INHERITANCE OF KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT DISEASES

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1 INHERITANCE OF KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT DISEASES

2 TOPICS IN RENAL MEDICINE Vittorio E. Andreucci, Series Editor Titles in the Series 1. VE Andreucci: The Kidney in Pregnancy AR Clarkson: IgA Nephropathy V Cambi: Short Dialysis RN Fine: Chronic Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) and Chronic Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD) in Children CYC Pak: Renal Stone Disease CE Mogensen: The Kidney and Hypertension in Diabetes Mellitus S Giovannetti: The Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure VE Andreucci: Vascular and Peritoneal Access for Dialysis A Spitzer, ED Avner: Inheritance of Kidney and Urinary Tract Diseases

3 INHERITANCE OF KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT DISEASES Edited by ADRIAN SPITZER Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York and ELLIS D. AVNER Children's Hospital and Medical Center Seattle, Washington KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS BOSTON IDORDRECHT ILONDON

4 Distributors for North America: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, Massachusetts USA Distributors for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Centre, Post Office Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, THE NETHERLANDS Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inheritance of kidney and urinary tract diseases / edited by Adrian Spitzer and Ellis D. Avner. p. cm.-(topics in renal medicine) Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN-13: DOl: / e-isbn-13: Kidneys-Diseases-Genetic aspects. 2. Urinary organs-dis eases-genetic aspects. I. Spitzer, Adrian. II. Avner, Ellis D. III. Series. RC '1042-dc elp Copyright 1990 by Kluwer Academic Publishers Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1990 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, Massachusetts

5 CONTENTS Contributing Authors Preface Vll Xlll I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1 1. Molecular biology, gene expression, and medicine 3 JAMES P. CAL VET 2. Approaches to the diagnosis of renal genetic disorders using DNA analysis 53 CLAIR A. francomano, STYLIANOS E. ANTONARAKIS II. PRIMARY GLOMERULAR DISEASES Inheritance of glomerular diseases 67 JEAN-PIERRE GRUNFELD, GUILLAUME BOBRIE, JEAN-MICHEL POCHET, MICHELINE LEVY 4. Immunogenetics of the glomerular basement membrane 89 CLIffORD E. KASHTAN, ALfRED f. MICHAEL 5. The inheritance of Alport's syndrome 107 FRANCES FLINTER, CYRIL CHANTLER 6. Genetics of familial hematuria 121 PAIGE KAPLAN, MARY ELLEN TURNER, BERNARD S. KAPLAN 7. Genetics of congenital and early infantile nephrotic syndromes 131 OLLI KOSKIMIES v

6 vi Contents III. TUBULAR DISORDERS 8. Hereditary tubular transport abnormalities PAUL GOODYER, V AZKEN M. DER KALOUSTIAN 9. Genetics of vitamin-d-resistant rickets J. EDWARD SPENCE, GAD KAINER, JAMES C.M. CHAN 10. Genetics of renal cystic diseases VICENTE E. TORRES 11. A molecular approach to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease 221 GREGORY G. GERMINO, STEPHEN T. REEDERS 12. Epidemiology of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Implications for genetic counseling PATRICIA A. GABOW 13. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease BERNARD S. KAPLAN, PAIGE KAPLAN 14. The inheritance of nephronophthisis CLAIRE KLEINKNECHT 15. Genetics of urolithiasis F. BRUDER STAPLETON, DEBORAH P. JONES 16. Genetics of primary hyperoxaluria ERNST P. LEUMANN, ALBERT SCHINZEL IV. SYSTEMIC DISORDERS 17. Heritable malformations of the kidney and urinary tract ENID F. GILBERT-BARNESS, JOHN M. OPITZ, LEWIS A. BARNESS 18. The molecular biology of complement deficiency syndromes RICK A. WETSEL, HARVEY R. COLTEN Index

7 CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Stylianos E. Antonarakis Center for Medical Genetics Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland Lewis A. Barness University of South Florida College of Medicine Box N. 30th Street Tampa, Florida Guillaume Bobrie Department de Nephrologie H6pital Necker 161 rue de Sevres Paris Cedex 15 Paris, France vii

8 viii Contributing authors James P. Calvet Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Kansas Medical Center 39th and Rainbow Blvd. Kansas City, Kansas James C.M. Chan Medical College of Virginia.~ Box 498 Richmond, Virginia Cyril Chantler Evelina Children's Department 12th Floor-Guy's Tower Guy's Hospital London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom Harvey R. CoIten Washington University School of Medicine 400 S. Kingshighway Boulevard St. Louis, Missouri Vazken M. Der Kaloustian Division of Medical Genetics Montreal Children's Hospital 2300 Tupper Street Montreal, Quebec Canada H3H 1 P3 Frances Flinter Pediatric Research Unit 8th Floor Tower Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics United Medical and Dental Schools Guy's Hospital London SE 1 9RT, United Kingdom

