Pilot's Situational Awareness and Methods of its Assessment

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1 Indan Journal of Scence and Technology, Vol 9(46), DOI: /jst/2016/v946/107534, December 2016 ISSN (Prnt) : ISSN (Onlne) : Plot's Stuatonal Awareness and Methods of ts Assessment Iakov Dalnger, Mkhal Smurov, Nkola Sukhkh and Elena Tsybova* Sant Petersburg State Unversty of Cvl Avaton, ul. Plotov, 38,Sankt-Petersburg, , Russa; elena.tsybova@gmal.com Abstract Objectves: The objectve of ths study s to search for the method of redstrbutng the functons between the plot and the automatc control system. Methods: The study presents theoretcal analyss of the prncpal approaches to the assessment of stuatonal awareness and of the exstng methods of ts measurng descrbed n both foregn and domestc lterature. The revew makes t possble to formulate the complex vson of ths ssue as t s represented n current nvestgatons. Fndngs: Based on the results of the analyss t has been establshed that notwthstandng the sgnfcance of stuatonal awareness wthn the framework of the flght safety theory, there s no generally adopted opnon on whether t s the process or the result of the plot s actvty. The contradctons n the approaches to stuatonal awareness assessment also lead to the fact that there s no generally accepted method for ts measurement. Nevertheless, ths study justfes the advsablty of the calculaton of the degree of the plot s stuatonal awareness as the quanttatve crteron for redstrbutng the control functons between the plot and the automaton system that takes nto account both the complexty of arcraft control systems and the ntensty of the plot s actvty. Applcatons/Improvements: The study solves the problem of the redstrbuton of the functons between plot and ntellgent automatc control system based on the quanttatve evaluaton of the plot s IQ and stuatonal awareness. Keywords: Automatc Control System, Informaton Content of Recognton, Plot, Plot s IQ, Stuatonal Awareness, The Intensty of the Plot Actvty 1. Introducton In the complex and dynamc envronment where Ar-Craft (AC) plots operate the process of the decson-makng s affected by many varables. In such cases not only the purpose of that or another decson s mportant but also the ablty to understand and to analyze the current stuaton wthn the short perod. Unsurprsngly, over the last three decades the ssues of stuatonal awareness and the methods of ts assessment have been the urgent subject matters of the nvestgatons. Current mportance of ths ssue n the arborne transportaton has also been predetermned by the fast developng nformaton and communcaton technologes, by the techncal progress acheved n the sphere of nstrument engneerng and Automatc Control Systems (ACS), and also by ever ncreasng passenger traffc. Navgatng a plane the plot faces a dffcult task of controllng the multlevel systems under the condtons of the dynamcally changng envronment that makes the plot s stuatonal awareness one of the key concepts of effcent arcraft handlng. 2. Stuatonal Awareness Stuatonal awareness s the leadng paradgm n the area of studyng human factor as the source of knowledge and n nvestgatng the effects t produces on the nteracton wth the envronment. Notwthstandng the fact that the term stuatonal awareness has been wdely dscussed n both Russan and foregn lteratures no sngle defntons has been developed so far. Moreover, there are contradctons between dfferent authors as to the proper defnton of stuatonal awareness, namely, there s no common understandng of whether stuatonal awareness s a *Author for correspondence

