Stress is an area of research that has grown and diversified enormously since the early work

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1 pissn: eissn: Focused Issue of This Month 근거중심으로살펴본스트레스와질병 설문을이용한스트레스평가 신호철 * 성균관대학교의과대학강북삼성병원가정의학과 Ho Cheol Shin, MD* Department of Family Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea *Corresponding author: Ho Cheol Shin, hcfm.shin@samsung.com Received May 22, 2013 Accepted May 30, 2013 Stress is an area of research that has grown and diversified enormously since the early work of W. E. Cannon and Hans Selye. This development has been accompanied by an accelerated and renewed interest in instruments for evaluating stress and related factors. At present, the questionnaire method is the most popular for stress measurement. However, there is no consensus on how to measure stress because of the diverse scope of stress dynamic. There are many different kinds of questionnaires for measuring stress. And these questionnaires are different according to the various aspects, such as external stressors, individual s sense of control or coping, susceptibility, personality type, and subjective symptoms. Each questionnaire has its own drawbacks as a tool for measuring stress. Therefore choosing the appropriate instruments for evaluating stress objectively is a basic and crucial step for developing effective stress reduction strategies. Another important problem is that many of the questionnaires for measuring stress currently used in the field lack an appropriate cross-cultural adaptation process for the translated version and sufficient evidence of validity and reliability. Keywords: Psychological stress; Stress measurement; Questionnaires; Occupational stress 서 론 환자들이느끼는스트레스의정도와그의미를확인하는작업이쉽지않는경우가많다. 특히환자들이호소 하는스트레스관련증상이기본적으로신체적인질환과관 련이있는증상이라면더욱그렇다. 예를들어고혈압환자 가두통을호소하거나, 비만의가족력이있는환자가과식 증상을보일때, 혹은척추측만증환자가요통을호소한다면 그증상과스트레스와의관련성, 스트레스의정도와의미등 을파악하기가어려울수밖에없다. 이것은업무관련스트레스에서도마찬가지인데업무관련스트레스인경우에도스트레스가업무상문제로인해촉발된것인지혹은스트레스로인한결과로업무상문제가나타난것이지구분하기가어렵기때문이다. 업무관련스트레스를확인하기가어려운이유는환자들이업무관련증상을인정하지않는경우가많고, 환자들이자신의행동이비생산적이라는사실을인정하지않는경우가많기때문이다. 이런의미에서일상적으로접하게되는많은스트트레스관련질환환자들의스트레스 c Korean Medical Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 대한의사협회지 485

