Characteristics of Five Personality Factors and Satisfaction Level of Friendship in the Dormitory Staying High School Students

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1 Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(26), DOI: /ijst/2016/v9i26/97322, July 2016 ISSN (Print) : ISSN (Online) : Characteristics of Five Personality Factors and Satisfaction Level of Friendship in the Dormitory Staying High School Students Sung-Joo Park 1 and Ye-Jong Lee 2* 1 Department of Counseling Psychology, Gimcheon University, South Korea; loadpsj@gimcheon.ac.kr 2 Department of Social Welfare, Gimcheon University, South Korea; sbcmocha@hotmail.com Abstract Background/Objectives: This stress can be acknowledged and accepted differently by the personalities, and their personalities may become very important factor to make the friends. This study aims to investigate how these personalities affect the relationship with their friends, and also grade, class, and dormitory living affect the relationship with their friends in the high school. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The subjects of this study were st and 2 nd grade students in dormitory type high school located in G city, North Gyungsang Province. The survey was conducted in st and 2 nd grade students from December 12 to 16, The collected data was analyzed by SPSS/WIN 19.0 program. Frequency analysis and reliability test were conducted for the understanding of the subjects general characteristics and for the measurement of internal consistency among the questionnaires, respectively. Correlation analysis was performed to understand the relationship between five personality factors and satisfaction level of friendship. Also, multiple regression analysis was performed to understand how satisfaction level of friendship was affected by grade, class, dormitory living, and five personality markers. Findings: Upon the study results, first, extraversion showed positive correlation in recognition and interest, conflict resolution, help and guide, socializing and entertainment, and communication. Second, with respect to conscientiousness, positive correlations were demonstrated in recognition and interest, conflict resolution, conflict and distrust, help and guide, socializing and entertainment, and communication. Third, amity showed the same correlation result with conscientiousness, and T-value was (p=.000) by regression analysis. Fourth, neuroticism is the opposite concept to the emotional stability, which is the personality to be unstable, uncomfortable, and sensitive. As neuroticism is higher in the friend relation, it shows negative correlation in recognition and interest, conflict and distrust, and socializing and entertainment with T-value of (p=.000) which is significant. Fifth, openness showed positive correlation to all the subtypes in the friend relation with T-value of (p=.000) upon regression analysis which was significant statistically. Application/Improvements: Multiple studies have been recently conducted on the five personality factors by personality theorists, however, few of them were conducted to be applied in the real life in the high school students. Hence, further studies are required on the finding in this study that individual personality characteristics affect the satisfaction level of friendship in the high school students. Keywords: Dormitory Staying High School 4, Friendship Satisfaction3, High School Student1, 5 Personality Factors2 1. Introduction As of 2011, the high schools selected as the dormitory living were one in Busan, two in Daegu, three in Incheon, one in Ulsan, 14 in Gyunggi, 17 in Gangwon, 13 in North Choongchung, 17 in South Choongchung, 13 in North Cholla, 23 in South Cholla, 25 in North Gyungsang, and 20 in South Gyungsang, totally 150, which were supported with approximately billion won accordingly. This could establish the condition for about 17,000 students to stay in the dormitories and support the development of educational infrastructure and customized school operation programs 1. However, this stat did not include specialized high schools, science high schools, foreign *Author for correspondence

2 Characteristics of Five Personality Factors and Satisfaction Level of Friendship in the Dormitory Staying High School Students language high schools, autonomous private high schools, and so on, and showed the increasing trend more. The past dormitories maintained very poor environment to provide only with bed and board, however, the recent ones provide with a variety of supports including the bedrooms and reading rooms to secure the sufficient personal space, lounge, fitness rooms, health service rooms, and information searching rooms, and so on, so that the positive changes are occurred. By enhancing the students learning atmosphere with thorough management and increasing the endeavors for the successful entrance exam to the good universities, the preference to the dormitory equipped high schools has been increasing more and more. However, not all the students have satisfied with the dormitory life. 712 