Sex Differences In Innate Immunity In Tree Swallows
|
|
- Cory Shona Gibson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Grand Valley State University Student Summer Scholars Undergraduate Research and Creative Practice 2009 Sex Differences In Innate Immunity In Tree Swallows Bradley J. Houdek Grand Valley State University Michael P. Lombardo Grand Valley State University, Patrick A. Thorpe Grand Valley State University, Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Houdek, Bradley J.; Lombardo, Michael P.; and Thorpe, Patrick A., "Sex Differences In Innate Immunity In Tree Swallows" (2009). Student Summer Scholars This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Research and Creative Practice at It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Summer Scholars by an authorized administrator of For more information, please contact
2 REMINDER: THIS IS A DRAFT ONLY SEX DIFFERENCES IN INNATE IMMUNITY IN TREE SWALLOWS Bradley J. Houdek, Michael P. Lombardo, Patrick A. Thorpe Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI REMINDER: THIS IS A DRAFT ONLY
3 Abstract Evolutionary theory predicts that exposure to more diverse pathogens will lead to the evolution of more effective immune responses. The innate immune system defends the host from pathogens in a non-specific manner and is an important first-line of defense. We predicted that female Tree Swallows have more robust innate immunocompetence than males because females are exposed to more microbes during the breeding season than are males. This is because (a) females participate in extra-pair copulations with multiple males exposing them to sexually transmitted microbes (STMs) (e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses), (b) the transmission of STMs during copulation is asymmetrical because ejaculates move from males to females, (c) Tree Swallow semen contains potentially pathogenic STMs, and (d) females spend more time in the nest than males. Additionally, elevated testosterone in males is a known correlate with suppressed immune function. We tested our prediction in the 2009 breeding season by conducting an assay of the innate immune system using whole-blood samples. A microbicidal assay using E. coli produced an index of the capacity of the blood to kill bacteria. Tree Swallow whole blood readily lyses E. coli, but there was no difference in mean E. coli lysis levels between males and females. However, females with higher lysis levels had less louse damage to feathers and older females with higher lysis levels had greater fledging success. These results suggest that while female Tree Swallows may not experience greater pathogen exposure, female innate immunocompetence may predict reproductive success. Introduction Ecological immunology examines the ecological and evolutionary relationships between parasites and their hosts. It has become increasingly clear to eco-immunologists that immunocompetence is of significant importance in shaping life history patterns (Viney et al. 2005), and is a key mechanism regulating host survival. Piersma (1997) postulated that life histories should tend to reflect the pathogenic environment as much as any other factor contributing to evolutionary change within a species. Additionally, Lochmiller and Deerenberg (2000) have gone so far as to suggest that immunocompetence; an organism s capacity to prevent or control infection (Owens and Wilson 1999), could be the most important fitness-influencing factor in many species. Within living organisms, pathogen defense is accomplished by a complex immune system, whose function is to defend against infection in a fitness-maximizing manner (Viney et al. 2005). Conventionally the vertebrate immune system is divided into innate and acquired
4 immunity. Acquired immunity develops throughout the lifetime of an individual as an adaptation to infection with a specific pathogen, and may even confer lifelong protection (Bonneaud et al. 2003). This lifelong protection is achieved through immunological memory, which allows the host to respond if the same antigen is introduced in the future (Zuk and Stoehr 2002). In general, the acquired branch is based on the activation of B-cells, T-cells, and the production of antibodies capable of highly-specific antigen binding (Schmid-Hempel 2003). Before activation of an acquired response, many pathogens are swiftly detected and destroyed by the innate immune system (Bonneaud et al. 2003). The innate immune system provides a rapidly inducible and non-specific first line of defense against pathogens, that works to neutralize them before an acquired response is triggered (Grieves et al. 2006; Lochmiller and Deerenberg 2000; Rickert 2005). Active components of the innate branch include natural killer cells, and a number of cells (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells) capable of phagocytosing non-self materials (Viney et al. 2005). Unlike components of the acquired branch, innate components do not develop memory of specific antigens (Janeway et al. 1999), and are thus most important during a host s first encounter with a specific pathogen (Lee et al. 2006). Pathogen defense clearly confers benefits to host but may also incur numerous costs (e.g., developmental, energetic, nutritional), demanding it be optimized rather than maximized (Bonneaud et al. 2003; Stoehr 2007; Viney et al. 2005; Zuk and Stoehr 2002). Optimal resource allocation to pathogen defense, including not only maintaining a competent immune system but also being able to mount a successful immune response when challenged, will depend upon resource availability and tradeoffs with other competing life-history characteristics (Bonneaud et al. 2003; Sheldon and Verhulst 1996) like growth, thermoregulation, and reproduction. Schmid-
5 Hempel (2003) referred to this as the evolutionary cost of the immune system, since it too must evolve only at the expense of investment in other traits (a life-history tradeoff). A recently active subdivision of ecological immunology is one focused on sex differences in immunocompetence (Stoehr and Kokko 2006). In general, female vertebrates show greater immunocompetence than males (Grossman 1984; McGraw and Ardia 2005; Møller et al. 1998). This has historically been attributed to the immunosuppressive effects of elevated testosterone in males (i.e., the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH): Folstad and Karter 1992), or to fundamental differences between the sexes in tradeoffs between pathogen defense and other costly life-history traits (Nunn et al. 2009; Rolff 2002). In these ways, sexual dimorphism in immunocompetence is ultimately the result of differences in how the sexes maximize fitness (Stoehr and Kokko 2006). If, as the susceptible male hypothesis (Rolff 2002) predicts, female fitness benefits more from longevity while male fitness benefits more from investment in current reproduction, females should evolve to increase survivorship through greater investment in immune defense relative to males. This study examined sex-biased variation in the innate immunocompetence of breeding adult Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Since males and females of this species face different levels of pathogen exposure (reference), selection should shape immunocompetence of the sexes differently. We predicted that during the breeding season, female Tree Swallows would show greater innate immunocompetence than would males because of: 1)greater pathogen challenge due to unequal microbe transfer during copulation (Lombardo et al. 1999), 2) more exposure to nest microbes due to time spent in the nest during nest building, incubation, brooding, and nestling care (Robertson et al. 1992), and 3) less immuno-suppression by testosterone, as compared to males.