2 Shin HC Stressor Figure 1. Stress dynamic. 정도를정확하게평가하는일은아무리강조해도모자람이 없을정도로중요한일임에는틀림이없다 [1,2]. 그렇지만 문제는다양한측면을갖고있는스트레스의정도를정확하 게평가하기가매우어렵다는점이고이문제는그동안스트 레스과학분야에서잘해결되지않는난제로여겨져온것 이사실이다. Stressor reaction Stressor mediator 스트레스평가와스트레스역동 스트레스를평가할때에는특히어떤스트레스요인이각 개인에게미치는영향의정도를평가할때에는환자의가족, 사회환경등주변환경에대한정보를수집하는것이중요 한데특히업무와관련된스트레스인경우에는매우중요하 다. 또환자가오래된스트레스를가지고있을때에는그스 트레스의원인과증상을촉발시키는요인을확인하기가쉽 지않다. 이런경우초기경고반응단계의증상들에대해서 물어보면문제점의시작을확인할수있다. 예를들어서환 자가느끼는스트레스의특징을탐색할때에는중요한회의 를마친후 3 일째생긴바이러스감염증이나아침에출근하 기전의두통등과같이환자들에게스트레스유발인자에 노출되기전후의증상에대해서질문하는것도중요하다. 그렇지만문제는어떤스트레스인자에대해서어떻게반응 하고결과적으로건강문제가나타나느냐의과정에서복잡 한역동이이루어지고이런문제때문에환자가지각하는스 트레스의정도는매우다르게나타나게된다 [2,3]. Health outcome 현재스트레스에대한일치된정의는없지만그동안의 연구결과와경험에비추어볼때어떤상황이나사건은각개 인에게스트레스를느끼게하고또일부에서는이스트레스 상황으로인해건강문제가생기는것은사실인것으로여겨지고있다. 현재로는스트레스는어떤단일한설명으로는정의할수없고다음과같이개인과그주변상황간의역동적인상호관계를포함하는복합적인내용으로설명하는것이가장바람직할것으로생각된다 (Figure 1). 즉각개인에게저마다다르게작용하는스트레스역동이스트레스유발요인이건강문제로어떻게나타나는지를결정하게되고스트레스를평가한다는것은그만큼어려운작업이될수밖에없는것이다. 위의 Figure 1에서 스트레스유발인자 (stressor) 는개인으로하여금신체적혹은정신적인반응을유발하게하는내적혹은외적인상황이나사건을가리킨다. 스트레스반응 (stress reaction) 은스트레스유발인자에반응해서나타나는생물학적, 정신사회적변화를가리킨다. 스트레스반응은각개인별로다르게나타나며같은개인이라도시간에따라서다양하게나타날수있다. 건강문제 (health outcome) 는스트레스반응으로인해서일시적으로혹은장기적으로나타날수있는건강상의변화를의미한다. 이건강문제는건강상태에미치는영향이긍정적일수도있고부정적일수도있으며생물학적, 정신적, 사회학적으로다양한특성을가질수있다. 스트레스매개인자 (stress mediator) 는위의 3가지요소에영향을미쳐각개인이같은스트레스에다양하게반응하게만드는요인들을가리킨다. 이매개인자에는개인의성격, 사회적지지, 대처방식, 생물학적인요인등여러가지다양한종류들이있다. 우리가느끼는스트레스역동에는이와같이서로특징을달리하는다양한측면을갖고있어서이모든측면을포함하는포괄적인스트레스평가가매우어려워지는난제가될수밖에없는것이다 [3-5]. 설문을이용한스트레스평가 문제는각개인이얼마나많은스트레스를받고있고또그것으로인해얼마나많은영향을받고있는지를평가하는것이매우중요한데이런평가작업이생각보다는쉽지않다는데있다. 스트레스평가는스트레스양을측정하는방법, 스트레스에대한반응과인지상태를평가하는방법, 개인적 486 설문을이용한스트레스평가

