Grey Relational Analysis on Elderly People Life Quality and Sports

Transcription

1 Research Journal of Appled Scences, Engneerng and Technology 6(1): 63-69, 2013 ISSN: ; e-issn: Mawell Scentfc Organzaton, 2013 Submtted: October 17, 2012 Accepted: December 19, 2012 Publshed: June 05, 2013 Grey Relatonal Analyss on Elderly People Lfe Qualty and Sports Al Q School of Sports and Health, Bje Unversty, Bje , Chna Abstract: At present, Chna has gradually stepped nto an agng socety and the proporton of the agng populaton n total populaton has been ncreasng contnuously. Improvng the qualty of lfe of elderly people s a common wsh of the whole socety. The author conducts surveys on the partcpaton of sports of elderly people and ther qualty of lfe by means of questonnare surveys and analyzes the nternal relaton between partcpaton of sports and qualty of lfe of elderly people by means of grey relatonal theory and relaton analyss. The results ndcate that tang an actve part n sports plays an etremely mportant role n perspectves such as physcal health, mental health, sprtual lfe and socal actvtes etc for elderly people, whch means that partcpatng n sports s benefcal to mprove qualty of lfe of elderly people. Consequently, the study suggests that the elderly people should partcpate n sports more actvely to mprove ther qualty of lfe. Keywords: Elderly people, grey relatonal analyss, lfe qualty, sports INTRODUCTION Agng of populaton s another crtcal populaton problem n the wae of overpopulaton n Chna. Wth the mprovement of lvng standard and medcal standard, the average lfe span prolongs constantly and the agng of populaton has drawn wdespread attenton n the whole socety (Morag, 1995). It s a socal problem whch concerns many aspects such as natonal economy, socal welfare, famly lfe and ndvdual development etc (Padoan et al., 1998). Therefore, the later lfe of elderly people s not merely a nd of famly problem, but relates to socal ssues ncludng socal stablty, ethcs and morals. Many scholars have conducted researches on mprovng qualty of lfe of elderly people (Gunlla et al., 2005). Some studes have shown that Actve partcpaton n sports s contrbute to mprove physcal and mental health of elderly people, resst senlty and mprove ther qualty of lfe (Ddem et al., 2009). Some research had ponted out that partcpatng n sports wll promote blood crculaton of the bran, promote metabolsm, ncrease blood flow volume and oygen uptae and also mprove almentaton for elderly people, whch wll effectvely postpone the senescence and promote physcal and mental health for elderly people (Nathale et al., 2008). They also had analyzed the current stuaton of agng of populaton from the vewpont of socology and dscussed the characterstcs, then put forwarded a seres of measures whch are benefcal to develop the elderly sports (Davd and Ann, 2004). For nstance, enhance the tranng strength for professonal gudance staff, promote the communalzaton, servtzaton and specalzaton for the elderly sports and also ncrease specal fund to develop the elderly sports. Moreover, researches emphaszed that systematzaton shall be attached mportance to when the elderly people are partcpatng n physcal actvtes (Muszal et al., 2011). In ths way, t wll not only attract more elderly people partcpatng n sports but also mae the elderly people to help each other. The elderly people s socal crcle wll be enlarged whle enhancng the effects of physcal eercses. It s not uncommon as for the researches on the elderly sports and many scholars have the opnons that partcpatng n physcal eercses n a systematzaton and specalzaton manner wll have benefcal effects on many aspects such as physcal health and mental health for elderly people (Bodner et al., 2011). However, most of the research results are theoretcal analyss and laboratory researches from the perspectve such as socology, mass sport and publc health etc, whch s nsuffcent n nformatve data support such as questonnare survey and data analyss (Osborne et al., 2003). I have to say that s a real defect. The author has selected four ctes n eastern, central and western regons and conducted questonnare survey on the elderly people lvng n each cty. In addton, relatonal analyss and grey relatonal analytcal method has been used to dscuss the nfluence of sports on the qualty of lfe of elderly people, n the hope that more and more elderly people could partcpate n sports to promote ther physcal and mental health, defer senlty and mprove qualty of lfe. GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSES Bref ntroducton of grey relatonal analyss: Grey Relatonal Analyss, GRA s a nd of method for 63