6 Methods Data were collected from adult Tree Swallows nesting on the campus of Grand Valley State University in Allendale, MI (42 57 N, W), from May July, Tree Swallows are aerial insectivores with a socially monogamous breeding system (Robertson et al. 1992). They are a good model species because they readily breed in nest boxes, and are tolerant of human activity and direct handling. The study site was located in an old agricultural field, and consisted of a 10 x 10, 100-box grid of standard wooden nest-boxes. Nest boxes were arranged in rows each spaced 20m apart from the next. Blood samples ranging from ~10-60 µl were collected from the brachial vein on the right wing of adult Tree Swallows. To ensure a sterile bleeding site, the area surrounding the brachial vein was cleared of interfering feathers, soaked liberally with 70% EtOH, swabbed with a fresh cotton ball, and allowed to air dry seconds. The brachial vein was punctured with a sterilized lancet, and blood was collected in heparinized capillary tubes and transported to the laboratory in sterile 50 ml Fisher tubes. All blood samples were collected within 3 minutes of handling, to avoid the effects of immunosuppression mediated by stress hormones such as corticosterone (reference). Following blood sample collection, mass, head-bill length, wing chord length, depth of tail forking, and the number of ectoparasite (louse) holes on wings and tails were recorded for each individual. Females were grouped into separate age classes based on plumage characteristics. SY denotes second-year females with no prior breeding experiences; ASY denotes after second-year females with at least one season of prior breeding experiences. For each nest, dates of clutch initiation (when first egg was laid) and clutch size were also recorded.
7 A microbicidal assays was performed using Tree Swallow whole blood, following Millet et al. (2007). Specifically, this assay measures the ability of innate components (e.g., natural antibodies, complement proteins, lysozyme) within plasma to clear a bacterial infection. All statistical analysis was completed using SPSS. Results Considering all complete mate-pairs sampled (n=34), we found no significant difference between sexes in mean proportion lysis (female: mean=0.83, SD=0.25; male: mean=0.80, SD=0.27; male vs. female: Z=-0.45, p=0.65), and no significant relationship between mate-pairs. This same pattern also held when all individuals sampled were considered (female: n=44, mean=0.84, SD=0.23; male: n=35, mean=0.80, SD=0.26; male vs. female: Mann-Whitney U=730.0, Wilcoxon W=1360.0, Z=-0.40, p=0.69). Within females, there was no significant difference between SY and ASY age classes in mean proportion E. coli lysis (SY: mean=0.84, SD=0.27; ASY: mean=0.85, p=0.21; SY vs. ASY: Mann-Whitney U=235.0, Wilcoxon W=560.0, Z=-0.06, p=0.95). For both sexes, there was no significant correlation between mean proportion lysis and clutch size, % hatch, % fledge, or dates of nest completion and clutch initiation. Individuals were grouped into separate kill levels according to their mean proportion lysis (high = proportion lysis >0.80, low = proportion lysis 0.80). Overall, high-kill females had significantly fewer total louse holes than did low-kill females (Mann-Whitney U=95.0, Wilcoxon W=623.0, Z=-2.59, p=0.01). For SY females, there was no significant correlation between kill level and clutch size, % hatch, % fledge, or dates of completion and clutch initiation (all p>0.05). For ASY females, there was no significant correlation between kill level and clutch size, %
8 hatch, or dates of nest completion and clutch initiation (all p>0.05); however, there was a significant relationship between kill level and % fledge, with high-kill females successfully fledging a greater proportion of nestlings. High-kill and low-kill males did not differ significantly from each other in number of total louse holes (Mann-Whitney U=127.0, Wilcoxon W=218.0, Z=-0.55, p=0.58). Within mate-pairs, there was no significant relationship between male mean proportion lysis and the age of his female partner (SY or ASY). There was no significant difference between SY and ASY females in proportion of eggs that successfully hatched (p=0.44) or proportion of nestlings that successfully fledged (p=0.95). However, SY and ASY females did differ significantly from each other in date of clutch initiation (p=0.01) and clutch size (p=0.01), with ASY females beginning clutch initiation earlier in the breeding season and laying larger clutches. For each individual we recorded mass, head-bill length, wing chord length, depth of tail forking, and the number of louse holes on wings and tail. For males, there was no correlation between date of sampling and any of these morphological features (all p>0.05). For females, there was no correlation between date of sampling and head-bill length, wing chord length, depth of tail forking, and number of louse holes (all p>0.05); however, some standardization was necessary because date of sampling had a significantly positive correlation with body mass (p=0.00). There were no significant differences between sexes in body mass (p=0.06), head-bill length (p=0.21), wing louse holes (p=0.06), tail louse holes (p=0.83), or total louse holes (p=0.59). However, the sexes were found to differ significantly in wing-chord length (p=0.00) and depth of tail-forking (p=0.00), with males possessing longer wings and deeper tail-forks. For both sexes, there was no significant correlation between mean proportion E. coli lysis and body mass, head-bill length, wing chord length, or depth of tail forking (all p>0.05). For males, there
9 was no significant correlation for between mean proportion E. coli lysis and any louse hole measurement. For females, while there was no significant correlation between E. coli lysis and wing louse holes, there was a significant negative correlation with both tail and total louse holes. Discussion Only recently have eco-immunologists developed interest in better understanding variation in the immune response, both within and across species boundaries. Using breeding adult Tree Swallows, we predicted that female Tree Swallows would show greater immunocompetence than would males because of lower levels of endogenous, immunesuppressing testosterone, and greater exposure to pathogens, following the idea that exposure to greater numbers of pathogens drives the evolution of increased immune defense. Contrary to our prediction, we found no difference between sexes in the ability of whole blood to lyse E. coli. Although means differed in the predicted direction, with females displaying greater immunocompetence than males, the difference was not significant (see Results). This lack of difference in proportion lysis, a measure of immunocompetence, between the sexes may be due to several factors. First, our sample population consisted exclusively of breeding individuals, enhancing the likelihood that we only sampled high quality individuals who were able to gain mates and maintain a breeding territory. Second, the high frequency of extra-pair mating in Tree Swallows (reference) may ameliorate any differences between the sexes in exposure to sexually transmitted pathogens.