3 특 집 인특성특히스트레스에대한감수성을평가하는방법, 스트레스로인한결과를증상으로평가하는방법등으로나눌수가있지만어떤방법도스트레스역동에서다양한측면의포괄적인평가를하지못한다는약점이있다. 현재각개인의스트레스상태를평가할수있는방법으로는크게바이오피드백기전을이용한장비를이용하는방법, 코티졸혹은카테콜라민과같은스트레스관련호르몬등을측정하는생화학적검사, 그리고설문지를이용한설문평가방법으로나눌수가있다. 그렇지만역시어떤평가방법도한가지방법으로만은각개인의스트레스상태를정확하게평가하지못하며가능한여러가지방법을다양하게사용하여포괄적인평가를실시하는것이중요하다 [3,6]. 이번에는장비를이용한평가나생화학적검사를이용한평가는다음기회로미루고주어진주제인설문평가를이용한스트레스측정을다루도록하겠다. 설문을이용한스트레스평가는오래전부터시도되어오던방법으로장비를이용한평가와는달리비교적쉽게사용할수있다는이점은있지만대부분의평가도구들에서신뢰성, 타당성의근거가부족한것이문제가된다, 흔히생활사건스트레스를평가해서스트레스의양을측정하는방법, 주어진스트레스에대해서각개인의감수성을평가하는방법등여러가지종류의평가방법들이고안되어있고이런평가방법은대부분구조적인설문으로구성되어있는평가도구들이다. 그렇지만각개인의스트레스를여러가지측면에서종합적으로평가할수있고쉽고간단하게선별검사로사용할수있는평가도구는거의없다고할수있다 [4]. 일반적으로각개인이스트레스요인에노출되면서이를평가하면서다양한인지반응들이나타나게된다. 만일그스트레스요인이 위협 인것으로판단되면정서적, 행동적반응들을포함한스트레스반응을경험하게되고각개인이경험하게되는스트레스반응들은성격, 대응전략의유무등소위매개인자로표현되는다양한요인들에의해서결정된다. 앞서설명한바와같이이런스트레스과정에서여러가지스트레스평가도구들이적용될수있고설문을이용한대부분의스트레스평가도구들이이런과정의각단계별로특장점을갖는다. 그리고이런여러가지인지적과정들을통 합해서 지각된스트레스 (perceived stress) 로간단히지칭하는경우가많고이런형태의스트레스평가도구들도꽤있다 [5]. 1. 외국에서개발된스트레스평가도구일상적으로겪을수있는중요한생활사건으로스트레스양을평가하는방법으로는 Holmes와 Rahe [7] 가개발한사회재적응평가척도 (Social Readjustment of Rating Scales, SRRS) 가대표적이다. 일상생활의변화를일으키는여러가지생활사건이스트레스성질병과관련있다는가정에서개발되었다. 43개의항목 ( 생활사건 ) 들중지난 1년동안본인이경험한생활사건들의총합으로계산되며각항목별로점수 (life change units) 를배우자의사망은 100점, 이혼은 73점, 결혼은 50점등과같이다르게부여하였다. 같은항목을 2회이상경험한경우에는각점수에횟수를곱하여점수를계산한다. 평가방법은총점수를스트레스관련질병에걸릴위험도로평가하였다. 총점수가 199점이하면위험도가낮고 점이면중간, 300점이상이면높다고평가하였다. 설문자체가비교적간단하고이해하기쉽기때문에실용적이다. 이 SRRS는경험된생활사건들을단순하게합하여스트레스정도를파악하였지만부정적인영향을끼치는생활사건과긍정적인영향을끼치는생활사건을따로평가하는것이바람직하다. 그렇지만여러질병들은큰생활사건보다는다양한사소한생활사건과더연관이있다는연구보고도있다. 사용의편리성과스트레스인자의양을측정할수있다는이점때문에국내에서이평가도구를번안해사용했던적이있지만우리와는다른사회문화적배경의차이로재적응평가점수를그대로사용할수없는등의제한이있어서현재에는잘사용되지않고있다. 그리고주어진생활사건스트레스를스트레스로인식하는정도를평가하기위한방법으로는 Perceived Stress Scale, Global Assessment of Recent Stress Scale (GARS) 이있다 [8]. 또 Holmes와 Rahe [7] 의 SRRS가주로스트레스양이큰중요생활사건으로스트레스양을평가하는데반해매일의일상적인작은생활사건으로인한스트레스를평가하기위한방법들이개발되어있는데 Daily Life 대한의사협회지 487

4 Shin HC Experience checklist가대표적이다 [9]. 이런스트레스평가도구들은많은연구들을통해그신뢰성및타당성이입증되어있기는하지만각개인이주어진상황에서느낄수있는스트레스의정도를스트레스역동의다면적인측면에서포괄적인평가를하지는못한다는단점이있고국내에서횡문화적인적응과정을거치지않고또그타당성도정확하게검증되지않은상태에서사용되는경우가많아서사용할때조심해야한다. 2. 국내에서개발된스트레스평가도구위의스트레스평가도구들은모두외국에서개발된것으로우리나라사람들에게그대로적용하기에는무리가따르기때문에국내에서개발되었거나횡문화적인적응과정을거쳐적절하게번역된스트레스평가도구들의사용이권장된다. 예를들어국내에서개발된생활사건스트레스평가도구로는 Lee [10] 가개발한생활사건평가도구가있다. 1) 생활사건스트레스평가 1984년 Lee [10] 가개발한생활사건평가도구로 98개의생활사건으로구성된설문으로각사건마다다른점수를부가한다. 