9 Contributing authors ix Clair A. Francomano Center for Medical Genetics Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland Patricia A. Gabow Denver General Hospital 777 Bannocic Street Denver, Colorado Gregory G. Germino Yale University School of Medicine 2073 LMP Building 333 Cedar Street New Haven, Connecticut Enid F. Gilbert-Barness University of Wisconsin Medical School 600 Highland A venue Madison, Wisconsin Paul Goodyer Division of Medical Genetics Montreal Children's Hospital 2300 Tupper Street Montreal, Quebec Canada H3H 1 P3 Jean-Pierre Grunfeld Department de N ephrologie Hopital Necker 161 rue de Sevres Paris Cedex 15 Paris, France Deborah P.Jones LeBonheur Children's Medical Center 848 Adams Avenue Memphis, Tennessee 38103

10 x Contributing authors Gad Kainer Medical College of Virginia Box 498 Richmond, Virginia Bernard S. Kaplan Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Paige Kaplan Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Clifford E. Kashtan University of Minnesota Hospital and Clinics Departments of Pediatrics Box 491 UMHC Harvard Street at East River Road Minneapolis, Minnesota Claire Kleinknecht INSERM U. 192 H6pital Necker-Enfants Malades 149 rue de Sevres Paris, France Olli Koskimies Children's Hospital University of Helsinki Stenbnackinkatu 11, SF00290 Helsinki 29, Finland Ernst P. Leumann Section of Pediatric Nephrology University Children's Hospital Steinwiesstrasse 75 CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland

11 Contributing authors xi Micheline Levy INSERM U.155 Cheateau de Longchamp Paris, France Alfred F. Michael University of Minnesota Hospital and Clinics Harvard Street and East River Road Minneapolis, Minnesota John M. Opitz University of Wisconsin Medical School 600 Highland A venue Madison, Wisconsin Jean-Michel Pochet Department de Nephrologie H6pital Necker 161 rue de Sevres Paris Cedex 15 Paris, France Stephen T. Reeders Yale University School of Medicine 2073 LMP Building 333 Cedar Street New Haven, Conneticut Albert Schinzel Institute of Medical Genetics Ramistrasse 74 CH-800 Zurich, Switzerland J. Edward Spence Medical College of Virginia Box 498 Richmond, Virginia 23298

12 xii Contributing authors F. Bruder Stapleton LeBonheur Children's Medical Center 848 Adams A venue Memphis, Tennessee Vicente E. Torres Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota Mary Ellen Turner Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Rick A. Wetsel Washington University School of Medicine 400 S. Kingshighway Boulevard St. Louis, Missouri 63110

13 PREFACE Genetic disorders have emerged as a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality among infants and adults. As many as 10% to 20% of hospital admissions and at least 10% of the mortality in this age group are due to inherited diseases. There are at least two factors that have brought genetic disorders into the forefront of pediatrics. One is a great reduction in childhood mortality due to infections and nutritional deficiency states, and the other is the rapid progress made in the identification of genetic defects. Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, and recombinant DNA technology have already had a tremendous impact on the practice of medicine. This is why the first two chapters of this volume are dedicated to general principles of molecular genetics and to a description of the techniques used to diagnose genetic disorders at the DNA level. The relevance of this new area of science to the study of inherited renal diseases is reflected in the large body of knowledge that has been generated regarding the association between various glomerular nephritides and genetic markers such as the HLA system, and even more impressively in the direct or indirect identification of abnormal genes or gene products in Alport's syndrome, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and Lowe's syndrome. These discoveries figure prominently in the pages of this book. Yet, the progress we have made has barely scratched the surface of the problem. There remain a large number of diseases in which the mode of transmission is unclear and the genetic defect unknown. This is particularly xiii

14 xiv Preface true of many types of malformation of the kidneys and urinary tract. Undoubtedly, during the years to come the number of conditions in this category will decrease. First the gene defects will be identified in monogenic hereditary disorders, then the molecular lesions associated with chromosomal abnormalities will be determined, and eventually the methods of genetic diagnosis will be extended to multifactorial diseases. It is therefore likely that in the not too distant future, many of the concepts expounded in this volume will have to be updated. We trust that all those who have worked hard to bring this publication to print will welcome such an opportunity. For we shall look forward to the time when for each disorder described in this volume the mutant gene and its chromosomal map location will be identified. This will truly open the gate to the golden age of medicine, when correction of gene abnormalities will become possible. Adrian Spitzer Ellis D. A vner

INTERNATIONAL YEARBOOK OF NEPHROLOGY 1989

INTERNATIONAL YEARBOOK OF NEPHROLOGY 1989 INTERNATIONAL YEARBOOKS OF NEPHROLOGY Editor Vittorio E. Andreucci University oj Naples Co-Editors Leon G. Fine UCLA School oj Medicine Michinobu Hatano Nihon