10 References Bonneaud C, Mazuc J, Gonzalez G, Haussy C, Chastel O, Faivre B, Sorci G Assessing the cost of mounting an immune response. The American Naturalist 161(3): Folstad I, Karter A J Parasites, bright males, and the immunocompetence handicap. The American Naturalist 139: Frank M M, Miletic V D, Jiang H X Immunoglobulin in the control of complement action. Immunologic Research 22: Grieves T J, McGlothlin J W, Jawor J M, Demas G E, Ketterson E D Testosterone and innate immune function inversely covary in a wild population of breeding Dark-Eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis). Functional Ecology 20: Grossman C J Regulation of the immune system by sex steroids. Endocr. Rev. 5: Hasselquist D, Marsh J A, Sherman P W, Wingfield J C Is avian humoral immunocompetence suppressed by testosterone? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol 45: Janeway C A, Travers P, Walport M, Capra J C Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease, 4 th edn. Current Biology Publications, London. Lee K A, Martin II L B, Hasselquist D, Ricklefs R E, Wikelski M Contrasting adaptive immune defenses and blood parasite prevalence in closely related Passer sparrows. Oecologia 150: Lochmiller R L, Deerenberg C Trade-offs in evolutionary immunology: just what is the cost of immunity? Oikos 88:87-98.
11 McGraw K J, Ardia D R Sex differences in carotenoid status and immune performance in zebra finches. Evolutionary Ecology Research 7: Millet S, Bennett J, Lee K A, Hau M, Klasing K C Quantifying and comparing constitutive immunity across avian species. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 31: Moller A P, Sorci G, Erritzoe J Sexual dimorphism in immune defense. American Naturalist 152: Moret Y Explaining variable costs of the immune response: selection for specific versus non-specific immunity and facultative life history change. Oikos 102: Nunn C L, Lindenfors P, Pursall E R, Rolff J On sexual dimorphism in immune function. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 364: Owens I, Wilson K Immunocompetence: a neglected life history trait or conspicuous red herring? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14: Piersma T Do global patterns of habitat use and migration strategies coevolve with relative investments in immunocompetence due to spatial variation in parasite pressures (should this be a?). Oikos 80: Rickert R C Regulation of B lymphocyte activation by complement C3 and the B cell coreceptor complex. Current Opinions in Immunology 17: Rolff J Bateman s principle and immunity. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269: Schmid-Hempel P Variation in immune defense as a question of evolutionary ecology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 270: Sheldon B C, Verhulst S Ecological immunology: costly parasite defenses and trade-offs in evolutionary ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11: Stoehr A M Inter- and intra-sexual variation in immune defence in the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Ecological Entomology 32: Stoehr A M, Kokko H Sexual dimorphism in immunocompetence: what does life-history theory predict? Behavioral Ecology 17: Viney M E, Riley E M, Buchanan K L Optimal immune responses: immunocompetence revisited. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20(12): Zuk M Disease, endocrine-immune interactions, and sexual selection. Ecology 77:
12 Zuk M, Stoehr A M Immune defense and host life history. American Naturalist 160:S9- S Wilcoxon signed ranks, Z = -0.45, P = 0.65 Mean Proportion Lysis Male Sex Female Figure 1: There was no significant difference between mates in mean proportion lysis.
13 1.0 Proportion Male Lysis Spearman rho = 0.16, P = Proportion Female Lysis Figure 2: There was no significant correlation between mates in proportion lysis.
14 Mean Proportion Lysis by Category Proportion Lysis SY-females ASY-females All females Males Figure 3: There were no significant differences in proportion lysis between females of different age classes or between males and females (all P > 0.05).
15 Female Total Louse Holes x Proportion Lysis Male Total Louse Holes x Proportion Lysis Total Louse Holes 40 Spearman rho = -0.34, P = Proportion Lysis Total Louse Holes 70 Spearman rho = -0.02, P = Proportion Lysis Figure 4: There was a significant negative correlation between female total number of louse holes and proportion lysis. However, this relationship was absent in males. There were no significant differences between females and males in the number of louse holes in their wing and tail feathers.