students among 8,953 students who entered 25 dormitory type high schools transferred schools within 1 year in This accounts for approximately 8% of new students, which showed to be more than 3 times higher than the transfer rate of 1 st grader high school students in Seoul, altogether 2.6% 2. General high schools are operated with the primary purpose of the university entrance and the students are facing a variety of issues and stress, accordingly. Especially, they face the issues on the relationship with their friends and study stress which experience in the school life. Since the general school students attend the school not from the dormitory but from home, they can maintain the relationship with their existing friends continuously and their location and environment are not changed significantly compared to the period in the middle school so that they have little difficulty in adapting the high school lives. However, most of the students in the dormitory type high schools experience the communal living far from home at the first time, so that they may face the difficulty in the school lives. Especially, living together with a few students in the same room, they experience the difficulty in the school lives due to the interpersonal relation and personality issues, and may transfer the schools because of maladaptation in the school, accordingly. The friendship is to develop the two-way mutual relationship and to interact continuously with the trust and affection 3, which is very critical factor in the adolescent period. Generally, the schools equipped with the dormitories prepare them for the students from the other locations, and most of the students in autonomous private high schools, foreign language high schools, science high schools, and so on stay in the dormitory. It is very serious for about 8% of the students out of the dormitory living ones to transfer the schools 2. As transferring schools are considered as the last choice for the students to cover the maladjustment to the school life, the issues faced in the dormitory may be very dynamic and serious and more than those 8% who transfer the schools may suffer from the inconvenience and stress in the dormitory life. After all, many students who enter the dormitory type high schools can have the stress not only from the study in the communal living at the dormitory, which is their first experiences, but also from the relation with the friends who stay with them. This stress can be acknowledged and accepted differently by the personalities, and their personalities may become very important factor to make the friends 4. Recently, multiple studies have been conducted on the personalities, especially on 5 factors of personalities reported by Tupes and Christal (1961) which have been used for describing personalities of the human-beings with 5 major domains or dimensions. 30 elements for the personalities were defined to extract 5 sample factors, including neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness 5. In the study by Costa and McCrae which was remarkable in 1980s, they suggested five personality factors be general to the people. These five personality factors were the outcomes of effort to find the common factors of the personalities by narrowing the scopes of personality dimensions and summarizing the representative factors. These aimed to simplify the comprehensive personality system of the human-beings, which has been general recently 6,7. Among five personality factors, neuroticism means the degree of adaptation to the daily life and emotional anxiety, and it represents the psychological suffering, unrealistic idea, excessive desire and impulse, and maladaptive reaction. In addition, it is the element to show the degree of the world view as uncontrollable and threatening one due to the lack of emotional stability. Hence, it means how easily he or she gets embarrassed and how much he or she shows the mental reaction in the certain situation 5. Extraversion is the opposite concept of introversion. If he or she is active and social, it is extrovert while if he or she is calm and meditative, it is introvert. Very few people show the extremity of both characters. It was assumed that extraversion and introversion demonstrated the different functional types of the specific area in 2 Vol 9 (26) July Indian Journal of Science and Technology