2 quanttatve descrpton of development, varaton trend and comparson. The basc approach s that, frst of all reference data column and multple columns of data wll be selected to determne the geometrc smlarty. Multple data columns are often referred to as comparatve data columns. The smlarty of geometrcal shape reflects the relatonal degree among the curves (Shh-Hsng et al., 2000). Grey system theory s a nd of system scence theory and was put forwarded frstly by Professor Deng Julong. The grey relatonal analyss s a nd of descrpton and comparson method proposed accordng to grey system theory (Bor-Tyng et al., 2012). At frst, t wll draw up the varatons of the curve for nfluencng factors and decde the relatonal degree of the factors by comparng the smlarty of geometrcal shape of each curve. In ths way, the comparson of geometrcal relatonshp of statstcal data related to tme seres n the whole nternal system has been realzed by quanttatve analyss of the development trend n the course of dynamc process, so as to calculate the grey relatonal degree among reference sequence and each comparatve seres respectvely. The bgger the grey relatonal degree between reference sequence and comparson sequence s, the more smlar these two varaton curves wll be. In addton, the closer ts change drecton moves towards the rate, the relatonshp between them wll te closer (Juch, 2010). The superorty of grey relatonal analytcal method les n the sample sze. The regresson predcton method, percentage ncrease method and so on can also be used n quanttatve analyss; however, these methods have comparatvely hgher demands for data acquston and are nsuffcent n processng capacty n case of the nterference under specal stuatons. Whle, by establshng analyss predcton model, grey relatonal analyss can solve the problem effectvely such as dffcultes n data acquston and nconsstency of data that cannot be solved by conventonal method. The amount of requred sample sze doesn't matter-the mnmum amount could be 4, whch s unmagnable n other methods. In the meantme, t also apples to rregular data and the quanttatve analyss results are consstent wth the qualtatve analyss results. The ey les n the nondmensonalzaton treatment of nfluencng factors for evaluaton, calculatng relatonal coeffcent and relatonal degree as well as sortng the nfluencng factors by sze of relatonal degree. The grey relatonal analyss s wdely used (Qnbao and Martn, 2011). In every feld of socal scence and natural scence, grey relatonal analyss wll be used for descrpton and analyss of the systematc development and varaton. For eample, evaluaton of buldngs, comprehensve assessment of crop varety and factor analyss of household consumpton and so on. It shall be ponted out that relatonal degree s dvded nto absolute relatonal degree and relatve relatonal degree. Comparatvely speang, relatonal Res. J. Appl. Sc. Eng. Technol., 6(1): 63-69, degree s appled more wdely. In case of bg dfference n the concentraton factors to be analyzed and nconsstent dmensons among the factors, the fnal analyss results wll be nfluenced or even lead to the wrong concluson. On the contrary, relatve relatonal degree wll correct the defect of absolute relatonal degree (Jhong et al., 2011). It conducts grey relatonal analyss by use of relatve quanttes and the fnal result has nothng to do wth specfc sze but relates only to the change rate of each varaton factors wth respect to ntal values. General steps of grey relatonal analyss: Let us have a loo at the general steps of grey relatonal analyss specfcally. The processng steps of grey relatonal technque can be dvded nto three steps: at frst, determne the optmal evaluaton object factor sets and conduct normatve approach on the ndcators and fnally calculate the comprehensve evaluaton results and sort these ndcators (Duoln, 2011). The concrete steps as follows: Determne the analyss sequence: Determne the reference sequence-reflect the systematc behavor characterstcs and determne comparatve sequence-nfluence systematc behavor. Let s suppose the reference sequence s Y = {Y () = 1, 2, Λ, n} and the comparatve sequence s X = {X() = 1, 2, Λ, n}, = 1, 2, Λ, m. The