16 ASY females 1.0 Mann-Whitney U = 29.5, P = 0.04 Proportion of Hatchling that Fledged Low ( 0.80) High (> 0.80) Lysis Level Figure 5: ASY females with high proportion lysis (> 0.80) fledged a significantly greater proportion of hatchlings than did those with low proportion lysis ( 0.80).
17 14 Mann-Whitney U = 95, P = Mean Total Louse Holes Low ( 0.80) High (> 0.80) Lysis Level Figure 6: Females with high proportion lysis (> 0.80) had significantly fewer louse holes than did females with low proportion lysis ( 0.80).
18
19
Sexual selection and the evolution of sex differences
Sexual selection and the evolution of sex differences Males and females have the same genes. Why do the sexes often look and act so differently? Why is the male often insanely ornamented? (Or simply insane?)
More informationImmune System Responses to Ectoparasite Infections in Nestling Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica: an Experimental Approach
University of Colorado, Boulder CU Scholar Undergraduate Honors Theses Honors Program Spring 2013 Immune System Responses to Ectoparasite Infections in Nestling Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica: an Experimental
More information11/25/2017. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Chapter 43 IMMUNITY INNATE IMMUNITY EXAMPLE IN INSECTS BARRIER DEFENSES INNATE IMMUNITY OF VERTEBRATES
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Chapter 43 IMMUNITY INNATE IMMUNITY EXAMPLE IN INSECTS Exoskeleton made of chitin forms the first barrier to pathogens Digestive system is protected by a chitin-based barrier and lysozyme,
More informationSexual selection. Intrasexual selection mating success determined by within-sex interactions e.g., male-male combat
Sexual dimorphism Sexual selection Is sexual selection different from natural selection? Darwin saw them as distinct - only sexual selection could produce traits that compromise survival The basic principle
More informationRafał Martyka 1*, Ewa B. Śliwińska 1, Mirosław Martyka 1, Mariusz Cichoń 2 and Piotr Tryjanowski 3
Martyka et al. Frontiers in Zoology (2018) 15:25 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-018-0272-y RESEARCH The effect of pre-laying maternal immunization on offspring growth and immunity differs across experimentally
More informationThis question is taken directly from the list of second test study questions (#6) it should not be a surprise...
1. Female choice of males that have exaggerated characters has been explained by female choice of males that have better genes. Explain how female choice of higher quality males might lead to exaggerated
More informationمحاضرة مناعت مدرس المادة :ا.م. هدى عبدالهادي علي النصراوي Immunity to Infectious Diseases
محاضرة مناعت مدرس المادة :ا.م. هدى عبدالهادي علي النصراوي Immunity to Infectious Diseases Immunity to infection depends on a combination of innate mechanisms (phagocytosis, complement, etc.) and antigen
More informationImmunity. Chapter 38 Part 1
Immunity Chapter 38 Part 1 Impacts, Issues Frankie s Last Wish Infection with a common, sexually transmitted virus (HPV) causes most cervical cancers including the one that killed Frankie McCullogh 38.1
More informationDefense mechanism against pathogens
Defense mechanism against pathogens Immune System What is immune system? Cells and organs within an animal s body that contribute to immune defenses against pathogens ( ) Bacteria -Major entry points ;open
More informationCost/benefit approach
Cost/benefit approach Care FEMALE Abandon MALE Care F: wp 2 WP 1 M: wp 2 WP 1 Abandon F: wp 1 WP 0 M: wp 1 (1+p M ) WP 0 (1+p M ) P 0,1,2 = probability eggs survive given 0, 1, or 2 parents W, w = eggs
More informationUniversity of Groningen. Bottlenecks, budgets and immunity Buehler, Deborah Monique
University of Groningen Bottlenecks, budgets and immunity Buehler, Deborah Monique IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please
More informationPositive Carotenoid Balance Correlates with Greater Reproductive Performance in a Wild Bird
Positive Carotenoid Balance Correlates with Greater Reproductive Performance in a Wild Bird Rebecca J. Safran 1 *, Kevin J. McGraw 2, Matthew R. Wilkins 1, Joanna K. Hubbard 1, Julie Marling 1 1 Department
More informationThe Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses Outline PART 1: INNATE DEFENSES 21.1 Surface barriers act as the first line of defense to keep
The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses Outline PART 1: INNATE DEFENSES 21.1 Surface barriers act as the first line of defense to keep invaders out of the body (pp. 772 773; Fig. 21.1; Table
More informationParasitism of mating and non-mating males and body mass of Enallagma hageni
Parasitism of mating and non-mating males and body mass of Enallagma hageni Sarah T Kaminsky, Akinyemi Oni-Orisan, Stephen Pruett-Jones, Harvey Blankespoor Email: Sarah T Kaminsky - kaminss@umich.edu;
More informationSocial System of Superb Fairy Wrens. The following table shows the percentage of male fairy-wrens in various age and social status categories.
Social System of Superb Fairy Wrens Superb fairy-wrens are small (10g) insectivorous birds found in woodlands and edge habitat throughout eastern Australia. They live in cooperative social groups composed
More informationCondition-dependent sexual traits and social dominance in the house finch
Condition-dependent sexual traits and social dominance in the house finch Renée A. Duckworth, a Mary T. Mendonça, b and Geoffrey E. Hill b a Biology Department, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708,
More informationFemale Choice in Gray Tree Frogs. Female Choice in Gray Tree Frogs
Female Choice in Gray Tree Frogs Female Choice in Gray Tree Frogs Research by Gerhardt et al. (1996). Males call to attract females. Males call to attract females Ribbet! Figure 11.27 Tiny and super cute!
