d) What problem was encountered by Hodges and Tizard at this point in the study? (e) Explain the research methods used by Hodges and Tizard during the study. B6B. Bem (974) developed and tested a scale for measuring masculinity and femininit The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI). (a) What was the main aim of this study? 4 (9) (c) (d) (e) What are the limitations of using students as participants in this study? What does it mean to say that a test is reliable and valid? What were the main conclusions that can be drawn from Bem s results? Give one advantage and one disadvantage of BSRI. B6C. Koluchova (97) used a case study to investigate severe deprivation in twins. (a) What factors of the twins early lives may have precipitated their severe social, emotional and intellectual development? What happened to the twins after their father applied for a certificate to allow them not to attend school? (c) What diagnoses were then made? (9) (d) (e) What progress did the twins make 5 months after being in the care of the two sisters? What were the results of the Koluchova study? (9) B6D.Labov (969) investigated The logic of non-standard English. (a) What do you understand by the term language deprivation theory? (c) (d) (e) On what issue does Labov disagree with language deprivation theorists? How did Labov conduct his research? Why does Labov think that working class children are at a disadvantage? What did Labov conclude about the language used by working class children? (9) [C07/SQP8] 5 Page five

6 OPTION (continued) Answer ONE question from B7 to B. You may not choose the same study in questions B6 and B. B7. Adolescence and Adulthood Koff (983) studied three groups of adolescent girls and their drawings of human figures. (a) What was the main aim of this study? Give two differences found by Koff in the drawings of the post-menarcheal girls. (c) How did Koff explain these differences? (d) Explain one drawback known to be associated with this study. (6) B8. Ageing Langer and Rodin (976) studied a group of elderly nursing home patients and their daily lives. (a) What was the main aim of this study? Give two differences found by Langer and Rodin between the experimental group and the control group. (c) How did Langer and Rodin explain these differences? (d) What main problem did Langer and Rodin find to be associated with this study? (6) B9. Attachment Schaffer and Emerson (964) studied sixty Glasgow infants for the first eighteen months of their lives. (a) What was the aim of this study? Schaffer and Emerson found that seven month olds and ten month olds had different attachment behaviours. Explain what these differences were according to Schaffer and Emerson. (c) What did Schaffer and Emerson conclude about the development of attachment in infants? (d) Explain the main implication of Schaffer and Emerson s findings. (6) [C07/SQP8] 6 Page six

7 OPTION (continued) B0. Cognitive Development McGarrigle and Donaldson (974) changed one of Piaget s conservation experiments by asking four and five year olds to watch a glove puppet called Naughty Teddy. (a) What was the main aim of this study? Give two differences found by McGarrigle and Donaldson when Naughty Teddy was used. (c) How did McGarrigle and Donaldson explain these differences? (d) What main conclusion did McGarrigle and Donaldson make as a result of this study? (6) B. Social and Moral Development Kohlberg (963) made up some moral dilemmas like: A very ill patient wants to escape from pain and so asks the doctor to help speed up death. Kohlberg then asked some boys questions about the moral dilemmas he had invented. (a) What was the main aim of Kohlberg s study? Kohlberg s study showed that six year olds and thirteen year olds have a different reason for performing good acts. What, according to Kohlberg, are these different reasons? (c) What did Kohlberg conclude about the development of moral reasoning in children? (d) Explain the main drawback known to be associated with this study. (6) B. Additional research study Choose one of the studies listed below. You may not choose the same study as in Question B6. Koluchova (97) Labov (969) (a) Name the study and its associated developmental concept. Explain the aim of the study. (c) Describe the procedure used in the study. (d) What were the results of the study? (6) [END OF OPTION ] [C07/SQP8] 7 Page seven

8 SECTION B OPTION BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Answer BOTH questions B3 and B4 and ONE part: A, B, C, D or E from both B5 and B6. Answer ALL parts of chosen questions. B3. Explain two of the following concepts: physiological basis of behaviour sleep and dream states emotion stress. 0, 0 B4. Using one specific example for each concept chosen, explain how knowledge of this concept is applied in psychology. 5, 5 (30) [C07/SQP8] 8 Page eight