reference sequence s also nown as the mother sequence and comparatve sequence s also nown as sub-sequence. Nondmensonalzaton of the varables: There may be some dfferent dmensons of the data n the mother sequence and sub-sequence of the system, whch means that t s hard to get the correct concluson or lead to nconvenent comparson at the tme of mang comparson for the data n dfferent sequences. Therefore, the second step of grey relatonal analyss s nondmensonalzaton treatment of the data n dfferent sequences: X (1) X = =, (1) (1) (2),, (1) (n) (1) where, (1) = The value of the reference sequence (1) Calculate the relatonal coeffcent: The relatonal coeffcent between 0 () and () mn mn y( ) + ρ ma ma y( ) ξ = y( ) + ρ ma ma y( ) (2)

3 Let Δ () = y() (), thus mn mn + ρ ma ma ξ = + ρ ma ma (3) where, ρ (θ, ) s referred to as the resoluton rato. The smaller the ρ s, the bgger resolvng power wll be. Normally, the range of ρ s (0, 1) and the specfc value depends on the gven crcumstances. The resolvng power s the optmal n case ρ and normally = 0.5. Calculate the relatonal degree: In grey relatonal analyss, the relatonal coeffcent of the comparatve sequence and reference sequence at every moment (.e., all the ponts n the curve) wll be calculated respectvely. Therefore, there are more than one relatonal degree values acheved. In vew of too much data and nconvenence for overall comparson due to dstrbuted nformaton, the average value can be used as the quanttatve representaton of the relatonal degree between comparatve sequence and reference sequence. In ths way, each pont n the varaton curve of the mother sequence and subsequence the relatonal coeffcent representng each tme pont n the curve wll be centralzed as one value and t wll be easer and faster n the course of analytc comparson. After the relatonal coeffcent of sequence () and sequence y() have been calculated, then the average value of varous relatonal coeffcent wll be calculated and the average value r s referred to as the relatonal degree between y() and (). The calculaton formula of relatonal degree r as follows: 1 r = n n = 1 Res. J. Appl. Sc. Eng. Technol., 6(1): 63-69, 2013 ξ, = 1,2, Λ, n (4) Sort the relatonal degree: The thrd step of grey relatonal analyss s sortng the relatonal degree by sze and the smaller the relatonal degree of one subsequence s, the more smlar the sub-sequence and mother sequence wll be and the nfluencng factors represented by the sub-sequence wll have more mpact on the systematc behavor characterstcs. RESEARCH METHODS Lterature research: The author has looed up and read over numerous academc monograph and materals n terms of the health of the aged, sports, physcal health and mental health as well as searched for statstcs and relevant documents related to elderly people s partcpatng n sports from Mnstry of Health and the State Sports General Admnstraton, n order to learn the stuaton of elderly people s partcpatng n 65 Table 1: The composton of eperts Category Ttle Number of people Epert of physcal Professor 4 educaton theory Epert of publc health Assocate professor 3 Psychologst Professor 4 Epert of presbyatrcs Assocate professor 4 sports n Chna and also the nfluence of sports on ther qualty of lfe. Personal ntervews: Intervewng professors n unverstes and eperts: In alluson to the research topc, there were totally 15 people (ncludng eperts of physcal educaton theory, eperts of publc health, psychologsts and eperts of presbyatrcs) selected and ntervewed to dscuss the relaton between elderly people s partcpatng n sports wth ther qualty of lfe. The composton of eperts s as shown n Table 1. Intervewng some elderly people: For the purpose of research, 30 elderly people n Xangtan Cty were selected and ntervewed to learn the status of ther partcpatng n sports n detal and dscussed the nfluence of sports on ther qualty of lfe. Questonnare survey: Questonnare desgn: One questonnare was desgned accordng to the research subject, as shown n append 1. After communcatng wth 15 eperts, the questons were desgned from four aspects of qualty of lfe--physcal health, mental health, sprtual lfe and socal actvtes to conduct a survey research and also measure the qualty of lfe of elderly people comprehensvely. Valdty determnaton for the questonnare: To ensure the correctness and ratonalty of the questonnare, Delph method was adopted to determne the valdty of the questonnare. The