More informationImmune System. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Class: Date: Immune System Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the bacteria is the cause of pneumonia? a. staphylococci c. Treponema
More informationAll animals have innate immunity, a defense active immediately upon infection Vertebrates also have adaptive immunity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The Immune System All animals have innate immunity, a defense active immediately upon infection Vertebrates also have adaptive immunity Figure 43.2 In innate immunity, recognition and
More informationimmunity produced by an encounter with an antigen; provides immunologic memory. active immunity clumping of (foreign) cells; induced by crosslinking
active immunity agglutination allografts immunity produced by an encounter with an antigen; provides immunologic memory. clumping of (foreign) cells; induced by crosslinking of antigenantibody complexes.
More information3/26/ Sexual dimorphism is differences between males and females of a species. 2. Anisogamy. 1. Fecundity
Sexual Dimorphism 1. Sexual dimorphism is differences between males and females of a species. 2. Anisogamy A. sexual reproduction involving the fusion of two dissimilar gametes;individuals producing the
More informationMating systems and parental investment. Mating systems. Resource distribution. Polygyny. Pattern of matings in a population. Antithesis = promiscuity
1 Mating systems and parental investment Mating systems Pattern of matings in a population green anole Antithesis = promiscuity Polygyny Scramble: no attempts to defend females, resources horseshoe crabs
More informationSEXUAL SELECTION AND IMMUNE FUNCTION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00286.x SEXUAL SELECTION AND IMMUNE FUNCTION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER Kurt A. McKean 1,2 and Leonard Nunney 3,4 1 Department of Biological Sciences, State
More informationBird song and parasites
Behav Ecol Sociobiol (2005) 59: 167 180 DOI 10.1007/s00265-005-0041-8 REVIEW László Zsolt Garamszegi Bird song and parasites Received: 29 June 2004 / Revised: 4 July 2005 / Accepted: 5 July 2005 / Published
More informationDiseases-causing agents, pathogens, can produce infections within the body.
BIO 212: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II 1 CHAPTER 16 Lecture: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman www.lawrencegaltman.com Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill. LYMPHATIC and IMMUNE Systems Body Defenses Against
More informationThe Immune System. These are classified as the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. Innate Immunity
The Immune System Biological mechanisms that defend an organism must be 1. triggered by a stimulus upon injury or pathogen attack 2. able to counteract the injury or invasion 3. able to recognise foreign
More informationLife history trade-offs, immune function and the expression of sexual signals in two model groups of birds (Psittaciformes, Charadriiformes).
Life history trade-offs, immune function and the expression of sexual signals in two model groups of birds (Psittaciformes, Charadriiformes). by Darryl Bryce Edwards Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment
More informationNo evidence for differential maternal allocation to offspring in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus)
Behavioral Ecology Vol. 14 No. 3: 340 346 No evidence for differential maternal allocation to offspring in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) Jérémy Mazuc, a,b Olivier Chastel, b and Gabriele Sorci
More informationWhy Does Testosterone Influence Morphology, Behaviour and Physiology?
The Open Ornithology Journal, 2010, 3, 2126 21 Open Access Why Does Testosterone Influence Morphology, Behaviour and? Matthew R. Evans* Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University
More informationBird Mating Systems/Sexual Selection
Bird Mating Systems/Sexual Selection Why study mating systems? What are the ecological conditions under which different mating systems arise? Implications for evolution mating is where genes are passed
More informationTime allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question in Section B and ONE question from Section C.
UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA School of Biological Sciences Main Series UG Examination 2014-2015 BEHAVIOURAL ECOLOGY BIO-5010B Time allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question
More informationAll discussion of mating strategies and sex differences begins with Darwin s theory of Sexual Selection
All discussion of mating strategies and sex differences begins with Darwin s theory of Sexual Selection Intrasexual Natural Selection Sexual Selection Survival Mating Success Parental Care Intrasexual
More informationChapter 22: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
Bio40C schedule Lecture Immune system Lab Quiz 2 this week; bring a scantron! Study guide on my website (see lab assignments) Extra credit Critical thinking questions at end of chapters 5 pts/chapter Due
More informationPATHOGENS AND DEFENCE AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASE. By: Stephanie, Emily, Cem, and Julie
PATHOGENS AND DEFENCE AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASE By: Stephanie, Emily, Cem, and Julie Pathogen Pathogen: an organism or virus that causes a disease. Examples: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, virus Disease Cause
More informationReproductive investment and parasite susceptibility in the Great Tit
Functional Ecology 1997 Reproductive investment and parasite susceptibility in the Great Tit K. ALLANDER* Department of Zoology, Villavägen 9, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden Summary 1. Reproduction and parasite
More informationEnSt/Bio 295 Exam II This test is worth 100 points; you have approximately 50 minutes. Allocate your time accordingly.
