Ranking the types of intersections for assessing the safety of pedestrians using TOPSIS method

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1 eonardo Electronc Journal of Practces and Technologes ISSN Issue 25, July-December, 2014 p Rankng the types of ntersectons for assessng the safety of pedestrans usng TOPSIS method Căln ŞERBU 1*, Dan OPRUŢA 2 and ana SOCACIU 3 1, 2,3 Department of Mechancal Engneerng, Techncal Unersty of Cluj-Napoca, Romana E-mals: 1 caln.serbu@mal.utcluj.ro; 2 dan.opruta@mal.utcluj.ro; 3 lana.socacu@mal.utcluj.ro * Correspondng author, Phone: Abstract Eery year, more than 1500 accdents wth pedestran occur n the ntersectons n Romana. The number of accdents nolng pedestrans n roundabouts ntersectons type ncreased approxmately three tmes n 2013 compared to 2009 n Romana. Ths alarmng ncrease led to the need of assessng the safety of pedestrans n ntersectons wth or wthout safety systems. The safety systems for pedestrans and drers nclude: the road markng, the pedestran crossngs markng, sgnal ntersectons wth road sgns, traffc lghts or pedestran safety barrers. We propose to assess the types of ntersectons wth TOPSIS method. Keywords Pedestran safety; Intersectons type; Road accdent; TOPSIS method Introducton Accdents wth pedestrans become a common problem due to contnued growth of the number of ehcles n urban areas and the need to ncrease the moblty of pedestrans. In the ctes of Romana, the road structure s not adapted to the current traffc condtons. To fludse traffc n urban areas new roundabouts on old road locaton were bult. Despte ths soluton, the pedestran safety n ntersectons s stll not soled

2 Rankng the types of ntersectons for assessng the safety of pedestrans usng TOPSIS method Căln ŞERBU, Dan OPRUŢA, ana SOCACIU Road safety n urban enronments s a topc that has been growng n past years lterature. ately, ths extense lterature has dealt wth many ssues rangng from data collecton methods, data ntegraton and modellng approaches. Despte all these efforts, multmodal safety approaches at the cty leel are mssng n the lterature [1]. Compared to other felds such as enronment, economy, the deelopment of a composte ndex for road safety performance s relately new. Ths s because the tradtonal research focuses manly on the road safety fnal outcomes n terms of fataltes per head of populaton, ehcle fleet or other measures of exposure [2]. They are manly lmted to the worst case scenaro n the unsafe operatonal condtons of traffc systems, and are nsuffcent n explanng more detaled aspects of crash causaton and njury preenton [3]. The progress of recent studes on the deelopment of road and pedestran safety ndex ncludes both objecte methods (e.g. pedestran behaour, road securty systems or factor analyss) and subjecte methods (e.g. technque for order performance by smlarty to deal soluton - TOPSIS, Analytcal Herarchy Process - AHP). In the specalzed lterature were dentfed only sx research papers that study dfferent aspects of traffc securty usng TOPSIS method summarzed n the followng. In [2] the authors descrbe the subject of traffc safety as an extremely mportant one n preserng populaton health and preentng work accdents n the traffc doman. In ths artcle, the crtcal factors of traffc safety were consdered as crtera. Data was gathered through questonnares wth 39 tems, based on 16 crtcal factors whch were sent to 5 dfferent departments. Ther answers were ealuated on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 represented the less desrable answer (less faourable) and 5 represented the best alue (the most faourable). In order to ealuate the departments and the crtcal factors TOPSIS method was used. That clearly showed the real weghng, assesses and ranked the most mportant factors. They concluded that ndentfyng the factors that nfluence an accdent represents a crtcal aspect that s always sgnfcant. azm A. and Norhanadah Z. ranked n ther artcle [4] the type of ehcles noled n traffc accdents usng the fuzzy approxmaton of TOPSIS. As alternates, they chose the most mportant 4 types of ehcles noled n accdents n Malaysa, whch are: motorcycles, cars, buses and trucks. They took nto consderaton 5 crtera: the age and behaour of the drer, the techncal status of the car, the road and the speed. For an accurate apprecaton, they receed support from 3 experts whom dentfed and proposed solutons based on the 243