9 OPTION (continued) Answer ONE part A, B, C, D or E from both B5 and B6. You must choose a different concept in B5 from that chosen in B6. The additional research study (E) may be answered for both B5E and B6E. B5A. Emotion Schachter and Singer (96) carried out an experiment on the effects of adrenaline on 85 subjects. (a) What was the aim of this study? Which group(s) of subjects experienced more intense emotions in this experiment? (c) What were Schachter and Singer (96) able to conclude from the results of their experiment? (d) Name the theory upon which this study is based. (e) Explain the main implication of Schachter and Singer s findings. (6) B5B. Physiological basis of behaviour Sperry (968) studied split brain patients and their particular abilities. (a) What was the aim of this study? Sperry s split brain patients had difficulty whenever material was presented to their left visual field. What was this problem? (c) How does Sperry explain this difficulty? (d) What does this study conclude about the experience of hemisphere disconnection? (6) B5C. Sleep and dream states Dement and Kleitman (957) carried out some studies of subjects while they were asleep. (a) What was the aim of this study? How did REM awakenings and NREM awakenings differ with respect to reports of dreaming? (c) What main conclusion(s) did Dement and Kleitman draw from their results? (d) Explain the main implication of Dement and Kleitman s findings. (6) [C07/SQP8] 9 Page nine

10 OPTION (continued) B5D. Stress Holmes and Rahe (967) developed and tested the Social Readjustment Rating Scale on different people. (a) (c) (d) (e) What was the aim of this study? How did the ratings of life events given by the different groups during this study compare? What did Holmes and Rahe (967) conclude from the results of their study? What further area did Holmes and Rahe research based on the results obtained from this study? Explain one problem known to be associated with the approach used by Holmes and Rahe. (6) B5E. Additional research study Orne (966) investigated hypnosis, motivation and compliance. (a) (c) (d) (e) (f) What was the aim of this research? State a methodological weakness with regard to the subjects involved. How might this weakness have been overcome? What is the main argument presented by the state view of hypnosis? State one area where this research is applicable. What did Orne conclude from this research? (6) [C07/SQP8] 0 Page ten

11 OPTION (continued) Answer ONE part A, B, C, D or E from B6. You must choose a different concept from that chosen in B5. The additional research study (E) may be answered for both B5E and B6E. B6A. Emotion Schachter and Singer (96) carried out an experiment on the effects of adrenaline on 85 subjects. (a) What was the aim of this study? Schachter and Singer (96) split their subjects into four separate groups for the purpose of this experiment. Explain what these groups were. (c) What were the emotions that were induced in subjects during the experiment? (d) How was emotional state measured in this study? (e) Explain one possible drawback associated with this study. 4 (9) B6B. Physiological basis of behaviour Sperry (968) studied split brain patients and their particular abilities. (a) What was the aim of this study? State the method used. (c) How did Sperry explain the inability of his patients to recognise words flashed to their left visual field? (d) Give two criticisms of this study. (e) What did the researcher conclude from this study? 3 (9) B6C. Sleep and dream states Dement and Kleitman (957) carried out research on subjects while they were asleep. (a) What was the aim of this study? When were subjects woken up during this study? (c) What did the subjects do after they had been woken up? (d) What measures were taken to prevent bias during the study? (e) According to the results of the study, how well can someone estimate the length of their own dreams? (f) Provide one example from the study to illustrate how eye movements are related to the content of dreams. (g) Explain one possible drawback associated with this study. (9) [C07/SQP8] Page eleven

