Reinforcement Systems for a Successful Classroom

Transcription

1 Reinforcement Systems for a Successful Classroom Katie Thomas Distance Learning Coordinator KISN is funded through the Kansas State Department of Education's Special Education Services by a Title VI-B grant. Keystone Learning Services does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, disability, or age in its programs and activities. The following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding the non-discrimination policies: Deputy Director, Keystone Learning Services, 1220 Walnut Street, Oskaloosa, KS 66066, Welcome and thanks for joining this web class! To receive your certificate of attendance you will receive an after this training with a certificate of attendance for being a live participant. If you are viewing this as a group, your facilitator will get the sign in sheets to me, and then you will also receive your certificate of attendance as a live participant. If you are viewing this as a recorded session, there are no certificates given out. About 2 weeks after attending a Webinar, you will get a survey link to help KISN collect data for our grant project to see the effectiveness of the webinars of your implementation of concepts presented in our Webinar Series. We appreciate you taking the time to help us out! This powerpoint and coordinating Boardmaker Documents will be available for download on our website, under Training Materials, following the presentation, for 2 weeks. 1

2 Maximized Minimized The orange arrow can be selected to minimize or maximize the webinar If you have questions, you will type them in this chat section & hit SEND. If your question does not get answered live, it will be answered, and included in the that you receive your certificate in! 2

3 Reinforcement Reinforcing stimuli are environmental events that occur after a behavior that increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future. Treats, praise, special privileges, music, toys, virtually anything can be used as reinforcement, if it serves to increase the occurrences of a particular behavior. Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement Positive reinforcement is the presentation of positive events after a particular behavior to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur in the future. Treats, hugs, toys, games, etc. -- are examples of positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is the removal of aversive events after a particular behavior to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur in the future Example Speeding ticket 3

4 Reinforcement vs. Bribes The difference between reinforcement and bribery is that reinforcement comes after a task is completed whereas bribery is offered before. That is not to say that you can t show your child the reinforcer he or she is working for. In this case, it would be a visual cue. Ex. If you stop throwing a fit (in the store), I ll buy you a candy bar. Instead We are going to the store, and if we can get everything we need and you are well-behaved, I ll buy you a candy bar. Schedules of Reinforcement A reinforcement schedule is a rule that specifies the timing and frequency of reinforcement for a particular activity. Continuous Partial 4

5 Continuous Reinforcement A continuous reinforcement schedule is one that provides reinforcement after every correct response. Continuous schedules are useful for the teaching of new behaviors, when the goal is to emphasize the relationship between a stimuli and an associated response (ex. What is your name?). The continual feedback helps to cement that relationship. Partial Reinforcement Schedules A partial reinforcement schedule is one in which only some instances of the desired response are reinforced. Partial schedules often produce more responses and at a faster rate than do continuous schedules. Behaviors reinforced through partial schedules also have greater resistance to extinction, as the child has become accustomed to periods of time when he is not being reinforced for that behavior. Partial reinforcement schedules are useful for maintenance of learned behaviors, for increasing the production of those behaviors once they have been learned, and for making reinforcement more natural (seldom in the natural environment is one reinforced every time he exhibits a desirable behavior. 5

6 Partial Reinforcement Schedules Cont d Fixed interval schedule fixed amount of time Variable interval schedule random & unpredictable amount of time Fixed ratio schedule fixed number of correct responses Variable ratio schedule fixed number of correct responses Punishment Where reinforcement is the introduction of positive or removal of negaitve stimuli to increase a particular behavior, punishment is the introduction of negative or removal of positive stimuli to decrease a particular behavior Time Out Response Cost Extinction Aversive Stimuli 6

7 Alternatives to Punishment First step might be to ascertain the motivation behind the current behaviors (Functional Behavior Analysis) There are 4 basic alternatives to punishment for reducing difficult behaviors and encouraging more appropriate behaviors: Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors Differential Reinforcement of Lesser Rates of Behavior Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors The reinforcement of any behavior other than the difficult behavior Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors The reinforcement of behaviors which serve as alternatives to the difficult behavior, especially alternative means of communication. As an example, a child could be taught to present his teacher with a PECs Symbol for a break from work rather than tantrumming to escape. 7

8 Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors The reinforcement of behaviors which are incompatible with difficult behaviors, that is they are behaviors which the child is can not be doing simultaneously. For example, if a child is constantly touching his neighbors during circle time, he could be reinforced for keeping his hands in his lap. Differential Reinforcement of Lesser Rates of Behavior The reinforcing of periods of time in which the child exhibits the behavior at a predetermined lesser rate. For example, if a child currently talks out approximately ten times every five minutes he is in the library with his class, he could be reinforced if he only talks out five times during that same five minutes. Reinforcer Assessments 8

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17 Be Creative, Individualize, & Remain in the POSITIVE Thank You! Please direct your questions/comments to: KISN is funded through the Kansas State Department of Education's Special Education Services by a Title VI-B grant. Keystone Learning Services does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, disability, or age in its programs and activities. The following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding the non-discrimination policies: Deputy Director, Keystone Learning Services, 1220 Walnut Street, Oskaloosa, KS 66066,