최근 2년이내경험한모든항목에횟수로기입하게하여각점수를합하여총점으로스트레스정도를평가하는방법이다. 외국에서개발된 SRRS와같은종류의설문으로우리나라현실에맞게고안된설문이다. 현실적인문제로는생활사건스트레스는평가시점의사회적인가치관이나문화적인배경이고려되어야하고또평가도구에포함된항목이설정되는데배경이된인구집단이얼마나대표성이있는가가매우중요한데이런점에서개발된지이미 30년이지난평가도구라는점과이평가도구가개발될때설문을구성한항목집단이도출된배경인구집단이매우제한적이었다는단점이지적되고있다. 이런점에서새로운한국형생활사건스트레스평가도구가개발되어야할필요성이강력하게제기되고있다. 2) BEPSI-K 1996년 Yim 등 [11] 에의해서개발된 BEPSI (Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument) 의한국어판으로외래에서간단히사용할수있도록개발된스트레스평가척도로 총 5가지문항으로구성되어있으며각항목 (0-4 점 ) 의점수를합하여평균을구한다. 신뢰도조사에서검사-재검사법의신뢰도계수는 0.68이었으며, 내적일치도 (Cronbachʼs α) 는 0.80으로조사되었다. 타당도는 Lee [10] 가개발한사회재적응평가척도 98문항과의상관관계로조사되었는데상관계수가 0.23으로나타났다. 간단하기때문에일차진료영역에서특히외래에서사용이편리하다는장점이있지만타당도검증이더필요하고연구목적으로사용하기에는적합하지않다고평가된다 (Appendix 1)[11]. 3) 전반적인스트레스평가한국어판 2000년 Koh 등 [12] 이발표한 GARS 척도의한국어번역본이다. 스트레스인지반응을평가하기위한도구인데총 8개문항으로구성되어있으며각항목마다점수화한다 (0-9 점 ). 국내에서신뢰도측정은정상인 69명을대상으로조사되었는데검사-재검사상관계수는 , 내적일치도는 ( 전체적인스트레스제외한 7개문항 ) 0.86으로나타났다. 다른평가척도들과유의한관련성을보였으며불안, 우울증, 신체화장애, 그리고정신신체장애군등에서정상군보다유의하게높은점수를보였다. 단기적인스트레스평가에유리한것으로알려져있다. 번역작업에다소문제가있지만외국에서신뢰도와타당도가입증된평가도구이며비교적간단하여사용하기가쉽다. 4) 인지적스트레스반응척도 2004년고경봉등이발표한인지적스트레스반응척도 (Cognitiive Stress Response Scale, CSRS) 는스트레스반응중인지적반응을측정하고자개발된도구로서특히스트레스후에일어나는인지를측정하였다. 인지란개개의사건에대한반응으로서행동의중개자로행동을일으키는복잡한구조를의미한다. 모두 21개문항으로구성되어있으며 3개의하위척도로구분되는데, 극단-부정적사고 9개문항, 공격-적대적사고 4개문항, 자기비하적사고 8개문항이다. 검사-재검사법에의한신뢰도가높았으며 (r= ) 내적일치도역시높았다 (Cronbachʼs α= , 0.94). 하위척도간과척도전체의내적일치도도역시유의하게높았다. 기존의다른평가도구들 (GARS, 스트레스지각설문 [Perceived Stress Questionnaire, PSQ], Symptom 488 설문을이용한스트레스평가

5 특 집 Checklist-90-Revision) 과의공존타당도검증결과도좋은편이다 ( 각 r= ). 문항이비교적간단하며사용하기가쉬운편이다 (Appendix 2) [13]. 5) 스트레스지각설문 PSQ는지난한달동안지각된스트레스를평가하는평가도구로서전체 30개문항으로구성되어있다. 이평가도구에는괴롭힘 (harassment), 과부하 (overload), 과민 (irritability), 즐거움결핍 (lack of joy), 피로 (fatigue), 걱정 (worry), 긴장 (tension) 7개의하위영역으로이루어져있는스트레스인자와스트레스반응이복합적으로구성된평가도구이다. 각항목은 1-4 점으로점수화할수있고점수가높을수록스트레스지각이높음을의미한다. PSQ 점수는불안, 우울, 자가보고스트레스, 스트레스사건과관련성을보였다. 2003년양승희등이한국어번역본을발표하여사용되고있기는하지만타당도및신뢰도검증결과가부족하다는것이약점이다 [6]. 6) 국민건강영양조사스트레스측정도구위스트레스측정도구는 Lee 등 [14] 이질병관리본부의학술연구용역과제로 2010년개발한국민건강영양조사를위한스트레스측정도구 (Stress Questionnaire for KNHANES [Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey]) 로기존의구조화된스트레스평가도구들과전문가들의의견조사를기반으로문항을채집하여스트레스측정을위한항목을추출하고타당도및신뢰도검증을실시하고용역과제보고서를통해서발표하였다. 