12 OPTION (continued) B6D. Stress B6E. Holmes and Rahe (967) developed and tested the Social Readjustment Rating Scale on different people. (a) What was the aim of this study? Explain the test given to subjects by Holmes and Rahe. (c) Why was marriage always the first event on the list given to their subjects? (d) What type of subject sample did Holmes and Rahe obtain for their study? (e) For what did Holmes and Rahe intend to use their scale? (f) Explain one problem known to be associated with the approach used by Holmes and Rahe. Additional research study Susan Blackmore (988) investigated near-death experiences. (a) What was the aim of the study? How did the researcher conduct this study? (c) Why are out of body experiences no longer considered paranormal? (d) What did Blackmore conclude about out of body experiences? (e) State the main ethical issue with regard to these types of studies. (f) Give three criticisms of this study. (9) 3 (9) [END OF OPTION ] [C07/SQP8] Page twelve

13 SECTION B OPTION 3 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Answer BOTH questions B7 and B8 and ONE part: A, B, C, D, E or F from both B9 and B0. Answer ALL parts of chosen questions. B7. Explain two of the following concepts: altruism and aggression attitude leadership person/social perception social pressure. 0, 0 B8. Using one specific example for each concept chosen, explain how knowledge of this concept is applied in psychology. 5, 5 (30) [C07/SQP8] 3 Page thirteen

14 OPTION 3 (continued) B9 Answer ONE part: A, B, C, D, E or F from B9 and B0. You must choose a different concept in B9 from that chosen in B0. The additional research study (F) may be answered for both B9F and B0F. B9A. Altruism and Aggression A study carried out by Bandura, A., Ross, D. and Ross, S. A. in 96 involved children observing a model assault a large inflatable called a Bobo doll. (a) Explain the main purpose of Bandura s study. Explain the conclusions reached regarding observation of aggressive models. (c) What effect did the gender of the model have on the children studied? (d) What is the name given to the theory that supports the Bandura, Ross and Ross (96) study? 3 B9B. B9C. Attitude Sherif and his colleagues in 96 carried out a study of to year old boys at a summer camp at Robber s Cave. (a) Explain the main aim of Sherif s research. Explain the two conditions used by Sherif to promote inter-group rivalry. (c) What did Sherif and his colleagues consider to be the most important factor that reduced inter-group conflict? (d) Explain the conclusions reached in Sherif s study. Leadership Peters, Hartke and Pohlmann (985) investigated Fielder s Contingency Theory of Leadership. (a) What were the aims of this study? Explain Fielder s Contingency Theory of Leadership. (c) What is meant by the LPC score? (d) What conclusions were drawn from this research? B9D. Person/social perception Murstein, B. I. (97) carried out a study called Physical attractiveness and marital choice. (a) What were the main aims of the Murstein study? Explain the methods used in the study. (c) Physical attractiveness was measured in different ways in this study. State three ways in which physical attraction was assessed. (d) What conclusions did Murstein draw as a result of this study? 3 [C07/SQP8] 4 Page fourteen

15 OPTION 3 (continued) B9E. B9F. Social pressure In 963 Milgram designed an experiment where subjects were instructed to administer electric shocks to another person. (a) Explain the main aims of Milgram s study. A number of features of this experiment were identified by Milgram to explain why people obeyed an authority figure during this study. Give two of these features. (c) What conclusions did Milgram draw from the findings of his study? (d) State two ethical concerns associated with Milgram s study. Additional research study Tajfel, H. (970) conducted Experiments in inter-group discrimination. (a) What was the aim of this research? State the three variables in this study. (c) What conclusions can be drawn from this research? (d) Describe two criticisms of this research. 3 [C07/SQP8] 5 Page fifteen

