VERB TENSE 1: PRESENT TIME

Transcription

1 VERB TENSE 1: PRESENT TIME 1

2 Copyright Notice Do not remove this notice. COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING This material has been produced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of South Australia pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. 2

3 Overview This workshop will address the following verb tenses: Simple Present Present continuous (progressive) Present Perfect Present Perfect continuous (progressive) DO NOT REMOVE THIS NOTICE. Reproduced and communicated on behalf of the University of South Australia pursuant to Part VB of the copyright Act 1968 (the Act) or with permission of the copyright owner on (April ). Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. DO NOT REMOVE THIS NOTICE.

4 Reflection Why is it important to get our verb tenses correct? What is the role of tenses in our writing? What happens when we get the verb tenses wrong? DO NOT REMOVE THIS NOTICE. Reproduced and communicated on behalf of the University of South Australia pursuant to Part VB of the copyright Act 1968 (the Act) or with permission of the copyright owner on (April ). Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. DO NOT REMOVE THIS NOTICE.

5 Verb Tenses in Academic Writing You may have to use different verb tenses in one paragraph. The verb tense you use would depend on the time reference you wish to make Various factors influence the reasons as to why teenagers stay in school. Marjoribanks (2002, p. 370) identified three factors, namely, 1) family backgrounds; 2) individual characteristics; and 3) the learning environment. It is not clear which of these factors play a more important role in motivating adolescents to stay in school. Thus in examining factors that keep teenagers in school, it is important to consider all aspects.

6 Verb Tenses Past Present Future Simple Continuous Simple Perfect Perfect continuous Continuous Simple Continuous Simple Perfect Perfect continuous Simple Continuous Simple Perfect Perfect continuous Continuous

7 The Present Tense Present Present Simple: X X X X X is; are; am; base verb+s/es now Present Continuous: ( ) now Present Perfect Continuous: ) now Present Perfect Simple: X now is + verb+ing; are + verb+ing; am + verb+ing has + been +verb+ing; have + been +verb+ing has + verb in past participle form; have + verb in participle form

8 The Present Verb Tense: Simple What do these verbs tell you about the time reference? How is that being done? Research on the initiator status (i.e., who ends the relationship) also yields mixed results. Researchers report that the level of distress is unrelated to who ends the relationship (self or other) (Waller 2012). Another group suggests that both men and women who are rejected, experience more depression, loss of self-esteem and intrusive thoughts than those who do the rejecting (Perilloux & Bus 2012). In other studies, depression occurs in only those individuals who are rejected, not in those who initiate the rejection (Ayduk, Downey, Testa & Yen 2012). In an experimental study comparing those who see a scenario in which they are rejected versus a scenario in which they do the rejecting, higher levels of breakup distress are noted in those who see the scenario of being rejected (Waller 2012).

9 The Present Verb Tense: Continuous Can these verb tenses be changed to the continuous form? How will the meaning change? Research on the initiator status (i.e., who ends the relationship) also yields mixed results. Researchers report that the level of distress is unrelated to who ends the relationship (self or other) (Waller 2012). Another group suggests that both men and women who are rejected, experience more depression, loss of self-esteem and intrusive thoughts than those who do the rejecting (Perilloux & Bus 2012). In other studies it was found that depression occurs in only those individuals who are rejected, not in those who initiate the rejection (Ayduk, Downey, Testa & Yen 2012). In an experimental study comparing those who see a scenario in which they are rejected versus a scenario in which they do the rejecting, higher levels of breakup distress are noted in those who see the scenario of being rejected (Waller 2012).

10 The Present Verb Tense: Continuous: Answer Research on the initiator status (i.e., who ends the relationship) is also yielding mixed results. Researchers are reporting that the level of distress is unrelated to who is ending the relationship (self or other) (Waller 2012). Another group is suggesting that both men and women who are rejected, experience more depression, loss of self-esteem and intrusive thoughts than those who are doing the rejecting (Perilloux & Bus 2012). In other studies it was found that depression is occurring in only those individuals who are rejecting, not in those who are initiating the rejection (Ayduk, Downey, Testa & Yen 2012). In an experimental study comparing those who see a scenario in which they are rejecting versus a scenario in which they are doing the rejecting, higher levels of breakup distress are noted in those who see the scenario of being rejected (Waller 2012).

11 The Present Verb Tense: Simple Perfect We form the present perfect continuous with has or have followed by the past participle. been, experienced, noted, etc. What meaning do these verb tenses communicate? The dissolution of a romantic relationship has been one of the most commonly nominated "worst events" in a large phone survey of traumatic events and a prospective risk factor for the onset of Major Depression Disorder (Monroe 1999). It was found that over 40 per cent have experienced clinical depression and 12 per cent have experienced moderate to severe depression (Mearns 1991). Researchers have also noted that people have heart attacks or strokes following breakups and the ensuing depression (Rosenthal 2002). This has been attributed to decreasing dopamine levels associated with depression (Panksepp 1998).

12 The Present Verb Tense: Perfect continuous We use this tense to refer to an activity which took place over time and may still be occuring. The activity may be constant or repeated. The investigation has been occurring for over a decade. Researchers have been investigating this phenomenon. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Now

13 Activity Write a short paragraph on the following topic using the appropriate verb tenses. Then exchange your work with person next to you to check if the verb tenses are correct. As populations grow around the world, the need to build taller buildings increases. Discuss this statement.

14 Summary Present perfect simple tense X Present simple tense XXXXXXXXXX Present Perfect continuous tense NOW X Present continuous tense Remember the verb tense you use will depend on the time reference you are making

15 References Parrott, M 2000, Grammar for English language teachers, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom. DO NOT REMOVE THIS NOTICE. Reproduced and communicated on behalf of the University of South Australia pursuant to Part VB of the copyright Act 1968 (the Act) or with permission of the copyright owner on (April ). Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. DO NOT REMOVE THIS NOTICE.