이스트레스측정도구는국민건강영양조사에서스트레스에대해평가하고있는문항이 평소일상생활중에서스트레스를어느정도느끼고있습니까? 의문항에대한정해진반응선택으로만평가하고있어서실제한국인의스트레스양상을평가하는데어려움이있고중요한정신적인평가지표임에도불구하고많은제한점으로인해그다지많이활용되지않고있기때문에이를해결하기위해서개발된배경이있다. 하지만항목수가많고현재한국인의규준치가발표되지않고있어서실제사용되지는않고있다. 그렇지만임상적으로는항목수가많지않고스트레스평가의상대적인변화양상을비교하면서사용할경우활용가치가높고 향후한국인의규준치가발표되면그활용도가높아질수있을것이라생각된다. 이스트레스측정도구는총 20 문항으로이루어져있으며탈진 (burn-out), 우울 (depression), 분노 (anger) 등 3가지영역을포함하고있다. 이기본형외에도 9 문항으로이루어진단축형이있고두가지형태모두지난한달동안의변화를묻는항목으로되어있고평가항목외에스트레스원인을묻는항목한가지가추가되어있다 (Appendix 3) [14]. 7) 성격유형평가위에서소개한평가도구들외에도 A형, B형, C형, D형성격유형을평가해서스트레스에대한감수성을평가할수있는방법도소개되어있다. 모든전문가들이동의하는것은아니지만이런성격유형들이스트레스감수성과관련이있다는사실이알려져있다. 실제로 A형, D형성격의경우심혈관계질환의발생위험이높아진다는보고들이많이있으며 C형성격의경우면역기능의저하를유발해서암발생위험이증가한다는주장들이제기되고있다. 하지만국내에서는이런성격유형과스트레스반응에대한연구보고가많지않으며무엇보다도타당성이입증된성격유형평가도구가거의없다. 직무스트레스평가 직무스트레스는심혈관계질환이나우울증과같은주요한만성질환들에이환될위험성을증가시키는주요위험요인으로인식되고있다. 실제로직무스트레스에의해서흔히유발된다고알려져있는질환들을보면고혈압, 궤양, 대장염, 피부질환, 알레르기성질환, 관절염, 요통, 두통, 불안증, 우울증등에이르기까지온갖종류의질환들을망라하고있다. 뿐만아니라각종직업재해도직무스트레스와관련이깊은것으로알려져있다. 이런직무스트레스는모든사람들에게동일한양상으로적용되지는않지만모든계층의근로자들에게서관찰될수있고, 근로자들의의료비부담이늘어나면서자연스럽게노사비용의증가로직결되며, 실제로의사를방문하는근로자들의 50% 정도는직무스트레스와관련이있다는주장도있다. 한연구결과에의하면근로자들의 1/3이자신이매우스트레스가많은업무환경 대한의사협회지 489

6 Shin HC 에서근무한다고여기고있고, 근로자들의 1/4이자신의직업이가장큰스트레스요인이라고생각한다고한다. 대부분의전문가들이직무스트레스가근로자와업무조건사이의상호관계에서유발된다는사실을인정하기는하지만근로자의특성과업무조건중어느것이직무스트레스의주된요인으로작용하는지에대해서는의견이분분하다. 직무스트레스의주된요인이어느것인가에따라서직무스트레스를예방하는전략이달라질수있기때문에이런논의는매우중요다. 1. 한국형직무스트레스측정도구위와같은이유때문에직무스트레스요인에대한평가가국내에서도지속적으로이루어져왔으나과거에는 Karasek 등이개발한 Job Content Questionnaire 등과같은외국의직무스트레스측정도구를번안해서사용하다가문화적인특성상우리와는잘맞지않는어려움을겪다가 2005년 Chang 등 [15] 에의해서표준화된한국형직무스트레스측정도구 (Korean Occupational Stress Scale, KOSS) 가개발되어현재널리사용중에있다. Chang 등 [15] 은한국인의직무스트레스요인으로간주될수있는요인들을기존연구와외국의연구결과를검토분석하여물리적환경, 직무요구, 직무자율성결여, 관계갈등, 직무불안정, 조직체계, 보상부적절, 조직문화등총 8개의영역을확인하였고이들영역을대표하는문항 43개를추출하여 KOSS를개발하였다. KOSS는신뢰도및타당도검정결과는유의한것으로평가되었으며이들 43개문항으로이루어진기본형외에도현장에서편리하게사용할수있도록 24개문항으로구성된단축형측정도구도함께개발되어현재사용중에있다. 영역별직무스트레스요인점수는다음공식에의거하여 100점만점으로환산하며그결과를한국근로자의남녀별로제시되는중앙값과비교하여평가한다 (Appendix 4)[15]. 