16 OPTION 3 (continued) B0 Answer ONE part: A, B, C, D, E or F from B0. You must choose a different concept from that chosen in B9. The additional research study (F) may be answered for both B9F and B0F. B0A. Altruism and Aggression In a study by Piliavin, I. M., Rodin, J. and Piliavin, J. A. (969) called Good Samaritanism, an Underground Phenomenon the researchers studied emergency helping behaviour in an unusual setting. (a) Explain the unusual methods used in this study. 3 Give one problem associated with the method of conducting this study. (c) Explain the results of Piliavin et al (969) with regard to helping behaviours. 3 B0B. Attitude In a study of Cognitive Dissonance, Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (959) investigated Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. (a) Explain the design used in this study. What were the independent and dependent variables in this study? (c) Explain why the findings of Festinger and Carlsmith s research were thought to be contrary to what common-sense would suggest. (d) According to Festinger s findings, what happens to a person s opinion if he/she is forced to say, or do, something contrary to that opinion? B0C. Leadership In their classic study, Lewin, Lippitt and White (939) investigated different styles of leadership. (a) Explain the procedures used in this study. What two methodological problems are associated with this study? (c) Explain the findings of Lewin et al in terms of the three leadership styles investigated. (d) Which style seemed to be preferred by the boys? B0D. Person/social perception Murstein, B. I. (97) carried out a study called Physical attractiveness and marital choice. (a) What were the main aims of the Murstein study? Explain the methods used in this study. (c) Physical attractiveness was measured in three different ways in this study. Give two ways in which physical attraction was assessed. (d) What conclusions did Murstein draw from the findings of his study? [C07/SQP8] 6 Page sixteen

17 OPTION 3 (continued) B0E. B0F. Social pressure In the Asch, S. E. (955) study of Opinions and Social Pressure, Asch was interested in the circumstances in which people were most likely to conform. (a) Explain the basic design of the Asch study. Give one feature of the Asch study which made his participants more likely to conform. (c) State two criticisms that can be made of the method used by Asch to investigate conformity. (d) Explain the research findings associated with the Asch (955) study into conformity. Additional research study Haney, C., Banks, W. C. & Zimbardo, P. G. (973) carried out research in a mock prison. (a) What was the aim of this research? Who were the subjects in this study? (c) Describe how this research was conducted. (d) Give one methodological weakness associated with this research. 3 [END OF OPTION 3] [C07/SQP8] 7 Page seventeen

18 SECTION B OPTION 4 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Answer BOTH questions B and B and ONE part: A, B, C or D from both B3 and B4. Answer ALL parts of chosen questions. B. Explain two of the following concepts: personality atypical behaviour intelligence. 0, 0 B. Using one specific example for each concept chosen, explain how knowledge of this concept is applied in psychology. 5, 5 (30) [C07/SQP8] 8 Page eighteen

19 OPTION 4 (continued) Answer ONE part: A, B, C or D from both B3 and B4. You must choose a different concept in B3 from that chosen in B4. The additional research study (D) may be answered for both B3D and B4D. B3A. Atypical behaviour Thigpen and Cleckley (954) carried out a study A case of multiple personality. (a) Why were Thigpen and Cleckley (954) involved with the patient Eve White prior to finding out about her other personality? How did they find out about the second personality? (c) What was the aim of therapy after this? (d) (e) (f) What evidence did Thigpen and Cleckley discover to conclude that Eve had a multiple personality? Give an alternative reason for Eve s multiple personality. What can a researcher not do on the basis of results using the case study method of research? B3B. Intelligence Rosenthal and Jacobson (966) carried out a study Teachers expectancies: determinants of pupils IQ gains. (a) What did Rosenthal and Jacobson aim to show in the 966 study Teachers expectancies: determinants of pupils IQ gains? What ethical consideration did they account for by deciding not to identify students who were likely to fall below class average? (c) What ethical problems are associated with this study? (d) What did the results indicate? (e) Give two criticisms of the study. (f) In what way does this study relate to labelling? [C07/SQP8] 9 Page nineteen