2 Plot's Stuatonal Awareness and Methods of ts Assessment result 1,2 or a process 3,4 of the plot s actvty 5,6. However, n ths regard many authors 7-11 refer to the defnton developed by 12 who mantans that stuatonal awareness s the knowledge of the surroundng thngs and processes that actually occur; or t s the percepton of the elements of the envronment at some defnte moment and n some defnte place, the understandng of ther mplcatons and the forecastng of ther statuses n the nearest future. Thus, the author 13 suggests the herarchcal model that splts the concept of stuatonal awareness n three levels: 1. Collectng nformaton from the envronment, 2. Complaton of ths nformaton to obtan a clear understandng of the current stuaton, and 3. Usng ths understandng to forecast future events. Accordng to 14 stuatonal awareness s nether the result of the actvtes nor a process, but, prmarly, t s the understandng of the stuaton. Moreover, stuatonal awareness s not the same thng as the knowledge from the long-term memory, nasmuch as stuatonal awareness can be appled to the fast changng stuatons only, when the condtons change wthn mnutes or even seconds. Also 15 beleves that the plot s stuatonal awareness possesses three aspects: spatal awareness, system awareness and task awareness. The sgnfcance of all these aspects for the plot s beyond any doubt. The need to understand spatal parameters s assocated wth the fact that the arcraft moves n three-dmensonal space fraught wth all knds of relevant threats. Durng the flght the plot has to montor several contnuously changng varables smultaneously, namely: ptch, roll, heght, devaton from the route, current poston n the drecton of travel. The development of ACS s supposed to make navgaton easer, as t can take over the functons of montorng all varables, controllng the flght mode, flght status, etc. Under such condtons the plots would not have to be contnuously aware of all changes unless some emergences happen (for example, system falure). However, there comes a necessty to understand the system. The nterface of the arcraft s equpped wth a large number of dfferent system and subsystem status ndcators that do not feature suffcent symbolc vsualzaton 16 whch makes t dffcult for the plot to understand the system. In the process of arcraft navgaton the plot performs four prncpal tasks: arcraft control proper, navgaton, communcaton wth the crew and wth the dspatcher, and system control. In ths case the understandng of the task represents the ablty of the plot to prortze these functons adequately accordng to the current flght stuaton 17. Thus, t can be concluded that under the condtons of automated arcraft navgaton the stuatonal awareness of the plot decreases (there s no necessty to montor all the varables at every moment) 18,19 whch n turn affects the amount of tme avalable for decson-makng n cases of emergency. From the perspectves of the flght safety theory the plot s stuatonal awareness has to be assessed and measured to avod any undesred effects. 3. Methods of Stuatonal Awareness Measurement Insofar as there s no common approach to the assessment of stuatonal awareness, then, correspondngly, there s no sngle approach to ts measurement; therefore, stuatonal awareness s assessed from the perspectves of both the result of the actvty and the process. Among the avalable technques there are objectve (assessment of the result of task performance, ndex of the task performance process, game smulatons, etc.) and subjectve (self-evaluaton questons, an onlooker rankng of task performance success, etc.) methods of stuatonal awareness assessment 7,20,21. Accordng to M. Endsley 22, stuatonal awareness assessment should meet the requrements of the crtera as follows: 1. t should measure stuatonal awareness proper wthout reflectng the parameters of other processes, 2. the assessment method should dentfy changes n stuatonal awareness caused by the desgn of the buldngs and by the envronment of the tranng sessons, and 3. the method of measurement should not tself change stuatonal awareness. One of the most popular methods of subjectve assessment of stuatonal awareness s represented by SART stuatonal awareness ratng technque 23. The dea s that the respondent s asked to rank hs stuatonal awareness on the scale that evaluates attenton requrements, attenton resources and stuatonal understandng. However, some of the nvestgatons have shown that the results of subjectve assessment of stuatonal awareness do not always correspond to the results of objectve measurements whch can testfy of the nsuffcent relablty of the subjectve methods 24,25. To assess stuatonal awareness objectvely, the external assessment of knowledge s usually appled. SAGAT 2 Indan Journal of Scence and Technology

3 Iakov Dalnger, Mkhal Smurov, Nkola Sukhkh and Elena Tsybova stuaton awareness global assessment technque 22,26 s based on the development of factual questons that ft n some defnte envronment and that requre the answers that ensure the correct understandng of the stuaton. One more method s represented by Stuaton Present Assessment Method (SPAM) 10,11,27 that mples questonng the respondent n the process of performng the tasks wthout any nterruptons n the actvtes. The response tme and the answers to the questons serve as the assessment of stuatonal awareness. The concept of Dstrbuted Stuatonal Awareness (DSA) 28 s one of the stuatonal awareness assessment methods that evaluate not the partcular elements of the system, but the nteracton between all parts of the system n general (ncludng the operator). Some authors suggest the QUanttatve Assessment of Stuaton Awareness (QUASA) technque that combnes subjectve and objectve approaches applyng questonng on factual knowledge of the current stuaton and also assumng the evaluaton of the degree of operator s confdence n the correctness of hs answers. Gven the fact that the plot s stuatonal awareness affects the promptness of decson-makng under crtcal condtons, one of the most mportant tasks of the flght safety theory comes to be represented by the redstrbuton of the control functons between the plot and ACS. One of the studes 33 suggests the method of quanttatve evaluaton of the degree of stuatonal awareness than makes t possble to redstrbute the functons of control between ACS and the plot. In that artcle the authors ntroduce the term of degree of stuatonal awareness of the plot whch represents the measure of the correlaton between the amount of the nformaton on the statuses of the arcraft systems and the capabltes of the operator (the plot) for controllng the arborne vehcle. Based on the degree of the plot s stuatonal awareness t becomes possble to dentfy the ratonal range of the plot s actvtes and the relevant range of the control system operatons. The quanttatve value of the degree of stuatonal awareness s to be found based on the dependency as follows below equaton 1: I SO = IQ φ (1) τ Where SO degree of the plot s stuatonal awareness n crtcal stuaton created by -arcraft system; IQ φ ntellgence quotent of φ-plot, where φ = 1 (Plot n Command), 2 (co-plot), (the ntellgence quotent s determned when the plot performs the actvtes assocated wth some specal stuatons n the flght smulator); I total nformaton content value of the dagnostcs of all unts of -system that created the crtcal stuaton; τ ntensty of the algorthm of φ-plot s actvty n the process of montorng, controllng, decson-makng and mplementng the soluton for -system that created the specal stuaton (a crew member who performs navgaton partcpates as consultant). Thus ths dependency takes nto account the followng: ntellgence level of the members of the crew: the hgher t s, the hgher s the value of stuatonal awareness;.e. a professonal plot can make correct decsons even havng mnmal amount of nformaton at hs dsposal to mantan control over the arcraft n crtcal stuaton; total nformaton content value of dagnostcs of the system that created the crtcal stuaton. Wth hgher level of the nformaton content value the results of the system techncal evaluaton are more objectve; and total ntensty of the algorthm of the plot s actvty n the process of montorng, controllng, decson-makng and n the mplementaton of the relevant soluton for the crtcal system. Thereat, the degree of stuatonal awareness wll be hgher n cases when the ntensty of the plot s actvty s lower, because n ths case the workload on the plot s lower, and the probablty of mstake or ncorrect decson s mnmal. The calculated value of the degree of the plot s stuatonal awareness SO s compared wth the crteron of the plot s ntellgence IQnorm φ that was obtaned durng the tests n the flght smulator under normal condtons. Two varants are possble: 1 varant SO < IQnorm φ, n ths case ACS should swtch on the automatc plot system and the crew should take over the functons of montorng; and 2 varant SO > IQnorm φ, n ths case ACS engages the crew and controls ther actvtes. Indan Journal of Scence and Technology 3

4 Plot's Stuatonal Awareness and Methods of ts Assessment Modern automaton systems are qute ready to partcpate n the process of redstrbutng the functons of controllng the complex systems based on the quanttatve assessment of the crteron calculated accordng to the mathematcal model that s to be developed wth the parameters of dfferent nature and that should take nto account the complexty of the system whch creates the crtcal stuaton, as well as the specfcs of ths partcular stuaton and the workload on the operator. 3.1 Example of Calculatng the Degree of Stuatonal Awareness The suggested methodology has been tested usng the example of hypothetcal schemes wth the ntal data as follows: IQ = 70, 90, 110, 140; ô = ; ô = ; ô =1. 3 6,.e. the case consders three systems of dfferent complexty; the value of the trouble-free operaton of the system elements vared wthn the range of (the avalablty of the system elements was assumed to be at λ = const and equal for all elements to /h). The results of the calculatons are shown n Table 1. Table 1. Results of calculatng the degree of stuatonal awareness. I ô IQ = 70 IQ = 90 IQ = 110 IQ = a b c d 4. Concluson The results of calculatng the degree of stuatonal awareness for the arcraft and plot operaton models consdered n the framework of ths study enable the concluson as follows: the hgher the ntellgence of the plot and the more complex the system, the more readly the plot takes over the control n cases when the ntensty of the actvty s lower than the permssble value (when the ntensty s close to the permssble value the degree of stuatonal awareness does not exceed 100, see 9-d); the more complex the system, the hgher s the degree of stuatonal awareness (confer 2-b and 8-b); the hgher s the ntensty of the plot s actvty, the lower s the degree of stuatonal awareness, and then the control ought to be turned over to the automaton system (confer 4-c and 5-c). For the optons under consderaton the value of 150 can be set as the threshold pont of the degree of stuatonal awareness; thereat, f F < 150 the autoplot system s n operaton, and f F > 150 then the plot performs hs actvtes, because only the plot s capable of controllng the complex systems. Takng all the aforesad nto consderaton t could be mantaned that gven the strong dependency of the flght safety on the plot s stuatonal awareness, the mplementaton of the suggested method of enhancng the functonal capabltes of the on-board ntellgent ACS wll make t possble to resolve the abovementoned problem of the redstrbuton of the arcraft control functons between the plot and the ACS. 5. References 1. Kaber DB, Perry CM, Segall N. Stuaton Awareness Implcatons of Adaptve Automaton for Informaton Processng n an Ar Traffc Control-Related Task, Internatonal Journal of Industral Ergonomcs. 2006; 36(5): Durso FT, Rawson KA, Grotto S. Comprehenson and Stuaton Awareness. In: Handbook of Appled Cognton. 2nd Edn., Wley: UK. 2007; Klen G, Moon B, Hoffman RR. Makng Sense of Sensemakng 1: Alternatve Perspectves, IEEE Intellgent Systems. 2006; 21(4): Croft D, Banbury S, Butler LT, Berry DC. The Role of Awareness n Stuaton Awareness. A Cogntve Approach to Stuaton Awareness: Theory and Applcaton, Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. 2004; ISBN: Hone G, Martn L, Ayres R. Awareness - does the Acronym SA Stll have a Practcal Value? Paper Presented. 11th Internatonal Command and Control Research and Technology Symposum, Cambrdge: UK: Patrck J, Morgan PL. Approaches to Understandng, Analyzng and Developng Stuaton Awareness, Theoretcal Issues n Ergonomcs Scence. 2010; 11(1): Chauvn C, Clostermann JP. Stuaton Awareness and the Decson-Makng Process n a Dynamc Stuaton: Avodng 4 Indan Journal of Scence and Technology

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