3 eonardo Electronc Journal of Practces and Technologes ISSN Issue 25, July-December, 2014 p obtaned data. The conclusons showed that accdents nolng motorcycles hae the largest share, followed by the accdents caused by buses. Ths study demonstrated the need of thoroughly nestgatng the 5 causes that nfluence traffc accdents, manly wth motorcycles. It was demonstrated that human and non-human factors are closely lnked to accdents. A smlar research was publshed by the same authors [5], n whch they suggest determnng the share of each factor assocated to accdents usng Fuzzy TOPSIS method and ther correlatons. The three factors assocated wth accdents, that were compared and then ranked are the followng: the populaton, the number of ehcles regstered for traffc, the length of the roads. The concluson of ths study ponted out the correlaton coeffcents between the number of accdents and each of the three factors. Nurnadah Z. and azm A. n [6] used the TOPSIS 2- fuzzy method after Rasch model. Ths method was adapted to demonstrate the relablty of ts applcaton for rankng the most mportant causes that produce traffc accdents. The alternates were changed wth the crtera from [4] as follows: the age and behaour of the drer, the techncal status of the ehcle, the road status and the speed became alternates and the 4 types of ehcles noled became crtera. The study llustrated that the factor road has the largest mportance amongst the causes that produce accdents and the least mportant s the health condton of the drer. Ths paper paed the way to further research on the rsk of accdent usng the TOPSIS method, elmnatng the neglgence of the experts. In [7] usng the Fuzzy TOPSIS method was studed how to mproe the traffc safety. The artcle manly hghlghts aspects lnked to damage nestgaton and less the casualty lnks between the causes of accdents and the number of persons who were deceased or hurt. As a safety performance ndcator (SPI) they correlate the number of accdents wth ther consequences. The study focused on ealuatng the traffc safety performance n the 21 European countres. The crtera used n ths study were: drugs and alcohol, speed, protecton systems, the ehcle, the road, trauma management. The results of the study llustrate the effcency of TOPSIS model that was proposed for ealuatng traffc safety through the comparson of the results wth the statstcs on the deaths at 1 mllon nhabtants. In [8] the authors appled three dfferent mult-crtera decson-makng methods to ealuate road safety n the 21 EU countres. The methods used n that study was: Smple Addte Weght method, Analytcal Herarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy TOPSIS. The 244

4 Rankng the types of ntersectons for assessng the safety of pedestrans usng TOPSIS method Căln ŞERBU, Dan OPRUŢA, ana SOCACIU authors ponts out the need of mplementng and ealuatng management n traffc safety. The methods that offered the best results for ths study were AHP and TOPSIS whch could rank the performance for each country ealuated n traffc safety. The am of ths research paper was to rank the types of ntersectons where most accdents occurred, for assessng the safety of pedestrans. To meet the purposes was used the TOPSIS method adapted for pedestran safety. TOPSIS method TOPSIS method, known n the techncal lterature as Technque for Order Preference by Smlarty to Ideal Soluton (TOPSIS), represents a decsonal method for prortzng solutons that has been deelopment snce 1981 by C.. Hwang and K. Yoon n [9]. In ths paper TOPSIS method has been adapted for rankng the types of ntersectons where most accdents occurred, to ncrease the safety of ulnerable users. The proposed method allows us to determne the maxmum admtted alue (VMA) and the deal alue (VI) for the ssue studed as well rankng the alternates takng nto account the global weghts of alternates. If the weght of alternate exceeds the permeter VMA, then there must be proposed solutons to decrease the weghts of alternate. The steps to be fallowed for the TOPSIS model are: Step 1: Establshng the goal, dentfyng the crtera s and the alternates that wll be analyzed. Step 2: Buldng the herarchcal structure (Fgure 1) takng nto account the objecte to be accomplshed, the crtera and the alternates that wll be studed. We suppose that the studed ssue (the objecte) has m decsonal crtera C 1, C 2,..., C m and n alternates A 1, A 2,, A n-1, A n. Step 3: Construct the decsonal matrx of the objecte: [ c,c,..., ] C = (1) 1 2 cn where c s the alue assocated to crteron C. 245