영역별환산점수 =( 해당영역의각문항에주어진점수의합-문항개수 )x100/( 해당영역의예상가능한최고총점-문항개수 ). 결론 거듭이야기하지만스트레스, 환경에처한각개인이얼 마나많은스트레스를받고있고또그것으로인해얼마나많은영향을받고있는지를평가하는것은그개인의스트레스관련문제를근본적으로해결하는데결정적으로중요한데이렇게포괄적인스트레스측정을효과과적으로그리고정확하게하는작업이쉽지않다는데어려움이있다. 앞서설명했듯이스트레스인자를계량해서그양을측정하는방법, 스트레스에대한반응과인지상태를평가하는방법, 개인적인특성특히스트레스에대한감수성을평가하는방법, 스트레스로인한결과를증상으로평가하는방법등여러가지접근전략이있지만어떤방법도스트레스역동과정의다양한측면을효과적으로평가하지못한다는약점이있다. 임상분야에서흔히사용되는설문평가방법도그목적에따라서생가보다는좁은범위의스트레스평가가이루어지고있고이를근거로환자들의스트레스관련증상이나질환들을해결하는데그리효과적이지못하고정확한평가가이루어지고있는지도불분명한경우가보통이다. 게다가앞서소개한여러가지한국형스트레스평가도구들이전반적으로신뢰성과타당성에대한충분한근거가모자라는실정이다. 또스트레스평가를위해서는동반된증상으로우울및불안평가를함께시행하는것이바람직하다. 또최근에는스트레스로인한증상을평가하는증상목록평가도구도개발되어있는상황이다. 그리고스트레스에대한대응능력을평가하는도구도개발되어있다. 그렇지만국내외를막론하고소아, 청소년층을위한선별검사로사용할수있는유용한스트레스평가도구는거의없는실정이다. 진료실에서마주하는스트레스성증상이나질환을갖고있는환자들을진료할때유용한스트레스평가도구가되려면임상적으로는우선현재사용되고있는설문평가도구들이한국인을위해횡문화적으로완벽하게조정되는노력이더필요하고, 국제적인비교연구가목적이아니고임상적인평가라면근본적으로설문평가도구의개발원칙에맞춰한국인스트레스역동에맞는도구들의개발이더시급하다고할수있다. 그리고현재시도되고있는심박변이도 (heart rate variability) 검사혹은다른바이오피드백장비를이용한스트레스평가, 타액코티졸을비롯한스트레스관련생화학적지표등을측정하는검사등의근거와스트레스상태 490 설문을이용한스트레스평가

7 특 집 와관련된평가기준을좀더확보하는것이필요하다. 그렇 게된다면향후이런생물학적지표를평가하는다양한평가 방법들을기존의여러가지설문평가방법과함께사용하는 표준화된포괄적스트레스평가지침의개발이가능하고또 반드시필요하다고하겠다. 핵심용어 : 정신적스트레스 ; 스트레스평가 ; 설문 ; 직무스트레스 REFERENCES 1. Shin HC. Treatment strategy for the patient with stress for family physician. Korean J Fam Med 2006;27(Suppl 4):S43- S Shin HC. Stress counseling. Korean J Health Promot 2006; (Suppl 6):S17-S Shin HC. Stress measurement tool and clinical application. Korean J Fam Med 2010;31(Suppl 11):S350-S Cohen S, Kessler RC, Gordon LU. Measuring stress: a guide for health and social scientists. New York: Oxford University Press; Ice GH, James GD. Measuring stress in humans: a practical guide for the field. New York: Cambridge University Press; Kim CH. Questionnaire methods for measuring stress. Korean J Stress Res 2006;14: Holmes TH, Rahe RH. The social readjustment rating scale. J Psychosom Res 1967;11: Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav 1983;24: Stone AA, Neale JM. Development of a methodology for assessing daily experience. In: Baum A, JE Singer JE, editors. Advances in environmental psychology 4. Environment and health. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum; p Lee PS. A methodological research on the measurement of stress related to life events [dissertation]. Seoul: Yonsei University; Yim JH, Bae JM, Choi SS, Kim SW, Hwang HS, Huh BY. The validity of modified Korean-translated BEPSI (Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument) as instrument of stress measurement in outpatient clinic. J Korean Acad Fam Med 1996;17: Koh KB, Park JK. Validity and reliability of the Korean version of the global assessment of recent stress scale. Korean J Psychosom Med 2000;8; Koh KB, Park JK. Development of the cognitive stress response scale. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2004;43: Lee ES, Shin HC, Yang YJ, Cho JJ, Ahn KY, Kim SH. Development of the stress questionnaire for KNHANES: report of scientific study service. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Chang SJ, Koh SB, Kang D, Kim SA, Kang MG, Lee CG, Chung JJ, Cho JJ, Son M, Chae CH, Kim JW, Kim JI, Kim HS, Roh SC, Park JB, Woo JM, Kim SY, Kim JY, Ha M, Park J, Rhee KY, Kim HR, Kong JO, Kim IA, Kim JS, Park JH, Huyun SJ, Son DK. Developing an occupational stress scale for Korean employees. Korean J Occup Environ Med 2005;17: Peer Reviewers Commentary 본논문은현재스트레스평가영역에서흔히사용되는설문측정도구를개략적으로리뷰하고있다. 스트레스평가는스트레스요인평가. 스트레스인지반응평가및스트레스신체반응평가로구분할수있다. 이중스트레스인지반응평가는지각된스트레스로설문에서흔히평가하는영역이다. 설문측정도구는신뢰도타당도가검증된도구를활용할필요가있다. 국제적비교연구를위해서는외국에서개발된설문을활용할수있지만, 타당도를높이기위해서는한국인의문화사회적특징을반영된설문이중요하다. 이논문에서는스트레스연구영역에서국내에서개발된설문에대한자료로활용가치를가진다. [ 정리 : 편집위원회 ] 대한의사협회지 491

8 Shin HC Appendix 1. Korean-translated Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument (BEPSI-K) BEPSI-K 다음의질문들은자신이느끼는스트레스를측정하고자만든설문입니다. 잘읽어보신후에해당항목에표시를하시기바랍니다. 1. 지난한달동안살아가는데, 정신적 신체적으로감당하기힘들다고느끼신적이있습니까? 1 항상있었다 2 거의언제나있었다 3 종종여러번있었다 4 간혹있었다 5 전혀없었다 2. 지난한달동안, 자신의생활신념에따라살려고애쓰시다가좌절을느끼신적이있습니까? 1 항상있었다 2 거의언제나있었다 3 종종여러번있었다 4 간혹있었다 5 전혀없었다 3. 지난한달동안, 한인간으로서기본적인요구가충족되지않았다고느끼신적이있습니까? 1 항상있었다 2 거의언제나있었다 3 종종여러번있었다 4 간혹있었다 5 전혀없었다 4. 지난한달동안, 미래에대해불확실하게느끼거나불안해하신적이있습니까? 1 항상있었다 2 거의언제나있었다 3 종종여러번있었다 4 간혹있었다 5 전혀없었다 5. 지난한달동안, 할일이너무많아정말중요한일들을잊으신적이있습니까? 1 항상있었다 2 거의언제나있었다 3 종종여러번있었다 4 간혹있었다 5 전혀없었다 492 설문을이용한스트레스평가