man content of Delph method nvolves weavng the predcted problems and bacground nformaton nto an objectve and scentfc questonnare, sendng the eperts by means of door-to-door delvery and malng, mang predctons by use of eperts eperence and nowledge, mang the opnons to be stayed on the smlar sde after composton, nducton and feedbac for several tmes n order to mprove the accuracy of the predcton. There are totally three rounds of epert consultaton and the collecton statstcs of the survey s as shown n Table 2. The evaluaton results of questonnare for 20 eperts as shown n Table 3. It can be seen from the fndngs n Table 3 that, the questonnare s bascally effectve to the eperts

4 Table 2: Collecton of the survey and statstcs on eperts Number of Round eperts n consultaton Collected questonnare Collecton rate (%) Table 3: Collecton of the evaluaton results of the questonnares made by eperts Hghly effectve Effectve Bascally effectve Completely neffectve Total Number of people Percentage 20% 70% 10% 0% 100% Table 4: The status of questonnares ssung and collecton for relablty nspecton Issued Effectvely collected Frst round Second round Table 5: The stuaton of questonnares ssung and collectng Cty Questonnares ssued Questonnare collected Collecton rate of questonnare (%) XXX XXX XXX XXX Total Table 6: Valdty of questonnare collecton School Questonnares collected Vald questonnares Valdty (%) XXX XXX XXX XXX Total Table 7: Personal nformaton statstcs for surveyed elderly people lvng n four ctes Cty Economc ncome(yuan/m onth) Length of sleep (hours/day) Length of sports(hours/ day) XXX XXX XXX XXX Table 8: Survey and statstcs of physcal health of elderly people lvng n dfferent ctes Cty Number of people Lowest score Hghest score Average score S.D. XXX XXX XXX XXX opnon and can be used for researches on nursng staff n terms of values, worng mood and qualty of postdsaster nursng care. Questonnare nspecton: Relablty nspecton of the questonnare s conducted by adoptng retestng method. Ths method requres twce surveys: randomly select 30 elderly people n communty XXX1 for questonnare survey. After 21 days nterval, randomly select 30 elderly people once agan n the communty Res. J. Appl. Sc. Eng. Technol., 6(1): 63-69, XXX1 for questonnare survey. The status of the questonnares ssung and collecton s as shown n Table 4. Let X as the statstcal score of questonnare survey n the frst round, Y as the statstcal score of the questonnare survey n the second round, N = 50 as the people surveyed, thus the calculaton formula of relablty (the relatonal coeffcent of the statstcal results twce) s: r= N XY - X Y N X -( X ) N Y -( Y) (5) After calculaton and we get to now the relablty (relatonal coeffcent between them) r = 0.88, whch ndcates a favorable relablty for the questonnare desgned. Questonnare ssung and collecton: The author had conducted a survey on elderly people lvng n major and medum-szed ctes of eastern, central and western regons by means of random samplng. The survey on the elderly people lvng n four ctes XXX1, XXX2, XXX3 and XXX4 was conducted between Aprl 2012 and June There were 400 questonnares ssued and 382 collected, whch means that the collecton rate of the questonnare s 95.5%. There were 32 questonnares removed whch were flled halfheartedly, unscrupulously and ncompletely and there were 350 vald questonnares, ndcatng that the vald rate of the questonnare s 87.5%. The questonnare s shown n append 1. The result of questonnare ssung and collectng s as shown n Table 5. Among the questonnares collected, there were 350 vald questonnares and the stuaton of questonnare collecton s as shown n Table 6. Relaton analyss: The personal nformaton of the surveyed elderly people lvng n four ctes s as shown n Table 7. By utlzng the software SPSS, after the fndngs of the questonnare survey have been treated wth statstcal process n the form of the fve-grade marng system, the scores n terms of physcal health, mental health, sprtual lfe and socal actvtes of elderly people lvng n dfferent ctes as well as the total ponts for the qualty of lfe of elderly people are shown n Table 8 to 12. Relaton analyss s conducted on personal nformaton of elderly people (economc ncome, length of sleep and sports) and qualty of lfe (physcal health, mental health, sprtual lfe and socal actvtes) by use of the data n the above table. The analyss results are as shown n Table 13.

