Current Clinical Neurology

Transcription

1 Current Clinical Neurology Series Editor Daniel Tarsy, MD Department of Neurology Beth Israel Deaconness Hospital Boston, MA USA More information about this series at

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3 Panayiotis N. Varelas Jan Claassen Editors Seizures in Critical Care A Guide to Diagnosis and Therapeutics Third Edition

4 Editors Panayiotis N. Varelas, MD, PhD, FNCS Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI, USA Department of Neurology Wayne State University Detroit, MI, USA Jan Claassen, MD, Ph.D, FNCS Neurocritical Care Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons New York, NY, USA Division of Critical Care and Hospitalist Neurology Department of Neurology Columbia University Medical Center New York Presbyterian Hospital New York, NY, USA Current Clinical Neurology ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Humana Press imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

5 Series Editor Introduction The first two editions of Seizures in Critical Care: A Guide to Diagnosis and Therapeutics were published in 2005 and Both of these volumes provided much needed support for medical, neurological, and neurosurgical intensive care specialists who deal with critically ill patients who suffer seizures in the ICU setting. At one time seizures, especially of the nonconvulsive type, were quite often poorly recognized in unresponsive ICU patients. This situation has certainly been remedied over the past couple of decades, due in large part to the wealth of information summarized in these volumes. As stated in my introductions to the first two volumes, seizures in ICU patients are typically secondary phenomena indicative of underlying medical and neurological complications in individuals with serious medical and surgical illness. Rapid identification of the cause of these seizures, analysis of various contributing factors, and providing appropriate and rapid management and treatment are crucial to the survival of these patients. Dr. Varelas, together with his co-editor Dr. Jan Claasen, has now recruited a larger number of new experts in various aspects of the field in order to provide additional information concerning basic pathophysiology as learned both from animal models and from new clinical technologies such as quantitative EEG and multimodal monitoring which have improved the care of these patients. New clinical chapters in this third edition include an overview of the management of critical care seizures which is then followed by a series of chapters on the many clinical situations in which seizures occur in the ICU. Many of these appeared in the earlier volumes but have been updated with several of these written by newly recruited authors. These issues are all addressed in great depth and with much sophistication by the very impressive array of contributors to this volume. Boston, MA, USA Daniel Tarsy, MD v

6 Contents Part I General Section 1 Status Epilepticus - Lessons and Challenges from Animal Models... 3 Inna Keselman, Claude G. Wasterlain, Jerome Niquet, and James W.Y. Chen 2 Impact of Seizures on Outcome Iván Sánchez Fernández and Tobias Loddenkemper 3 Diagnosing and Monitoring Seizures in the ICU: The Role of Continuous EEG for Detection and Management of Seizures in Critically Ill Patients, Including the Ictal-Interictal Continuum Gamaleldin Osman, Daniel Friedman, and Lawrence J. Hirsch 4 Seizures and Quantitative EEG Jennifer A. Kim, Lidia M.V.R. Moura, Craig Williamson, Edilberto Amorim, Sahar Zafar, Siddharth Biswal, and M.M. Brandon Westover 5 Spreading Depolarizations and Seizures in Clinical Subdural Electrocorticographic Recordings Gajanan S. Revankar, Maren K.L. Winkler, Sebastian Major, Karl Schoknecht, Uwe Heinemann, Johannes Woitzik, Jan Claassen, Jed A. Hartings, and Jens P. Dreier 6 Multimodality Monitoring Correlates of Seizures Jens Witsch, Nicholas A. Morris, David Roh, Hans- Peter Frey, and Jan Claassen 7 Management of Critical Care Seizures Christa B. Swisher and Aatif M. Husain 8 Management of Status Epilepticus in the Intensive Care Unit Panayiotis N. Varelas and Jan Claassen Part II Etiology-Specific Section 9 Ischemic Stroke, Hyperperfusion Syndrome, Cerebral Sinus Thrombosis, and Critical Care Seizures Panayiotis N. Varelas and Lotfi Hacein-Bey 10 Hemorrhagic Stroke and Critical Care Seizures Ali Mahta and Jan Claassen 11 Traumatic Brain Injury and Critical Care Seizures Georgia Korbakis, Paul M. Vespa, and Andrew Beaumont 12 Brain Tumors and Critical Care Seizures Panayiotis N. Varelas, Jose Ignacio Suarez, and Marianna V. Spanaki vii