5 eonardo Electronc Journal of Practces and Technologes ISSN Issue 25, July-December, 2014 p Fgure 1. Herarchcal structure of the TOPSIS method Step 4: Calculate the weghts for each crteron: c pc =, = 1,..., m m = c 1 Step 5: Establsh the alue matrx for each crteron and each alternate so that: (2) M V = M n M 2 M n2 K K 1j 2 j M M j nj K K 1m 2m M m M nm where j s the alue assocated to alternate wth respect the crteron j (1 n for n alternates, respectely 1 j m for m crtera). Step 6: Construct the normalzed decson matrx [10]: (3) j uj =, = 1,...,n; j = 1,...,m m 2 = j 1 Step 7: Calculate the weghted normalzed decson matrx [11]: (4) where: t = u, = 1,...,n; j 1,...,m (5) j j j = Step 8: Calculate the maxmum admtted alue (VMA) and the deal alue (VI): { t +,t +,..., + } VMA (6) = 1 2 tn { t,t,..., } VI (7) = 1 2 tn 246

6 Rankng the types of ntersectons for assessng the safety of pedestrans usng TOPSIS method Căln ŞERBU, Dan OPRUŢA, ana SOCACIU VMA j ( t ) t = max (8) VI j ( t ) j j t = mn (9) Step 9: Calculate the dstance between alternate A and the VMA, respectely between alternate A and the VI: D D 2 ( t t ), 1,..., n VMA n + = j = 1 j j = 2 ( t t ), 1,..., n VI n = j = 1 j j = (10) (11) Step 10: Calculate the relate closeness of each alternate to the deal alue [12]: VI D S =, = 1,..., n VMA VI D + D for D VMA 0 and D VI 0 resultng that S 0,1 for any n. [ ] Step 11: Establsh the global weght for each alternates [13]: S w =, = 1,..., n n = S 1 (12) (13) where 0 w 1 and = w =. n 1 1 Step 12: Rankng the alternates usng the global weghts [14]. Case study The objecte of ths case study s to rank the type of ntersectons where most accdents occurred, n Romana n The crtera that hae been studed are: C 1 Accdents caused by pedestrans at road ntersectons not equpped wth safety systems, C 2 Accdents caused by pedestrans at road ntersectons equpped wth safety systems, C 3 Accdents caused by drers at road ntersectons not equpped wth safety systems, C 4 Accdents caused by drers at road ntersectons equpped wth safety systems. The safety systems for pedestrans and drers nclude: the road markng, the pedestran crossngs markng, sgnal ntersectons wth sgns, traffc lghts or pedestran safety barrers. 247

7 eonardo Electronc Journal of Practces and Technologes ISSN Issue 25, July-December, 2014 p The alternates that hae been studed are: A 1 - T-Intersecton, A 2 - Cross Intersecton (four legs), A 3 - Fe or more legs and not crcular, A 4 - Y- Intersecton, A 5 - Roundabout, A 6 - Other type of ntersecton. In A 6 are ncluded: nonconentonal ntersecton (e.g. medan U- turn, dsplaced left turn) and other crcular ntersecton (e.g. rotares, neghtborhood traffc crcles). In Fgure 2 are llustrated the types of ntersectons consdered as alternates for ths study and n Fgure 3 s presented the herarchcal structure for the studed ssue. Fgure 2. Dfferent types of ntersectons Fgure 3. Herarchcal structure for the studed ssue The data used n ths study hae been processed from the database of Romanan Polce, Traffc Department from Mnstry of Internal Affars of Romana. Table 1 presents the 248

8 Rankng the types of ntersectons for assessng the safety of pedestrans usng TOPSIS method Căln ŞERBU, Dan OPRUŢA, ana SOCACIU number of accdents wth pedestrans n ntersectons that occurred n Romana n perod accordng to crtera and alternates descrbed aboe. Table 1. Number of accdents wth pedestrans n ntersectons that occurred n Romana n the perod Crtera Crtera Alternate C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 Alternate A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A C 1 - Accdents caused by pedestrans at road ntersectons not equpped wth safety systems; C 2 - Accdents caused by pedestrans at road ntersectons equpped wth safety systems; C 3 - Accdents caused by drers at road ntersectons not equpped wth safety systems; C 4 - Accdents caused by drers at road ntersectons equpped wth safety systems; A 1 - T-Intersecton; A 2 - Cross Intersecton (four legs); A 3 - Fe or more legs and not crcular; A 4 - Y- Intersecton;A 5 - Roundabout; A 6 - Other type of ntersecton. Results In Table 2 are presented the results obtaned after applyng TOPSIS adapted method for road safety. Based on table 2 we represented graphc the weghts of crtera compared wth maxmum VMA (Fgure 4) and the global weght of alternates (Fgure 5). 249