20 OPTION 4 (continued) B3C. Personality Brown and Detoy (988) carried out a study A comparison of the personal constructs of management in new and experienced managers. (a) What was the aim of this study? Which technique did the researchers use to find the view of managers? (c) Who devised the concept of personal constructs in psychology? (d) In which way did the researchers expect the personal constructs of the new managers to differ from experienced managers? (e) What were the results of the study? (f) Why could the researchers not provide any statistical conclusions to their study? (g) What did the participant managers gain from this experience? B3D. Additional research study J. Hraba & G. Grant (970) carried out research Black is Beautiful: a re-examination of racial preference and identification. (a) What was the aim of this research? What was the independent variable? (c) Give two reasons why there was a difference found between the results of the 969 and the 939 studies. (d) Why did the study use black and white interviewers? (e) Give one criticism of this research. [C07/SQP8] 0 Page twenty

21 OPTION 4 (continued) Answer ONE Part: A, B, C or D from B4. You must choose a different concept from that chosen in B3. The additional research study (D) may be answered for both B3D and B4D. B4A. Atypical behaviour Rosenham (973) investigated On being sane in insane places. (a) How was the 973 Rosenhan study On being sane in insane places carried out? 3 What diagnosis was made of the pseudo-patients on admittance to hospital? (c) With what diagnosis were they discharged? (d) Who suspected them of sanity? (e) What was the main conclusion of this study? ( f) What influence did this study have on the diagnosing of schizophrenia in psychiatric hospitals? B4B. Intelligence Gould (98) wrote an article A Nation of Morons. (a) What was the main aim of this article? Gould cites detail of one particular study by psychologist Yerkes (95) to support his view. Who were the subjects in Yerkes research in 95? (c) Give two reasons why some people were given the pictorial Beta test. (d) What did Yerkes claim the test measured? (e) What did the results suggest about the average mental age of white Americans? (f) What did the results suggest about the average score of black men as compared to white men? ( g) What conclusion did Gould reach about the test items in terms of the participants culture and educational knowledge? B4C. Personality Forer investigated The fallacy of personal validation: a classroom demonstration of gullibility. (a) Who were the subjects in the 949 Forer study The fallacy of personal validation: a classroom demonstration of gullibility? Give one problem associated with his subject sample. (c) In what way were the subjects deceived? (d) What was Forer s justification for such deception? (e) What conclusions were drawn from the results? 3 [C07/SQP8] Page twenty-one

22 OPTION 4 (continued) B4D. Additional research study S. Freud (909) carried out a study Analysis of a phobia in a five year old boy. (a) What was the aim of the research? What pyschoanalytic ideas did Freud s study support? (c) Give two criticisms of this research. (d) What conclusions did Freud draw from this research? [END OF OPTION 4] [C07/SQP8] Page twenty-two

23 SECTION B OPTION 5 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Answer BOTH questions B5 and B6 and ONE part: A, B, C, D, E or F from both B7 and B8. Answer ALL parts of chosen questions. B5. Explain two of the following concepts: perception attention thinking memory language. 0, 0 B6. Using one specific example for each concept chosen, explain how knowledge of this concept is applied in psychology. 5, 5 (30) [C07/SQP8] 3 Page twenty-three

24 OPTION 5 (continued) Answer ONE part: A, B, C, D, E or F from B7. You must choose a different concept in B7 from that chosen in B8. The additional research study (F) may be answered for both B7F and B8F. B7A. Perception Gibson and Walk (960) conducted a classic experiment called The Visual Cliff. (a) Who were the subjects in Gibson and Walk s 960 study The Visual Cliff? What was the aim of the study? (c) Why did Gibson and Walk use both types of subjects? (d) What did the study suggest about animals ability to perceive depth? (e) What was the conclusion regarding infants? (f) Why is this study useful? B7B. B7C. Attention Treisman (964) conducted research into Verbal cues, language and meaning in selective attention. (a) Explain the aim of this study. What technique did the researcher use? (c) How did Treisman extend this technique? (d) Whose assumptions did this study contradict? (e) What do Treisman s results suggest? Language Gardner and Gardner (969) researched Teaching Sign Language to a chimpanzee. (a) What was the aim of the Gardners 969 study? Why did they use American Sign Language in this study? (c) What were the results of the study? (d) How did Washoe s language differ in comparison to that of a child? (e) Give one weakness of the study. B7D. Memory Loftus and Palmer (974) investigated Reconstruction of automobile destruction: an example of the interaction between language and the memory. (a) What was the difficulty in remembering events which led to the Loftus and Palmer study? What was the main aim of the study? (c) In what way can this study be applied to crime detection? (d) What are the two possible interpretations of this study? (e) What is the main problem, as in this study, with testing memory in a laboratory? (f) In what ways can information received after an event influence memory? [C07/SQP8] 4 Page twenty-four