Name: 1 NAME: EnSt/Bio 295 Exam II This test is worth 100 points; you have approximately 50 minutes. Allocate your time accordingly. 1) Describe the following concepts in a few sentences (2 points each)
More informationI. Lines of Defense Pathogen: Table 1: Types of Immune Mechanisms. Table 2: Innate Immunity: First Lines of Defense
I. Lines of Defense Pathogen: Table 1: Types of Immune Mechanisms Table 2: Innate Immunity: First Lines of Defense Innate Immunity involves nonspecific physical & chemical barriers that are adapted for
More informationChapter 24 The Body s Defenses against Pathogens
Chapter 24 The Body s Defenses against Pathogens State Standards Standard 10.a. Standard 10.b. Standard 10.c. Standard 10.d. Standard 10.e. Pathogens Pathogens are They are usually microorganisms - Viruses
More informationEvolution of Mating Systems. Chapter 8
Evolution of Mating Systems Chapter 8 Mating Systems-Chapter 8 1 Monogamy 2 Polyandry 3 Polygyny And the many combinations within! Why should a male be monogamous? 1 extension of guarding, little chance
More informationThe Immune System is the Third Line of Defense Against Infection. Components of Human Immune System
Chapter 17: Specific Host Defenses: The Immune Response The Immune Response Immunity: Free from burden. Ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against specific pathogens or antigens. Immune
More informationFluid movement in capillaries. Not all fluid is reclaimed at the venous end of the capillaries; that is the job of the lymphatic system
Capillary exchange Fluid movement in capillaries Not all fluid is reclaimed at the venous end of the capillaries; that is the job of the lymphatic system Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic capillaries permeate
More information1 of 6 11/13/08 11:41 AM
Current Issue Previous Issues Science Express Science Products My Science 2000 > Read et al., pp. 1104-1105 About the Journal Home > Science Magazine > 10 November Performing your original search, the
More informationMedical Virology Immunology. Dr. Sameer Naji, MB, BCh, PhD (UK) Head of Basic Medical Sciences Dept. Faculty of Medicine The Hashemite University
Medical Virology Immunology Dr. Sameer Naji, MB, BCh, PhD (UK) Head of Basic Medical Sciences Dept. Faculty of Medicine The Hashemite University Human blood cells Phases of immune responses Microbe Naïve
More informationChapter 38- Immune System
Chapter 38- Immune System First Line of Defense: Barriers Nonspecific defenses, such as the skin and mucous membranes, are barriers to potential pathogens. In addition to being a physical barrier to pathogens,
More informationOpenStax-CNX module: m Innate Immunity. OpenStax College. Abstract
OpenStax-CNX module: m45542 1 Innate Immunity OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section, you will
More informationChapter 24 The Immune System
Chapter 24 The Immune System The Immune System Layered defense system The skin and chemical barriers The innate and adaptive immune systems Immunity The body s ability to recognize and destroy specific
More informationInterval between clutches, fitness, and climate change
Interval between clutches, fitness, and climate change Behavioral Ecology doi:10.1093/beheco/arl051 Advance Access publication 29 September 2006 Anders Pape Møller Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive,
More informationImmune System AP SBI4UP
Immune System AP SBI4UP TYPES OF IMMUNITY INNATE IMMUNITY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY EXTERNAL DEFENCES INTERNAL DEFENCES HUMORAL RESPONSE Skin Phagocytic Cells CELL- MEDIATED RESPONSE Mucus layer Antimicrobial
More informationInnate Immunity. Bởi: OpenStaxCollege
Innate Immunity Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The vertebrate, including human, immune system is a complex multilayered system for defending against external and internal threats to the integrity of the body. The
More informationThere are 2 major lines of defense: Non-specific (Innate Immunity) and. Specific. (Adaptive Immunity) Photo of macrophage cell
There are 2 major lines of defense: Non-specific (Innate Immunity) and Specific (Adaptive Immunity) Photo of macrophage cell Development of the Immune System ery pl neu mφ nk CD8 + CTL CD4 + thy TH1 mye
More informationChapter 13 Lymphatic and Immune Systems
The Chapter 13 Lymphatic and Immune Systems 1 The Lymphatic Vessels Lymphoid Organs Three functions contribute to homeostasis 1. Return excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream 2. Help defend the body against
More informationTypes of behaviors that are elicited in response to simple stimuli
Lecture 19: Animal Behavior I. Background A. Animal behavior reflects and arises from biological properties 1. Exhibited behavior defends on the physiological systems and processes unique to a given organism
More informationUnderstanding basic immunology. Dr Mary Nowlan
Understanding basic immunology Dr Mary Nowlan 1 Immunology Immunology the study of how the body fights disease and infection Immunity State of being able to resist a particular infection or toxin 2 Overview
More informationCH. 24. The Immune System
CH. 24 The Immune System The immune systems consists of organs, cells, and molecules that fight infections and protect us from invaders. Pathogens: Bacteria, Viruses, Parasites, Fungi 1. Innate (nonspecific)
More informationAttribution: University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Immunology
Attribution: University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Immunology License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
More informationPOST-ALLOGROOMING REDUCTIONS IN SELF-DIRECTED BEHAVIOUR ARE AFFECTED BY ROLE AND STATUS IN THE GREEN WOODHOOPOE
2 3 4 5 6 POST-ALLOGROOMING REDUCTIONS IN SELF-DIRECTED BEHAVIOUR ARE AFFECTED BY ROLE AND STATUS IN THE GREEN WOODHOOPOE Andrew N. Radford Electronic Supplementary Material 8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Study Species
More informationAdaptation and Optimality Theory
Adaptation and Optimality Theory Prisoner s Dilemma game: An optimality model What is the optimal strategy when you are playing with different people of unknown reputation? Defect: We call this the evolutionarily
More informationEstrogen-active compounds: do they target only reproduction and sexual differentiation?