3 Sung-Joo Park and Ye-Jong Lee the cerebrum which is responsible for awakening and the different level of energy or activity was applied accordingly 8. Openness to experience represents the degree of preferences on the intellectual stimulation, changes, and variability, which results mostly from the backgrounds of family, education, and culture, rather than genetic one, and relates to the study achievement oriented mind. People who open to experience have lots of curiosity to the internal and external worlds, pursue the new ideas and values, show sensitive to the emotion, and live their lives intellectually. They take the lead on their own experiences. Also, it applies with the patience and searching for the unfamiliar things 9. Agreeableness represents the trust and respect to the others and interpersonal direction, which shows the degree of maintenance for the harmonious relationship with them. It includes six subtypes, trust, honesty, altruism, cooperation, modesty, and sympathy. The people who have higher index of agreeableness trust the others and are well adaptive with the interests in them. Also, they tend to assist the others 8. Conscientiousness is the tendency to accept and keep the social norms, which organizes and continues the goal oriented behaviors. It includes six subtypes, self-efficiency, order, responsibility, performance oriented, autonomy, and prudence. The people who have higher score of this index are systemic, sincere, accurate, careful, punctual, and reliable, so that they can be trusted by others. They tend to be punctual and to complete the tasks which are initiated until the end. The people who have lower score of this index are lack of patience, easily tempered with the surrounding temptation, and impulsive. They show the tendencies of dislike to do the fixed work, lack of sense of responsibility, and giving up easily, which is hard to estimate their behaviors. They tend to organize the works without the objective or show the difficulty in completing the work due to the weak will 10. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how these personalities affect the relationship with their friends, and also grade, class, and dormitory living affect the relationship with their friends in the high school. It is to investigate the important variables to affect the satisfaction level of the friendship in the adolescent period when the friendship is emphasized and the same age group culture is developed, moreover, to understand the relationship between the personalities and their friendship more in detail. The personality is considered to affect the relation in the friendship very importantly where they live their high school lives for a long time together with them and develop the relation in the dormitory which has been increasing recently. Hence, it has the meaning not only to help many students who suffer from the difficulty in living in the dormitory and give up halfway but also to help a variety of issues for the general high school students if we understand the students by their characteristics of the personality and plan and execute all the operation and policies in the school, accordingly. 2. Research Methods 2.1 Subjects and Data Collection Methods The subjects of this study were st and 2 nd grade students in dormitory type high school located in G city, North Gyungsang Province. The survey was conducted in st and 2 nd grade students from December 12 to 16, Study Tools Five Personality Factors In this study, Mini- factors: A brief version of Goldberg unipolar big-five factors developed by Saucier (1994) was translated to be used as the test of personality which had been used in the study on the relation between five factors and academic burnout 11. This tool consists of 40 questionnaires and each has 8-point Likert scale from nothing to do with me to completely me. Some of them were inversely scored and Cronbach s α was 0.69 in this study. Cronbach s α values by personality factors were 0.79, 0.72, 0.69, 0.65 and 0.72 for extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness, and neuroticism, respectively Index of Friendship Quality The Korean modified questionnaires by Hyung Jung Lee (1994) was used with 40 friendship quality questionnaires developed by Bukowski, Hoza and Newcomb (1987), and modified by Parker and Asher (1993) 12. This tool consists of 40 questionnaires, and each has 5-point Likert scale from never to very likely. Some of them were inversely scored and Cronbach s α was 0.76 in this study. Cronbach s α values by friendship relationship were 0.88, 0.65, 0.64, 0.88, 0.67, and 0.78 for recognition and interest, conflict resolution, conflict and distrust, help and guide, social- Vol 9 (26) July Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3

4 Characteristics of Five Personality Factors and Satisfaction Level of Friendship in the Dormitory Staying High School Students izing and entertainment, and intimate communication, respectively. 2.3 Method of Analysis The collected data was analyzed by SPSS/WIN 19.0 program. Frequency analysis and reliability test were conducted for the understanding of the subjects general characteristics and for the measurement of internal consistency among the questionnaires, respectively. Correlation analysis was performed to understand the relationship between five personality factors and satisfaction level of friendship. Also, multiple regression analysis was performed to understand how satisfaction level of friendship was affected by grade, class, dormitory living, and five personality markers. 