25 OPTION 5 (continued) B7E. B7F. Thinking Samuel and Bryant (984) investigated Asking only one question in the conservation experiment. (a) What was the difference between Samuel and Bryant s 984 study and Piaget s original studies regarding conservation? What are demand characteristics? (c) How could demand characteristics apply to this study? (d) How did the findings of Samuel and Bryant compare with those of Piaget? (e) What was the relationship between frequency of errors and the age of the children? (f) Why is it important to pay close attention to research procedures? Additional research study Deregowski, J. B. (97) investigated Pictorial perception and culture. (a) What was the aim of this research? What are the limitations of this research? (c) What is ethnocentrism? (d) Describe one criticism of this research. (e) What conclusions can be drawn from this research? [C07/SQP8] 5 Page twenty-five

26 OPTION 5 (continued) Answer ONE part A, B, C, D, E or F from B8. You must choose a different concept from that chosen in B7. The additional research study (F) may be answered for both B7F and B8F. B8A. Perception Gibson and Walk (960) co-ordinated a classic experiment called The Visual Cliff. (a) Who were the subjects in Gibson and Walk s 960 study The Visual Cliff? What procedures did Gibson and Walk use when carrying out this study? (c) What was the independent variable? (d) What did the study suggest about animals ability to perceive depth? (e) What was the conclusion regarding infants? (f) Why is this study useful? B8B. Attention Stroop (935) investigated Interference in serial verbal reactions. (a) (c) (d) Explain the method and procedures used in the Stroop (935) study. What was the dependent variable in this study? What were the results of this study? How was the difference between the two conditions of the independent variable explained by Stroop? 3 B8C. Language Gardner and Gardner (969) researched Teaching Sign Language to a chimpanzee. (a) What was the aim of this study? Why did they use American Sign Language in this study? (c) What was the research method used? (d) How did Washoe s language differ in comparison to that of a child? (e) State one ethical implication of this study. (f) What were the results of the study? B8D. Memory Loftus and Palmer (974) investigated Reconstruction of automobile destruction: an example of the interaction between language and memory. (a) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) What was the main aim of the Loftus and Palmer study? Who were the subjects in the study? What was the independent variable? Give one control used in this research. What are two possible interpretations of this study? What is the main problem, as in this study, with testing memory in a laboratory? In what way can information received after an event influence memory? [C07/SQP8] 6 Page twenty-six

27 OPTION 5 (continued) B8E. Thinking Samuel and Bryant (984) investigated Asking only one question in the conservation experiment. (a) (c) (d) (e) (f) What was the difference between Samuel and Bryant s 984 study and Piaget s original studies regarding conversation? Who were the subjects of this experiment? Give two materials which were used in the tests. How did the findings of Samuel and Bryant compare with those of Piaget? Explain your answer. What was the relationship between frequency of errors and the age of the children? Why is it important to pay close attention to research procedures? B8F. Additional research study Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M. & Firth, U. (985) wanted to know Does the autistic child have a theory of mind?. (a) What was the aim of this research? Who were the subjects? (c) Which research method was used? (d) What were the controls? (e) What conclusions can be drawn from this research? (f) Give one criticism of this research. 3 [END OF OPTION 5] [END OF SPECIMEN QUESTION PAPER] [C07/SQP8] 7 Page twenty-seven

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