Estrogen-active compounds: do they target only reproduction and sexual differentiation? There is much more out there (hormone pleiotropism) Estrogen receptors are present in a variety of tissues Growth-regulating
More informationMultiple sexual advertisements honestly reflect health status in peacocks (Pavo cristatus)
Behav Ecol Sociobiol (25) 58: 552 557 DOI 1.17/s265-5-958-y ORIGINAL ARTICLE Adeline Loyau Michel Saint Jalme Cécile Cagniant Gabriele Sorci Multiple sexual advertisements honestly reflect health status
More informationTypes of Mating Systems
The Human Mating System Note: this is the stereotypical EP view (e.g., Buss) Types of Mating Systems Random Monogamy Polygyny: variance in male reproductive success > variance in female reproductive success
More informationMALE BEHAVIOR AND FEMALE RECRUITMENT IN THE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD
MALE BEHAVIOR AND FEMALE RECRUITMENT IN THE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD PATRICK J. WEATHERHEAD AND RALEIGH J. ROBERTSON In most species of birds females devote more energy to reproduction than do males. Consequently
More informationCHAPTER-VII IMMUNOLOGY R.KAVITHA, M.PHARM, LECTURER, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS, SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SRM UNIVERSITY, KATTANKULATHUR.
CHAPTER-VII IMMUNOLOGY R.KAVITHA, M.PHARM, LECTURER, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS, SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SRM UNIVERSITY, KATTANKULATHUR. The Immune Response Immunity: Free from burden. Ability of an
More informationWarm-up. Parts of the Immune system. Disease transmission. Disease transmission. Why an immune system? Chapter 43 3/9/2012.
Warm-up Objective: Explain how antigens react with specific lymphocytes to induce immune response and immunological memory. Warm-up: Which of the following would normally contain blood with the least amount
More informationModeling the Immune System
An Introduction to Modeling the Immune System School of Computer and Communication Sciences EPFL, SS 2007-08 http://swis.epfl.ch/teaching/modeling_immune_system/ Master Modelling the immune system Aims
More informationMale parental effort and paternity in a variable mating system
Anim. Behav., 1998, 55, 69 64 Male parental effort and paternity in a variable mating system LINDA A. WHITTINGHAM & PETER O. DUNN Evolutionary Ecology Group, Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian
More informationExperimental manipulation of tail length in female barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) affects their future reproductive success
Behavioral Ecology Vol. 14 No. 4: 451 456 Experimental manipulation of tail length in female barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) affects their future reproductive success José Javier Cuervo, a Anders Pape
More informationInvestigating Life History Tradeoffs in an Opportunisitc Bredding Songbird, the Red Crossbill (Loxia Curvirostra) in Grand Teton National Park
University of Wyoming National Park Service Research Center Annual Report Volume 34 34th Annual Report, 2011 Article 7 1-1-2011 Investigating Life History Tradeoffs in an Opportunisitc Bredding Songbird,
More informationWednesday, September 12, 12. Whiptail Lizard
Whiptail Lizard Sexual Selection Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace Noticed that males of many species have highly elaborated traits that seem maladaptive (secondary sexual characters) Antlers
More informationImmunology for the Rheumatologist
Immunology for the Rheumatologist Rheumatologists frequently deal with the immune system gone awry, rarely studying normal immunology. This program is an overview and discussion of the function of the
More informationUV-COLOURATION: SEXUAL SELECTION AND
Theses of the dissertation UV-COLOURATION: SEXUAL SELECTION AND MATERNAL INVESTMENT IN EUROPEAN GREEN LIZARD (LACERTA VIRIDIS) Katalin Bajer Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology Eötvös Loránd University
More informationPlasticity in reproductive effort of male dung flies. (Scatophaga stercoraria) as a response to larval density. P. STOCKLEY and N. J.
Functional Ecology 2001 Plasticity in reproductive effort of male dung flies Blackwell Science, Ltd (Scatophaga stercoraria) as a response to larval density P. STOCKLEY and N. J. SEAL Population Biology
More informationFEMALE ORNAMENTATION IN THE AMERICAN ROBIN
FEMALE ORNAMENTATION IN THE AMERICAN ROBIN Insights into the evolution and function of female ornamentation: relationships between female colour, individual quality, and egg investment in a mutually ornamented,
More informationAcquired Immunity Cells are initially and require before they can work Responds to individual microbes
1 of 10 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CHAPTER 43; PAGES 898 921 WHY DO WE NEED AN IMMUNE SYSTEM? It s a dirty, dirty world out there and we are vastly outnumbered Bacteria and parasites are everywhere The body has
More informationChapter 23 Immunity Exam Study Questions
Chapter 23 Immunity Exam Study Questions 1. Define 1) Immunity 2) Neutrophils 3) Macrophage 4) Epitopes 5) Interferon 6) Complement system 7) Histamine 8) Mast cells 9) Antigen 10) Antigens receptors 11)
More informationReproduction. Chapter 7
Reproduction Chapter 7 Sexual Selection Darwin's theory to explain traits that aren't obviously advantageous https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ll30qttsz9u Bower Birds Bower Birds She builds the nest, cares
More information1. (6 pts) a. Can all characteristics of organisms be explained by natural selection? Explain your answer in a sentence (3 pts)
Zoology 357 - Evolutionary Ecology - First Exam 1. (6 pts) a. Can all characteristics of organisms be explained by natural selection? Explain your answer in a sentence (3 pts) b. Name two non-selectionist
More informationFemale choice in the sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus: multiple cues from song and territory quality
Female choice in the sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus: multiple cues from song and territory quality KATHERINE L. BUCHANAN AND CLIVE K. CATCHPOLE* School of Biological Sciences, Ro al Hollo a,
More informationThe Adaptive Immune Responses
The Adaptive Immune Responses The two arms of the immune responses are; 1) the cell mediated, and 2) the humoral responses. In this chapter we will discuss the two responses in detail and we will start
More informationThe term complement refers to the ability of a system of some nonspecific proteins in normal human serum to complement, i.e., augment the effects of
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM The term complement refers to the ability of a system of some nonspecific proteins in normal human serum to complement, i.e., augment the effects of other components of immune system,
More informationApril 12: Reproduction III: Female choice. Female choice
April 12: Reproduction III: Female choice Female choice In general, females are expected to be choosier than males because they have more to lose by making bad mating decisions Costs and Benefits: Possible
More informationBio 1M: Evolutionary processes
Bio 1M: Evolutionary processes Evolution by natural selection Is something missing from the story I told last chapter? Heritable variation in traits Selection (i.e., differential reproductive success)
More informationINNATE IMMUNITY Non-Specific Immune Response. Physiology Unit 3
INNATE IMMUNITY Non-Specific Immune Response Physiology Unit 3 Protection Against Infection The body has several defenses to protect itself from getting an infection Skin Mucus membranes Serous membranes
More informationINFECTIOUS DISEASES. Chapter 13
INFECTIOUS DISEASES Chapter 13 No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1 The Process of Infection Infection: a disease or condition caused by a microorganism
More informationIntroduction to Immune System
Introduction to Immune System Learning outcome You will be able to understand, at a fundamental level, the STRUCTURES and FUNCTIONS of cell surface and soluble molecules involved in recognition of foreign
More informationGood resources. Why are females choosy? Good resources. Resources from males can tip the scales of relative investment
Why are females choosy? Good resources direct benefits Good genes indirect benefits Sexy son hypothesis (Fisher) Handicap hypothesis (Zahavi) Good genes for sons, daughters Good resources courtship feeding
More informationGood resources. Why are females choosy? Good resources. Good resources direct benefits Good genes indirect benefits
Why are females choosy? Good resources direct benefits Good genes indirect benefits Sexy son hypothesis (Fisher) Handicap hypothesis (Zahavi) Good genes for sons, daughters courtship feeding Good resources
More informationSome observations. Some traits are difficult to view as adaptations, because they appear to provide a disadvantage to the organism
Some traits are difficult to view as adaptations, because they appear to provide a disadvantage to the organism Darwin asked: Can natural selection explain these differences? Structural traits: cumbersome
More information1. Specificity: specific activity for each type of pathogens. Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen or foreign substance.
L13: Acquired or adaptive (specific) immunity The resistance, which absent at the time of first exposure to a pathogen, but develops after being exposed to the pathogen is called acquired immunity. It
More informationImmunology Lecture- 1
Immunology Lecture- 1 Immunology and Immune System Immunology: Study of the components and function of the immune system Immune System a network collected from cells, tissues organs and soluble factors
More informationClinical Basis of the Immune Response and the Complement Cascade
Clinical Basis of the Immune Response and the Complement Cascade Bryan L. Martin, DO, MMAS, FACAAI, FAAAAI, FACOI, FACP Emeritus Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics President, American College of Allergy,
More informationBlood and Immune system Acquired Immunity
Blood and Immune system Acquired Immunity Immunity Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity Defensive mechanisms include : 1) Innate immunity (Natural or Non specific) 2) Acquired immunity (Adaptive or Specific) Cell-mediated
More informationTesting Sensory Bias. Why are females choosy? Sensory Bias. Sensory bias. 1. Direct benefits. 2. Runaway sexual selection. 3.
Why are females choosy? 1. Direct benefits 2. Runaway sexual selection 3. Sensory bias 4. Good genes Sensory Bias 1. Runaway sexual selection predicts females can have preferences for male traits that
More informationDefense & the Immune System. Immune System Agenda 4/28/2010. Overview. The bigger picture Non specific defenses Specific defenses (Immunity)
Defense &The Immune System Overview Immune System Agenda The bigger picture Non specific defenses Specific defenses (Immunity) Defense & the Immune System Big Picture Defense Any means of preventing or
More informationThe sight of a feather in a peacock s tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick. --Charles Darwin 1887
The sight of a feather in a peacock s tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick. --Charles Darwin 1887 1 Outline causes sexual selection vs. natural selection sexual selection during courtship male-male
More informationAnimal Behavior. Thur March 24: Animal Behavior: outline. Questions: What, How, and Why. Behavior is shaped partly by inheritance
Thur March 24: Animal Behavior Animal Behavior: outline Animal Behavior Questions Behavior is partly shaped by Inheritance Behavior is partly shaped by Learning Hormones and Behavior The Genetics of Behavior
More informationCampbell's Biology: Concepts and Connections, 7e (Reece et al.) Chapter 24 The Immune System Multiple-Choice Questions
Campbell's Biology: Concepts and Connections, 7e (Reece et al.) Chapter 24 The Immune System 24.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The body's innate defenses against infection include A) several nonspecific
More informationBody Defense Mechanisms
BIOLOGY OF HUMANS Concepts, Applications, and Issues Fifth Edition Judith Goodenough Betty McGuire 13 Body Defense Mechanisms Lecture Presentation Anne Gasc Hawaii Pacific University and University of
More informationAdaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host
17 Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host SLOs Differentiate between innate and adaptive immunity, and humoral and cellular immunity. Define antigen, epitope, and hapten. Explain the function
More informationThird line of Defense
Chapter 15 Specific Immunity and Immunization Topics -3 rd of Defense - B cells - T cells - Specific Immunities Third line of Defense Specific immunity is a complex interaction of immune cells (leukocytes)
More information