7 viii Contents 13 Global Hypoxia-Ischemia and Critical Care Seizures Lauren Koffman, Matthew A. Koenig, and Romergryko Geocadin 14 Fulminant Hepatic Failure, Multiorgan Failure and Endocrine Crisis and Critical Care Seizures Julian Macedo and Brandon Foreman 15 Organ Transplant Recipients and Critical Care Seizures Deena M. Nasr, Sara Hocker, and Eelco F.M. Wijdicks 16 Extreme Hypertension, Eclampsia, and Critical Care Seizures Michel T. Torbey 17 Infection or Inflammation and Critical Care Seizures Andrew C. Schomer, Wendy Ziai, Mohammed Rehman, and Barnett R. Nathan 18 Electrolyte Disturbances and Critical Care Seizures Claudine Sculier and Nicolas Gaspard 19 Alcohol-Related Seizures in the Intensive Care Unit Chandan Mehta, Mohammed Rehman, and Panayiotis N. Varelas 20 Drug-Induced Seizures in Critically Ill Patients Denise H. Rhoney and Greene Shepherd 21 Illicit Drugs and Toxins and Critical Care Seizures Maggie L. McNulty, Andreas Luft, and Thomas P. Bleck 22 Seizures and Status Epilepticus in Pediatric Critical Care Nicholas S. Abend Index

8 Contributors Nicholas S. Abend Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Edilberto Amorim Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Andrew Beaumont Department of Neurosurgery, Aspirus Spine and Neuroscience Institute, Aspirus Wausau Hospital, Wausau, WI, USA Siddharth Biswal Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Thomas P. Bleck Department of Neurological Sciences, Neurosurgery, Anesthesiology, and Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA James W.Y. Chen Department of Neurology, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA Jan Claassen Neurocritical Care, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA Division of Critical Care and Hospitalist Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA Jens P. Dreier Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany Iván Sánchez Fernández Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Department of Child Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Brandon Foreman University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA Hans-Peter Frey Division of Critical Care and Hospitalist Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA Daniel Friedman Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University, New York, NY, USA ix

9 x Contributors Nicolas Gaspard Service de Neurologie Centre de Référence pour le Traitement de l Epilepsie Réfractaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles Hôpital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Romergryko Geocadin Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Lotfi Hacein-Bey Sutter Imaging Division, Interventional and Diagnostic Neuroradiology, Sacramento, CA, USA Radiology Department, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA Jed A. Hartings Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA Mayfield Clinic, Cincinnati, OH, USA Uwe Heinemann Neuroscience Research Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany Lawrence J. Hirsch Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Sara Hocker Division of Critical Care Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Aatif M. Husain Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Neurodiagnostic Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Inna Keselman Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Neurology, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA Jennifer A. Kim Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Matthew A. Koenig Neuroscience Institute, The Queens Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA Lauren Koffman Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Georgia Korbakis Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA Tobias Loddenkemper Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Andreas Luft Department of Vascular Neurology and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Julian Macedo University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA Ali Mahta Division of Neurological Intensive Care, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeon, New York, NY, USA

10 Contributors xi Sebastian Major Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany Maggie L. McNulty Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Chandan Mehta Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, K-11, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA Nicholas A. Morris Division of Critical Care and Hospitalist Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA Lidia M.V.R. Moura Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Deena M. Nasr Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Barnett R. Nathan Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA Jerome Niquet Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Neurology, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA Gamaleldin Osman Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Mohammed Rehman Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, K-11, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA Gajanan S. Revankar Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany Denise H. Rhoney Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA David Roh Division of Critical Care and Hospitalist Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA Karl Schoknecht Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany Neuroscience Research Center, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany Andrew C. Schomer Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA Claudine Sculier Service de Neurologie Centre de Référence pour le Traitement de l Epilepsie Réfractaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles Hôpital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium Greene Shepherd Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Asheville, NC, USA Marianna V. Spanaki Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA Jose Ignacio Suarez Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

11 xii Contributors Christa B. Swisher Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Michel T. Torbey Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Cerebrovascular and Neurocritical Care Division, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA Panayiotis N. Varelas Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA Paul M. Vespa Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA Claude G. Wasterlain Department of Neurology, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA M. Brandon Westover Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Eelco F.M. Wijdicks Division of Critical Care Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Craig Williamson Department of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, University of Michigan, University Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Maren K.L. Winkler Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany Jens Witsch Division of Critical Care and Hospitalist Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA Johannes Woitzik Department of Neurosurgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany Sahar Zafar Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Wendy Ziai Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA