CAPD/CCPD in Children, Second Edition

Transcription

1 CAPD/CCPD in Children, Second Edition

2 CAPD/CCPD in Children, Second Edition edited by Richard N. Fine, M.D. Steven R. Alexander, M.D. Bradley A. Warady, M.D.... " SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC

3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. CAPD/CCPD in childrenledited by Richard N. Fine, Steven R. Alexander, Bradley A. Warady. -- 2nd ed. P. Cm. Previous ed. Published as: Chomic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and chronic cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) in children.isbn ISBN (ebook) DOI / Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in children. 2. Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis in children. I. Fine, Richard N. II. Alexander, Steven, III. Worady, Bradley A. IV. TitIe: Chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAP O) and chronic cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) in children. RJ470.S.P47C '610S9--dc CIP Copyright 1998 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Origina11y published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1998 AII rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, record ing, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Printed on acid-free paper.

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. CAPD/CCPD for Children in North America: The NAPRTCS Experience Steven R. Alexander, Lynn A. Donaldson, E. Kenneth Sullivan 2. The European Experience with CAPD/CCPD in Children 17 Alberto Edefonti, Enrico Verrina, Franz Schaefer, Michel Fishbach, Alan Watson 3. The Japanese Experience with CAPD/CCPD in Children 35 Masataka Honda 4. CAPD for Children in a Developing Country 49 Ricardo Munoz 5. Transplantation of the Pediatric CAPD/CCPD Patient 57 Blanche Chavers 6. Structure and Function of the Pediatric Peritoneal Membrane 73 Bruce Morgenstern 7. Peritoneal Equilibration Test in Children 87 Denis Geary, Bradley A. Warady 8. Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis in Children 99 Franz Schaefer 9. The Organization and Management of a Pediatric Dialysis Unit 119 Linda Jones, Christine Smith 10. Growth in Children on CAPD/CCPD and the Use of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone to Treat Growth Delay in These Children 143 Burkhard Tonshoff, Otto Mehls 11. Special Considerations in the Care of the Infant CAPD/CCPD Patient 169 Alicia M. Neu, Bradley A. Warady 12. Anemia and Its Treatment in Children on CAPD/CCPD 183 Kathy Jabs, William E. Harmon 13. Diagnosis and Treatment of Renal Bone Diseases in Children Undergoing CAPD/CCPD 199 Beatriz D. Kuizon, Isidro B. Salusky

5 vi 14. Immunizations in Pediatric CAPD/CCPD Patients 219 Barbara A. Fivush, Alicia M. Neu 15. Special Considerations in the Prescribing of Medications for the Pediatric 229 CAPD/CCPD Patient Douglas L. Blowey, Gregory L. Keams, Arieh Lalkin 16. Prescription of Peritoneal Dialysis: CAPD, CCPD, COPD, IPD or TPD? 247 Michel Fishbach, J. Terzic, Jean Geisert 17. Ten Years' Experience with CAPD Catheters 263 Emesto T. Sojo, Liliana Bisigniano, Monica Grosman, Marcela Bailez 18. When and How to Use Nasogastric and Gastrostomy Feeding for Nutritional Support in Infants and Children on CAPD/CCPD 281 Alan R. Watson, Janet E. Coleman, Bradley A. Warady 19. Peritonitis in Pediatric Continuous Peritoneal Dialysis 301 Anders Trana:lus 20. Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of PD Catheter Exit-Site and Tunnel Infections in Children 349 Elizabeth Harvey, Bettina Braj, J. Williamson Balfe 21. Gynecologic Issues in CAPD/CCPD 369 Jane Kass-Wolff, Karen D. Bradshaw 22. Long term Function of the Peritoneal Membrane in Children Receiving CAPD/CCPD 389 Sharon P. Andreoli 23. Psychosocial Development and Adherence to Medical Regimens in Children with Chronic Renal Failure 413 Barbara L. Rader, Sandra L. Watkins 24. The Ethics of Withholding and Withdrawing Therapy in Infants and Young Children 433 Michael Shooter 25. Urinary Tract Diversion and other Urologic Considerations in Children on CAPD/CCPD 451 Andrew L. Freedman, Ricardo Gonzalez 26. The Effect of Renal Neurotoxicity on Cognitive Development 463 Barbara L. Rader

6 27. Residential Camping for Children with End-Stage Renal Disease 479 Bradley A. Warady 28. Avoiding and Coping with Patient and Family Burnout 491 Alan R. Watson, Claire Gartland 29. A Parent's View ofcapd/ccpd 507 Susanne W. Kamphuis 30. Maintaining Intact Families on CAPD/CCPD 537 Evelyn Corsini 31. New Peritoneal Dialysate Solutions and Intraperitoneal Therapies 557 Sandra L. Watkins 32. Nutritional Therapy for Children on CAPD/CCPD: Theory & Practice 567 Donna Seeker, Paul Pencharz 33. Peritoneal Dialysis in Adolescents 605 Ed Kohaut Index 609 vii

7 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Steven R. Alexander, MD Professor, Director of Pediatric Nephrology, Room G-306 Stanford University Medical Center 300 Pasteur Drive Stanford, CA Sharon P. Andreoli, MD Professor, Indiana University - Riley Hospital 702 Barnhill Drive Indianapolis, IN Marcela Bailez, MD Nephrology Department Hospital de Pediatrica "Prof. Dr. JP Garrahan" Buenos Aires, Argentina J. Williamson Balfe, MD Professor, Division of Pediatric Nephrology Toronto, Ontario M5G IX8 Canada Liliana Bisigniano, MD Nephrology Department Hospital de Pediatrica "Prof. Dr. JP Garrahan" Buenos Aires, Argentina Douglas L. Blowey, MD The Children's Mercy Hospital 2401 Gillham Road Kansas City, MO Karen D. Bradshaw, MD Associate Professor Director, Pediatric Gynecology Clinic Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. Dallas, TX Bettina Braj, RN Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8 Canada Blanche Chavers, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics University of Minnesota 420 Delaware Street, SE - Box 491 UMHC Minneapolis, MN Janet E. Coleman Children and Young People's Kidney Unit Hucknall Road Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom Evelyn Corsini, MSW Children's Hospital 300 Longwood Avenue Boston, MA Lynn A. Donaldson, MS The Emmes Corporation Seven Locks Road, S 214 Potomac, MD Alberto Edefonti, MD Head, Renal Unit Clinica Pediatrica de Marchi 20122, Milano, Italy Michael Fischbach, MD H6pital de Hautepierre A venue Moliere Strasbourg, Cedex, France Barbara A. Fivush, MD Chief, Pediatric Nephrology Johns Hopkins Children's Center 600 N. Wolfe StreetIPark 327 Baltimore, MD

8 x Andrew L. Freedman, MD Assistant Professor of Urology Children's Hospital of Michigan Detroit, MI Claire Gartland, RGN, RSCN Senior Pediatric Renal Nurse Children and Young People's Kidney Unit Hudmall Road Nottingham, NG5 IPB, United Kingdom Denis Geary, MD Chief, Division of Nephrology Toronto, Ontario M5G lx8 Canada Jean Geisert, MD Hopital de Hautepierre A venue Moliere Strasbourg, Cedex, France Ricardo Gonzalez, MD Professor of Urology Children's Hospital of Michigan Detroit, MI Monica Grosman, MD Nephrology Department Hospital de Pediatric a "Prof. Dr. JP Garrahan" Buenos Aires, Argentina William E. Harmon, MD Director, Pediatric Nephrology Children's Hospital 300 Longwood A venue Boston, MA Elizabeth A. Harvey, MD Assistant Professor, Pediatric Nephrology Toronto, Ontario M5G lx8 Canada Masataka Honda, MD Director, Pediatric Nephrology Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Hospital 1-3-1, Umezono Kiyose-shi Tokyo 204, Japan Kathy L. Jabs, MD Director, Dialysis Program Division of Nephrology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34th Street & Civic Center Blvd. Philadelphia, P A Linda Jones, RN The Children's Mercy Hospital 2401 Gillham Road Kansas City, MO Susanne W. Kamphuis 616 Riford Road Glen Ellyn, IL Jane Kass-Wolfe, MS, RNC Pediatric Gynecology Clinic Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. Dallas, TX Gregory L. Keams, Pharm D Clinical Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics The Children's Mercy Hospital 2401 Gillham Road Kansas City, MO Edward C. Kohaut, MD Professor of Pediatrics Nemour's Children's Clinic Carmel Heights Road Pensicola, FL Beatriz D. Kuizon, MD UCLA Children's Hospital Le Conte Avenue, MDCC A2-383 Los Angeles, CA 90095

9 xi Arieh Lalkin, MD Toronto, M5G lx8, Ontario, Canada Otto Mehls, MD University Children's Hospital 1m Neuenheimer Feld 150 D Heidelberg, Germany Bruce Z. Morgenstern, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics Mayo Clinic 200 First Street SW Rochester, MN Ricardo Munoz, MD Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez Departamento de Nefrologia Calle Dr. Marquez 162 Mexico D.F Alicia M. Neu, MD Johns Hopkins Children's Center 600 N. Wolfe StreetlPark 327 Baltimore, MD Paul Pencharz, MB, CbB, PhD & Nutritional Sciences 555 University A venue Toronto, M5G lx8, Ontario, Canada Barbara L. Rader, PhD Battelle Centers for Public Health Research and Evaluation 4000 NE 41 st Street Seattle, W A Isidro B. Salusky, MD UCLA Children's Hospital Le Conte Avenue, MDCC A2-383 Los Angeles, CA Franz S. Schaefer, MD University Children's Hospital 1m Neuenheimer Feld 150 D Heidelberg, Germany Donna Seeker, RD, MSc Department of Clinical Dietetics Toronto, M5G IX8, Ontario, Canada Michael Shooter, MD Consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist The Children's Centre Nevill Hall, Brecon Road Abergavenny, Gwent NP7 7EG Christine Smith, RN The Children's Mercy Hospital 2401 Gillham Road Kansas City, MO Ernesto T. Sojo, MD Nephrology Department Hospital de Pediatrica "Prof. Dr. JP Garrahan" Buenos Aires, Argentina E. Kenneth Sullivan, PhD The Emmes Corporation Seven Locks Road, S 214 Potomac, MD J. Terzic, MD H6pital de Hautepierre A venue Moliere Strasbourg, Cedex, France Burkhard T6nshoff, MD University Children's Hospital 1m Neuenheimer Feld 150 D Heidelberg, Germany

10 xii Anders Tranreus, MD, PhD Baxter World Trade S.A. Renal Division Rue Colonel Bourg 105A B-1140 Brussels, Belgium Enrico Verrina, MD Division of Nephrology Istituto G. Gaslini Genoa, Italy Bradley A. Warady, MD Director, Dialysis and Transplantation Chief, Section of Pediatric Nephrology The Children's Mercy Hospital 2401 Gillham Road Kansas City, MO Sandra L. Watkins, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics Medical Director of Dialysis Children's Hospital & Medical Center 4800 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, W A Alan R. Watson, MD Consultant Pediatric Nephrologist Children and Young People's Kidney Unit Hucknall Road Nottingham, NGS IPB, United Kingdom

11 Preface During the past quarter century there has been a renaissance of interest in the use of peritoneal dialysis as the primary dialytic modality for the treatment of children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The development of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and the expanded use of various modifications of automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) has facilitated the provision of prolonged dialysis to infants, children and adolescents and has provided pediatric nephrologists worldwide the real opportunity to administer effective dialysis therapy to all patients afflicted with ESRD.. It has been more than a decade since the initial publication of "CAPD/CCPD in Children." In the interim, a great deal of clinical experience with patients receiving peritoneal dialysis has been accumulated and research efforts have substantially increased our understanding of the technique. Therefore, we felt that a second edition entitled "CAPD/CCPD In Children" was propitious to update the advances of the past decade. We have enlisted the collaboration of colleagues of North America, Europe and Asia in updating this multi-disciplinary text which is the most comprehensive source of information regarding the use of CAPDI APD in children. Chapters new to this edition include those addressing the peritoneal equilibration test (PET), organizing and staffing a pediatric training program, care of the adolescent, recombinant human growth hormone usage, immunizations, strategies to improve patient adherence, dialysis prescription, new dialysate solutions and ethical dilemmas. It was the intent of the editors and each of the authors to provide precise, practical information that may have an immediate impact on patient care. It is our hope that every nephrologist (adult and pediatric), nephrology nurse and other allied health professional (especially renal dietitians and social workers) caring for children who require these therapeutic modalities will be able to expeditiously resolve the vast majority of clinical or technical issues that arise by utilizing the information contained in this updated text. Certainly, if one child benefits because of the content of this book, the efforts of all those involved will have been justified. Richard N. Fine, M.D. Professor and Chainnan SUNY at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York Steven R. Alexander, M.D. Professor of Pediatrics Chief, Pediatric Nephrology Stanford University Medical Center Lucille Packard Children's Hospital At Stanford Stanford, California Bradley A. Warady, M.D. Professor of Pediatrics Chief, Section of Pediatric Nephrology The Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City, Missouri