Spinal Cord Disease Basic Science, Diagnosis and Management

Transcription

1 Spinal Cord Disease Basic Science, Diagnosis and Management

2 Springer London Berlin Heide/berg New York Barcelona Budapest Hong Kong Milan Paris Santa Clara Singapore Tokyo

3 Edmund Critchley and Andrew Eisen (Eds) Spinal Cord Disease Basic Science, Diagnosis and Management With 118 Figures, Springer

4 Edmund Critchley, DM, FRCP Royal Preston Hospital, Department of Neurology Sharoe Green Lane, Preston PR2 4HT, UK Andrew Eisen, MD, FRCP(C) Vancouver General Hospital 855 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada Consulting Editor Michael Swash, MD, FRCP, MRCPath The London Hospital, Neurology Department Whitechapel, London E1 leb, UK ISBN-13: British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Spinal cord disease: basic science, diagnosis and management 1. Spinal cord - Diseases I. Critchley, E.M.R. (Edmund Michael Rhys) II. Eisen, Andrew, '3 ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: : / Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Spinal cord disease: basic science, diagnosis and management / Edmund Critchley and Andrew Eisen (eds). p. cm. Completely rev. and updated ed. of: Diseases of the spinal cord / Edmund Critchley and Andrew Eisen (eds.). cl992. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN -13: Spinal cord - Diseases. I. Critchley, E.M.R. (Edmund Michael R.) II. Eisen, Andrew, III. Diseases of the spinal cord. [DNLM: 1. Spinal Cord Diseases - diagnosis. 2. Spinal Cord Diseases - therapy. WL 400 S ] RC400.S '3-dc20 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress CIP Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. Springer-Verlag London Limited 1997 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1997 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. Typeset by EXPO Holdings, Malaysia 28/ Printed on acid-free paper

5 Contents Preface by Rick Hansen... List of Contributors... IX Xl 1 Introduction E.M.R. Critchley and A.A. Eisen Anatomical Basis of Spinal Cord Function TJ. Zwimpfer and J.D. Steeves Prospects for Spinal Cord Repair after Injury J.D. Steeves and TJ. Zwimpfer Spinal Modulation of Noxions Stimuli E.M.R. Critchley and M. T. Isaac Spasticity G.R. Critchley Hazards of Spinal/Lumbar Puncture J.P.R. Dick Neuropathology D.l. Graham Embryology and Paediatric Aspects of Spinal Disorders A. Hill Imaging of the Spine and Spinal Cord J.S. Lapointe Clinical Features of Spinal Compression N. T. Gurusinghe Electrophysiological Investigation of Disorders of the Spinal Cord A.A. Eisen Radiculopathy due to Diseases other than Disc Disease A.A. Eisen Autonomic Dysfunction in Spinal Cord Disease R.D. Fealey v

6 VI Contents 14 Trauma to the Cervical Spine J.R. Johnson Disc and Degenerative Disease: Stenosis, Spondylosis and Subluxation C.H.G. Davis Craniocervical Anomalies and Non-traumatic Syringomyelia R.A. Metcalfe and R.A. Johnston Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Cervical Spine M. Dvorak and R. W. McGraw Meningitic Disorders and Myelopathies E.M.R. Critchley Myelopathies in HIV Infection R. Guiloff Disorders of the Anterior Horn Cell J.D. Mitchell Tropical Diseases of the Spinal Cord K. Rajamani and C. savant The Conus Medullaris and Sphincter Control M. Swash Psychosexual and Psychosocial Aspects of Spinal Cord Disease M.T. Isaac Spinal Vascular Disease M.J. Aminoff Decompression Illnesses and the Spinal Cord R.R. Pearson Inherited Diseases of the Spinal Cord L.A. Bindoff and R.A. Shakir Deficiency Diseases of the Spinal Cord R.A. Shakir and L.A. Bindoff Vertebral Body Collapse J.P.R. Dick Spinal Epidural Abscess J.P.R. Dick Spinal Tumours N.T. Gurusinghe

7 Contents Vll 31 Trauma and Paraplegia T. T. Lee and B.A. Green SCI Rehabilitation: Concepts, Mobility, Functional Electrical Stimulation, Spasticity RJ. Weber and R.C. Davis Index