9 특 집 Appendix 2. Cognitive Stress Response Scale (CSRS) 인지적스트레스반응척도 (CSRS) 전혀그렇지않다 약간그렇다 웬만큼그렇다 상당히그렇다 아주그렇다 울고싶다 a) 의심이많아졌다 a) 무엇인가부수고싶다 b) 나는무능한사람이다 c) 삶의의미를잃어버렸다 c) 어떤일을하던지간에완벽해야한다 a) 한가지생각에서헤어나지못한다 a) 말하기싫다 a) 누군가를때리고싶다 b) 나는아무쓸모없는사람이다 c) 자신감을잃었다 c) 누구에게욕을먹어서는안된다 a) 죽고싶다 a) 사람들이나를싫어한다 b) 잘하는게하나도없다 c) 내가하는일에전망이없다 c) 일하기싫다 a) 아무런생각을하고싶지않다 a) 누군가를죽이고싶다 b) 나는인생의낙오자 ( 또는실패자 ) 다 c) 내자신이싫다 c) a) 극단-부정적사고 ; b) 공격-적대적사고 ; c) 자기비하적사고. 대한의사협회지 493

10 Shin HC Appendix 3. Stress Questionnaire for Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES): short form 지난한달동안당신이스트레스를받았다면어떤문제로인해가장큰영향을받았습니까? 중요하다고생각되는것을하나만선택하세요. 1 ( 스스로원하든원치않던간에 ) 일, 직업및학교와관련된일 2 대인관계 ( 가족및기타중요한사람들과의관계 ) 3 대인관계의변화 ( 사망, 출생, 이혼, 결혼등 ) 4 자신혹은타인의병이나상해 5 금전적인문제 6 일상적인것이아닌사건들 ( 범죄, 자연재해, 우발사고, 이사등 ) 7 일상생활의혹은변화가없기때문에 다음문항들은여러분이경험했던사건들을생각하면서지난한달간각항목의느낌을어느정도로경험했는지를해당되는빈칸에 0 표를하십시오. 오래생각하시지말고최대한빨리응답해주세요. 문항을하나도빠지지말고반드시한곳에만표시해주십시오. 문항 전혀그렇지않다 약간그렇다 웬만큼그렇다 상당히그렇다 아주그렇다 1 문제들이풀리지않고계속쌓이는느낌이다 다른사람으로부터비난받거나심판받는다고느껴진다 정신적으로지친다 긴장을풀기어렵다 화가난다 의욕이떨어진다 신경이날카로워졌다 무언가를부수고싶다 아무런생각을하고싶지않다 설문을이용한스트레스평가

11 특 집 Appendix 4. Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS): short form 설문내용 전혀그렇지않다 그렇지않다 그렇다 매우그렇다 1. 나는일이많아항상시간에쫓기며일한다 업무량이현저하게증가하였다 업무수행중에충분한휴식 ( 짬 ) 이주어진다 여러가지일을동시에해야한다 내업무는창의력을필요로한다 내업무를수행하기위해서는높은수준의기술이나지식이필요하다 작업시간, 업무수행과정에서나에게결정할권한이주어지며영향력을행사할수있다 나의업무량과작업스케줄을스스로조절할수있다 나의상사는업무를완료하는데도움을준다 나의동료는업무를완료하는데도움을준다 직장에서내가힘들때내가힘들다는것을알아주고이해해주는사람이있다 직장사정이불안하여미래가불확실하다 나의근무조건이나상황에바람직하지못한변화 ( 예, 구조조정 ) 가있었거나있을것으로예상된다 우리직장은근무평가, 인사제도 ( 승진, 부서배치등 ) 가공정하고합리적이다 업무수행에필요한인원, 공간, 시설, 장비, 훈련등의지원이잘이루어지고있다 우리부서와타부서간에는마찰이없고업무협조가잘이루어진다 일에대한나의생각을반영할수있는기회와통로가있다 나의모든노력과업적을고려할때, 나는직장에서제대로존중과신임을받고있다 내사정이앞으로더좋아질것을생각하면힘든줄모르고일하게된다 나의능력을개발하고발휘할수있는기회가주어진다 회식자리가불편하다 기준이나일관성이없는상태로업무지시를받는다 직장의분위기가권위적이고수직적이다 남성, 여성이라는성적인차이때문에불이익을받는다 대한의사협회지 495

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