5 Res. J. Appl. Sc. Eng. Technol., 6(1): 63-69, 2013 Table 9: Survey and statstcs of mental health of elderly people lvng n dfferent ctes Cty Number of people Lowest score Hghest score Average score S.D. XXX XXX XXX XXX Table 10: Survey and statstcs of sprtual lfe of elderly people lvng n dfferent ctes Cty Number of people Lowest score Hghest score Average score S.D. XXX XXX XXX XXX Table 11: Survey and statstcs of socal actvtes of elderly people lvng n dfferent ctes Cty Number of people Lowest score Hghest score Average score S.D. XXX XXX XXX XXX Table 12: Survey and statstcs of qualty of lfe of elderly people lvng n four ctes Cty Number of people Lowest score Hghest score Average score S.D. XXX XXX XXX XXX Table 13: Relaton analyss on economc ncome, length of sleep, length of sports and qualty of lfe of elderly people Aspects Overall qualty of lfe Physcal health Mental health Sprtual lfe Socal actvtes Economc ncome 0.21** 0.25** 0.17** 0.22** 0.18** Length of sleep 0.15** 0.20** 0.18** 0.16** 0.02 Length of sports 0.19** 0.23** 0.20** 0.15** 0.14** The relatonal coeffcent of both correspondng aspects *p<0.05, **p<0.01 After analyzng the data n the above table, the concluson can be made as follows: The economc ncome, length of sleep and length of sports have postve relaton wth physcal health, mental health, sprtual lfe, socal actvtes and qualty of lfe. In addton, the economc ncome has the bggest relatvty wth respect to overall qualty of lfe (the relatonal coeffcent r = 0.21**, p<0.01). The relaton between length of sports and qualty of lfe taes second place (relatonal coeffcent r = 0.18**, p<0.01). The relaton between length of sleep and qualty of lfe s the smallest (the relatonal coeffcent r = 0.15**, p<0.01). It shows that the economc ncome has the greatest nfluence on qualty of lfe, whle the length of sports tme taes second place and length of sleep s on the lower sde. We can fnd out after comparson that the economc ncome, length of sleep, length of sports have comparatvely larger relaton wth respect to physcal health. Therefore, the rse of economc ncome, ncrease of length of sleep and ncrease of length of sports tme wll effectvely mprove the physcal health and promote the qualty of lfe. Grey relatonal analyss: In accordance wth grey relatonal theory, the nfluence of elderly people s 67 Table 14: Data sheet for total ponts of qualty of lfe of elderly people and nfluencng factors Cty X 1 () X 2 () X 3 () X 4 () XXX XXX XXX XXX partcpatng n sports on ther qualty of lfe has been analyzed from another perspectve by utlzng grey relatonal analytcal method. Based on the statstcal results, set the average value of the scores for qualty of lfe of elderly people lvng n four ctes as the mother sequence and set the ndcators of economc ncome, length of sleep per day and length of sports per day as the sub-sequence to analyze the nfluence of three sub-sequences on mother sequence by use of grey relatonal analytcal method, so as to come up wth the connecton between sports and qualty of lfe. At frst, set the average value of the scores for qualty of lfe of elderly people lvng n four ctes as the generatng functon sequence and then set economc ncome X 2 (), length of sleep per day X 3 (), and length of sports per day X 4 (), as the sub-functon sequence. The specfc data are as shown n Table 14. The data n Table 4 have been processed wth nondmensonalze by use of formula (1) and the data after nondmensonalzaton refer to Table 15. Calculate the dfference between each column and then fnd out the mamum absolute dfference and