8 Preface Spinal Cord Injury or disease can happen to anyone at any time and the effects can be devastating. I found this out personally when I was thrown from the back of a pick up truck at age 15 was left paralyzed from the waist down. It was during my recuperation as a young teenager that I first gained insight into the importance of rehabilitation. My family, doctors, nurses, fellow patients and researchers who were dedicated to helping me overcome my personal tragedy helped me pull through. Today, rehabilitation medicine is taking great strides and empowering the person with the injury to take control of their future, overcome their setbacks and, through collaborative support, reach their personal goals and potential. Since 1987 the Legacy raised by my Man in Motion World Tour (24901 miles wheeled around the world March 1985-May 1987) has provided over $13 million dollars to research and rehabilitation in the areas of spinal cord injury. I hope that in some small way this funding has contributed to the development of the vital programmes that supported me and many others. The effects of spinal cord injury are traumatic and life-shattering and require a skilled interdisciplinary approach. I congratulate those who have contributed to this book and challenge each one of you to never give up on your dreams to find the answers to the optimum treatment of spinal cord injury and disease. Rick Hansen IX

9 Contributors M.J. Aminoff, MD, FRCP Professor of Neurology, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology M -794, University of California, San Francisco, CA , USA L.A. Bindoff, MSc, MBBS, MRCP, MD Consultant Neurologist, Middlesborough General Hospital, Ayresome Green Lane, Middlesborough, Cleveland, TS5 5AZ, UK E.M.R. Critchley, DM, FRCP Professor of Neurology, Preston Royal Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane, Preston, PR24HT, UK G.R. Critchley, MA, FRCS Registrar in Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Hope Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK C.B.G. Davis, FRCS Consultant Neurosurgeon, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane, Preston, PR2 4HT, UK J.P.R. Dick Consultant Neurologist, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, E1 1BB, UK M. Dvorak 3rd Floor, 910 West loth Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4E3, Canada A.A. Eisen, MD, FRCP(C) Professor of Neurology, Vancouver General Hospital, Neuromuscular Disease Unit, 855 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BCV5Z 1M9, Canada R.D. Fealey, MD Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA D.l. Graham Professor of Neuropathology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK Xl

10 xii Contributors B.A. Green Professor of Neurological Surgery, Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, and Co Director of the Acute Spinal Cord Injury Service, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Attending Physician at the Veterans Administration Hospital, President and Director of Clinical Research at the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, 1501 NorthWest 9th Avenue, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA R. Guiloff, MD, FRCP Professor, Neuromuscular Unit, Ground Floor Room, South Wing, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK N.T. Gurusinghe Consultant Neurosurgeon, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane, Preston, PR24HT, UK A. Hill Head of Division of Paediatric Neurology, BC Children's Hospital, ldi Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3VH, Canada M.T. Isaac Consultant and Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry, Suite 6, Lewisham Hospital, Lewisham High Street, London, SE13 6LH, UK J.R. Johnson, MBBS, FRCS Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, Paddington and Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK R.A. Johnston Consultant Neurosurgeon, Institute of Neurological Sciences, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK J.S. Lapointe Associate Professor of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Neuroradiologist, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4E3, Canada T.T. Lee Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA R.W.McGraw Professor and Head of Orthopaedics, 3rd Floor, 910 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4E3, Canada R.A. Metcalfe Consultant Neurologist, Institute of Neurological Sciences, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK

11 Contributors Xlll J.D. Mitchell, MD, FRCP Consultant Neurologist and Honorary Professor of Clinical Neurology, Preston Royal Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane, Preston, PR2 4HT, UK R.R. Pearson 18 Poynings Place, St Nicholas Street, Old Portsmouth, Hampshire, POI 2PB, UK K. Rajamani, MD, DM Registrar in Neurology, Department of Neurology, Preston Royal Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane, Preston, PR2 4HT, UK C.S. Savant, MD, DNB Registrar, Department of Neurology, Preston Royal Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane, Preston, PR2 4HT, UK R.A. Shakir, MBchB, MSc, FRCP, FRCP(E), FRCP(G) Consultant Neurologist, Department of Neurology, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK M. Swash, MD, FRCP, FRCPath Consultant Neurologist, Department of Neurology, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, E1 1BB, UK J.D. Steeves University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E3, Canada R.J. Weber, MD Professor and Chairman, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, SUNY Health Science Centre, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA T. Zwimpfer University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E3, Canada