9 eonardo Electronc Journal of Practces and Technologes ISSN Issue 25, July-December, 2014 p Table 2. Study results C C p c p c VMA VMA VI VI D VMA D VI S w Rankng D VMA D VI S w Rankng A A A A A A A A A A A A C C p c p c VMA VMA VI VI D VMA D VI S w Rankng D VMA D VI S w Rankng A A A A A A A A A A A A C C p c p c VMA VMA VI VI D VMA D VI S w Rankng D VMA D VI S w Rankng A A A A A A A A A A A A3 C - The decsonal matrx of the objecte; p c - The weghts for each crteron; VMA - The maxmum admtted alue; VI - The deal alue; DVMA - The dstance between alternate A and the VMA; DVI - The dstance between alternate A and the VI; S The relate closeness of each alternate to the deal alue; w The global weght for each alternates. 250

10 Rankng the types of ntersectons for assessng the safety of pedestrans usng TOPSIS method Căln ŞERBU, Dan OPRUŢA, ana SOCACIU 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% pc % 35.86% 34.55% 29.88% 36.72% 34.75% pc2 8.35% 5.51% 6.45% 3.79% 2.51% 1.62% pc % 48.64% 48.45% 58.53% 55.20% 58.52% pc4 8.09% 9.99% 10.55% 7.80% 5.58% 5.10% VMA 31.11% 32.84% 35.71% 47.53% 39.40% 41.63% Fgure 4. Weght of crtera compared wth maxmum VMA 50.00% 45.00% 40.00% 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% A % 37.94% 33.42% 36.65% 36.18% 35.63% A % 36.67% 37.07% 42.22% 36.40% 35.64% A3 0.64% 1.45% 0.55% 0.39% 1.30% 1.33% A4 3.20% 2.85% 3.05% 3.13% 2.84% 3.32% A5 3.08% 2.68% 3.96% 4.87% 6.12% 9.18% A % 18.41% 21.94% 12.74% 17.15% 14.90% VMA 31.11% 32.84% 35.71% 47.53% 39.40% 41.63% VI 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Fgure 5. Global weghts of alternates Dscusson From Fgure 4 we can obsere that the hghest weght corresponds to crteron C 3 (accdents caused by drers at road ntersectons not equpped wth safety systems), followed by weght of C 1 (accdents caused by pedestrans at road ntersectons not equpped wth 251

11 eonardo Electronc Journal of Practces and Technologes ISSN Issue 25, July-December, 2014 p safety systems). The weght of C 3 s greater than the maxmum VMA n all years analyzed, and the alarmng part s that ths trend s growng. Based on these results s requred the mplementaton of educatonal programs and accountablty for traffc partcpants. From Fgure 5 we can obsere that the hghest weght corresponds to alternate A 1 (T- Intersecton) and to alternates A 2 (Cross Intersecton (four legs)) for the entre perod studed. In the weghts for A 1 and A 2 was hgher than the maxmum VMA. Snce 2011, the weghts of all alternates are less than maxmum VMA. We obsere the weght of A 5 (Roundabout) had a worryng ncrease from 2.68% n 2009 at 9.18% n These results lead to the need of mplementng pedestran safety systems especally n roundabout and accountablty pedestrans and drers. Concluson Ths research presented TOPSIS methodology adapted for rankng the types of ntersectons n order to ncrease the safety of ulnerable road users. The TOPSIS method allows dentfcaton of the man crtera that can nfluence road safety strateges and rankng the alternates n order to propose solutons that hae as a result the reducton of the number of accdents. References 1. Strauss J., Mranda-Moreno.F., Morency P., Multmodal njury rsk analyss of road users at sgnalzed and non-sgnalzed ntersectons, Accdent analyss and preenton, 2014, 71, p. 201_ Bao Q., Ruan D., Shen Y., Hermans E., Janssens D., Improed herarchcal fuzzy TOPSIS for road safety performance ealuaton, Knowledge-based systems, 2012, 32, p. 84_ Hermans E., Wets G., Van der Bossche F., Descrbng the eoluton n the number of hghway deaths by decomposton n exposure, accdent rsk, and the fatalty rsk, Transportaton research record, 2006, 1950, p. 1_8. 4. azm A., Norhanadah Z., Fuzzy approach for rankng of motor ehcles noled n 252

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