6 Table 15: The data sheet of nondmensonalzaton School X 0 () X 1 () X 2 () X 3 () XXX XXX XXX XXX Table 16: Nondmensonalzaton dfference sequence 1 ()- 2 () 1 ()- 3 () 1 ()- 4 () mn mn Res. J. Appl. Sc. Eng. Technol., 6(1): 63-69, 2013 = ma ma = Table 17: Relatonal coeffcents and relatonal degree n the research ξ 1 () ξ 2 () ξ 3 () r mnmum absolute dfference of each column. Among them, the mamum dfference s ma ma = and the mnmum dfference s mn mn = , as shown n Table 16. Calculate the relatonal coeffcent by use of formula (2) and formula (3), set ρ 0.5. The relatonal degree of each sub-sequence can be calculated by use of formula (4). The relatonal coeffcents and relatonal degree refer to Table 17. By comparson of the relatonal degree of each sub-sequence, we wll get: r 1 < r 3 < r 2. We can learn from the grey relatonal analyss theory that the economc ncome has the greatest nfluence on qualty of lfe of elderly people. The more economc ncome, the hgher qualty of lfe wll be. The economc ncome of the elderly people lvng n XXX4 cty s the hghest and ther qualty of lfe s also the hghest; the economc ncome of the elderly people lvng n XXX3 cty s the lowest and ther qualty of lfe s also the lowest. It lterally has the ratonalty n ths regard. The economc ncome s the assurance for qualty of lfe and well-off lvng envronment wll lead to relatvely superor later lfe of elderly people. It can ensure abundant nutrton for the elderly people and ensure physcal health; t could also mae elderly people to eep n a cheerful mood wthout worryng about bread-and-butter ssues; t would enable the elderly people to buy boos, partcpate n concert and have colorful actvtes to eep lfe joyful. Economc ncome can ensure the qualty of lfe of elderly people to eep them at a hgh level n many ways consstently. The length of sports tme per day rans only second to economc ncome and rans the second n the relevant sequence, whch suggests that the length of sports tme s also an mportant ndcator that nfluences the qualty of lfe. The longer the length of sports tme, the hgher total ponts of qualty of lfe of elderly people wll be. Partcpatng n sports wll mae the elderly people to do physcal eercses effectvely to mprove ther physcal functon, strengthen physque, prevent dsease and promote physcal health. Partcpatng n sports wll broaden the mnd and releve the tenson, whch plays an mportant role n eepng the elderly people n optmstc and postve atttude. Moreover, sports s a nd of socalzng way for mang frends and socal communcaton, whch also plays a sgnfcant role n mprovng the qualty of lfe of elderly people. The length of sleep rans the thrd n relevant sequence, whch shows that the nfluence of length of sleep on the qualty of lfe of elderly people s on the small sde n comparson wth economc ncome and length of partcpatng n sports. However, t cannot be gnored smlarly. Suffcent sleepng s benefcal to metabolsm to ensure adequate energetc power n the daytme. Long-term defcency of sleepng wll lead to sluggsh, dull reacton and degradaton of physcal ftness, whch wll greatly affect the physcal and mental health. It can be seen from the table that the qualty of lfe of elderly people lvng n XXX4 cty s the hghest and ther length of sleep s also the hghest, whle the length of sleep of the elderly people lvng n XXX3 cty s short. We can fnd out by comparson that the degree of correlaton between length of sleep and length of sports tme s etremely close, ndcatng ther smlar nfluences. CONCLUSION At present, agng of populaton s another populaton problem that has to be faced by Chna. Smlarly, the qualty of lfe of elderly people durng the course of ther later lfe s a major concern n our socety. The study adopts grey relatonal theory and relatonal analyss method to conduct questonnare survey on elderly people lvng n four ctes from the perspectve of sports and also dscusses the ssues of mprovng qualty of lfe of elderly people. It turned out that Actve partcpaton n sports wll mprove the physcal ftness of the elderly people and play an etremely mportant role n terms of eepng optmstc and postve atttude, enrchng the sprtual lfe, promotng socal communcaton and enlargng socal crcle and so on. Actve partcpaton n sports wll greatly mprove the qualty of lfe of elderly people. REFERENCES Bodner, E., S. Cohen-Frdel and A. Yaretzy, P03-03-Perceved qualty of lfe and agesm among elderly people lvng n sheltered housng and n the communty. Eur. Psychat., 26(S1): Bor-Tyng, W., S. Tan-We, L. Jung-Chn, T. Jan-We and N. Masatae, Study on grey relatonal analyss and MATLAB for educaton nformaton scence. Adv. Inform. Sc. Serv. Sc. (AISS), 4(6):

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