3. Results 3.1 Subjects Characteristics of Demography According to the demography of the responders, 49.1% were 1 st grade and 50.9% were 2 nd grade while 28.1% were liberal arts and 71.9% were science class. For the questionnaire to ask the dormitory living, 69.6% answered yes and 30.4% attended the schools. The results are shown in Table Correlation of Five Personality Factors with Friendship, Grade, Class, and Dormitory Living Correlation analysis was performed to test whether any relation or trend existed among five personality factors and subtypes of friendship in the school life. Upon the result on extraversion, positive correlations were demonstrated in recognition and interest (r=.393, p=.01), conflict resolution (r=.380, p=.01), help and guide (r=.383, p=.01), socializing and entertainment (r=.339, p=.01), Table 1. Grade Class Residence type Analysis by demography Classification Frequency Share (%) 1st nd Liberal arts Sciences Dormitory Attending school and communication (r=.414, p=.01). With respect to conscientiousness, positive correlations were demonstrated in recognition and interest (r=.500, p=.01), conflict resolution (r=.363, p=.01), conflict and distrust (r=.192, p=.01), help and guide (r=.430, p=.01), socializing and entertainment (r=.397, p=.01), and communication (r=.425, p=.01). For agreeableness, positive correlations were demonstrated in recognition and interest (r=.490, p=.01), conflict resolution (r=.389, p=.01), conflict and distrust (r=.154, p=.01), help and guide (r=.445, p=.01), socializing and entertainment (r=.428, p=.01), and communication (r=.436, p=.01). On the other hand, with respect to neuroticism, negative correlations were demonstrated in recognition and interest (r=-.097, p=.05), conflict and distrust (r=-.260, p=.01), and socializing and entertainment (r=-.154, p=.01). Lastly, regarding openness, positive correlations were demonstrated in recognition and interest (r=.378, p=.01), conflict resolution (r=.344, p=.01), conflict and distrust (r=.153, p=.01), help and guide (r=.339, p=.01), socializing and entertainment (r=.343, p=.01), and communication (r=.379, p=.01). Positive correlation between five personality factors and grade was shown only in neuroticism (r=.14, p=.01) while no correlation among class and dormitory living, as shown in Table Regression Analysis for Five Personality Factors by Friendship, Grade, Class, and Dormitory Living The friendship perceived by the high school students was not significantly different by grade, class, and dormitory living status. The perceived relation on the friendship in the high school students was not different significantly by grade, class, and dormitory living status. Among five personality factors, t values are (p=.000), 3.738(p=.000), 3.744(p=.000), (p=.000), and 3.221(p=.000) for extraversion, conscientiousness, amity, neuroticism, and openness, respectively which are statistically significant. F value is R² on the regression analysis is 0.321, showing 32.1% of explanation power, whose regression model is appropriate, as shown in Table Discussion and Conclusions This study was to investigate the relationship of five personality markers with friendship in the autonomous private high schools and to find any control effect by grade, class, 4 Vol 9 (26) July Indian Journal of Science and Technology

5 Sung-Joo Park and Ye-Jong Lee Table 2. five personality factors Relationship with friends Correlation among five personality factors and subtypes of friendship. total 1 Extrovert.74 1 Sincerity Inter-Construct Correlations Amity Neuroticism Openness Total Recognition and interest Conflict resolution Conflict and distrust Help and guide Socializing and entertainment Communication Grade Class Whether to live in dormitory p<.05, p<.01 Table 3. Factors Dependent variable Relationship with friends p<.05, p<.01 Regression Analysis For Five Personality Independent variable Standard error β t-value p-value Constant Grade Class Whether to live in dormitory Extrovert Sincerity Amity Neuroticism Openness R=.566, R²=.321, Adjusted R²=.308, F= and dormitory status. For this study, the survey was conducted in the student subjects in G high school located in G city, North Gyungsang Province, acquiring 434 effective samples. SPSS 18.0 program was used for the analysis of this study and frequency analysis was conducted to understand the distribution characteristics of the samples and Cronbach s α coefficient analysis was performed to measure internal consistency among the questionnaires. In addition, correlation analysis was performed to understand the relationship between five personality factors and satisfaction level of friendship. Also, multiple regression analysis was performed to understand the control effect by grade, class, and dormitory living status. Upon the study results, overall score for satisfaction level of friendship showed significant differences in extraversion, conscientiousness, amity, and neuroticism by correlation and regression analysis, and the results by their subtypes Vol 9 (26) July Indian Journal of Science and Technology 5

6 Characteristics of Five Personality Factors and Satisfaction Level of Friendship in the Dormitory Staying High School Students are as follows. First, extraversion showed positive correlation in recognition and interest, conflict resolution, help and guide, socializing and entertainment, and communication. From the regression analysis on extraversion and satisfaction level of friendship, T-value was (p=.000) which was statistically significant. This means the students with high extraversion have more recognition and interest in each other in the friend relationship, solve the conflict well, help and guide together on the difficulty in the friend relations, come along well with socializing and entertainment, and communicate well with their friends. Second, with respect to conscientiousness, positive correlations were demonstrated in recognition and interest, conflict resolution, conflict and distrust, help and guide, socializing and entertainment, and communication. T value was (p=.000) upon regression analysis which was statistically significant. This means the students with high conscientiousness have more recognition and interest in each other, solve the conflict well, help together on the difficulty, come along well with socializing and entertainment, and communicate well each other, as in the result of extraversion. However, it showed the correlation with conflict and distrust, too, which means the students with sincerity do their best in their view points and have the characteristics to react sincerely so that they may insist strongly on their own answers to the problems with the other friends. By doing this, it seems they feel some conflict in the friendship or have distrusted mind somewhat to the other friends. Third, amity showed the same correlation result with conscientiousness, and T-value was (p=.000) by regression analysis. This means amity characteristic in the friend relation influences positively to the overall characteristics. Fourth, neuroticism is the opposite concept to the emotional stability, which is the personality to be unstable, uncomfortable, and sensitive. As neuroticism is higher in the friend relation, it shows negative correlation in recognition and interest, conflict and distrust, and socializing and entertainment with T-value of (p=.000) which is significant. This means the students with high neuroticism have low level of recognition to the friends including concern, interest, and support, and they do not get along with them well in socializing and entertainment. Fifth, openness showed positive correlation to all the subtypes in the friend relation with T-value of (p=.000) upon regression analysis which was significant statistically. This means the students with high level of openness show the interest and recognition each other in the friend relation, make an effort to resolve the conflict, support and help, socialize together, and communicate harmoniously. However, in spite of this openness, they may face the conflict or distrust in the relation and this is considered as a characteristic in the adolescent period when it is influenced by their friends significantly. In conclusion, five personality factors and satisfaction level in the school life have the positive correlation while neuroticism shows negative correlation. That means the personality of the high school students seem to be influential very importantly to the satisfaction level of friendship. However, it did not show the statistical significance upon the study result on the personality factors and the satisfaction level of friendship by dormitory living status, grade, and class. This reflects that grade, class, and dormitory living status are not important element to influence the friend relation in the school life of the dormitory type high school students, but the personal characteristics become the very important element on the satisfaction level in the high school students school lives. It is thought that internal element which is individual personality was influenced more to the satisfaction level of friendship rather than the external elements like getting along with the friends for a long time by external environment, facilities, or the dormitory living. As a conclusion, multiple studies have been recently conducted on the five personality factors by personality theorists, however, few of them were conducted to be applied in the real life in the high school students 13,14. Hence, further studies are required on the finding in this study that individual personality characteristics affect the satisfaction level of friendship in the high school students. It seems to enhance the satisfaction level in the school life and efficiency by allocating the rooms for the students in the dormitory type high schools to consider the individual personality in their dormitory life, supplementing or strengthening the personal characteristics to prevent from drop out, assisting the adaptation to the school life, and changing the students composition flexibly within the rooms of dormitory or the classes from a variety of personality analysis. 5. Acknowledgment This work was supported by the 2016 Gimcheon University Research Grant. 6 Vol 9 (26) July Indian Journal of Science and Technology

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