West Indian fruit fly Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) Diptera:Tephritidae

Transcription

1 Islamic Republic Of Iran Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture Plant Protection Organization A Guide for Diagnosis & Detection Of Quarantine Pests West Indian fruit fly Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) Diptera:Tephritidae Edited by: Ahmad cheraghian Bureau of Plant Pest Surveillance and Pest Risk Analysis 2014

2 Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) Diptera : Tephritidae Common name: Fruit fly, West Indian, West Indian fruit fly, Antillean fruit fly Synonyms: Tephritis obliqua Macquart, Acrotoxa obliqua (Macquart) Trypeta obliqua (Macquart), Anastrepha acudisa (not Walker) Anastrepha trinidadensis Green(not Walker), Anastrepha mombinpraeoptans Sein Anastrepha fraterculus var. mombinpraeoptans Sein Anastrepha fraterculus var. ligata Costa Lima Economic impact: Anastrepha spp. are the most serious fruit fly pests in the tropical Americas (Norrbom and Foote, 1989), with the possible exception of the introduced Ceratitis capitata (EPPO/CABI, 1996). A. obliqua is recorded from Citrus spp., but they are not important hosts (Enkerlin et al., 1989). It mainly attacks mangoes and other Anacardiaceae (Whervin, 1974). Hosts: Major hosts:mangifera indica (mango), Spondias (purple mombin) Minor hosts : Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut), Averrhoa carambola (carambola), Brosimum alicastrum (breadnut), Citrus, Citrus aurantium (sour orange), Citrus limetta (sweet lemon tree), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit), Coffea arabica (arabica coffee), Diospyros ebenaster (black sapote), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Malpighia glabra (acerola), Manilkara zapota (sapodilla), Passiflora quadrangularis (giant granadilla), Pouteria sapota (mammey sapote), Pouteria viridis (green sapote), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Psidium guajava (guava), Psidium longipes (strawberry guava), Pyrus communis (European pear), Spondias dulcis (otaheite apple), Spondias mombin (hog plum), Spondias purpurea (red mombin), Syzygium jambos (rose apple), Syzygium malaccense (malay-apple) Geographic distribution: Central America & Caribbean: Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica,Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands. North America: Mexico USA(eradicated), South America: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela World distribution map of Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart)

3 Morphology: Eggs The egg of A. obliqua bears a conspicuous respiratory 'horn' which projects outside the fruit peel (Murillo and Jiron, 1994). Larva In general it is not possible to identify Anastrepha spp. with certainty from larval characteristics. Descriptions of the larva of A. obliqua are provided by Berg (1979), Steck et al. (1990) and White and Elson-Harris (1992). As in other Anastrepha spp., the larva is whitish, up to 12 mm in length, usually feeding in the flesh of the fruits. The two mouth hooks are strongly developed and equal in size. The body is tapered anteriorly and truncated at the posterior end. Each posterior spiracle has three openings or slits arranged parallel or converging, on a sclerotized plate. The larva of A. obliqua is difficult to distinguish from that of A. fraterculus, but can be separated from that of A. ludens by having usually eight or nine buccal carinae instead of twelve and by having a single line of caudal papillae, above and below the posterior spiracles, instead of two lines. The larva of A. suspensa differs from that of A. obliqua in the shape of the teeth on the oral ridges. Adult A. obliqua, like other Anastrepha spp., is easily separated from other tephritids by a simple wing venation character; the vein that reaches the wing margin just behind the wing apex curves forwards before joining the wing margin. Furthermore, most Anastrepha spp. have a very characteristic wing pattern; the apical half of the wing has two inverted 'V'-shaped markings, one fitting within the other; and a stripe along the forward edge of the wing which runs from near the wing base to about half way along the wing length. Identification to species is more difficult. In particular, it is essential to dissect the aculeus (ovipositor piercer) of a female specimen to achieve positive identification. The adult of A. obliqua is very difficult to separate from that of A. fraterculus; if necessary, specimens should be referred to a specialist. The following description applies to both species. Colour: scutum without any silvery or hoary patterning; base of scutellum and posterior margin of scutum without a black mark; apical section of vein M (beyond dm-cu crossvein) crossed by an oblique marking; in cell r4+5 this marking often joins the marking on crossvein dm-cu to form an inverted V-shaped band (known as the V- band). Abdomen: aculeus tip serrate and less than 0.18 mm wide; aculeus at most 2.0 mm long. Wing length 5-7 mm. Head. Number of frontal bristles three pairs, or four or more pairs. Number of orbital bristles two pairs. Anterior orbital bristle of male normal, unmodified. Posterior orbital bristles reclinate; acuminate. Ocellar bristles absent or minute, like setulae. Postocellar bristles present (size like ludens). With both inner and outer vertical bristles. Outer vertical, postvertical and postocellar bristles all acuminate. Postocular bristles acuminate; normal. Genal bristle present. Head higher than long. Male and female head width the same. Frontofacial angle about equal to a right angle and angular, or much greater than a right angle and rounded. Face concave; with distinct antennal grooves and carina; about as long as frons, or shorter than frons; with ventral part projected; without dark marks. Parafacial spot absent. Frons and parafacial without small silvery markings. Fronto-orbital plate setulose. Frontal stripe setulose. Eye elongate, considerably higher than long. Antenna considerably shorter than face, or about as long as face. Scape, pedicel, and first flagellomere all relatively short. First flagellomere shorter than face; rounded apically. Arista longer than first

4 flagellomere; pubescent, with hairs about as long as greatest aristal width; hairs both dorsal and ventral. Proboscis short, capitate. Thorax. Inner scapular bristle present and distinguishable from surrounding vestiture, or absent or indistinguishable from surrounding vestiture; dark. Outer scapular bristle present and distinguishable from surrounding vestiture; dark. Postpronotal bristle present. Presutural dorsocentral bristle absent. Presutural supra-alar bristle present. Postsutural supra-alar bristle present. Acrostichal bristle present. Postsutural dorsocentral bristle present; bristles approximately aligned with or posterior to post-alar bristles. Intra-alar bristle present, well developed, similar to postalar bristle. Intrapostalar bristles absent. Number of scutellar bristles two pairs. Apical scutellar bristles as long as basals or longer, or 50%-90% as long as basals (usually). Anterior notopleural bristle present. Posterior notopleural bristle(s) acuminate. Number of outstanding anepisternal bristles one, or two. Katepisternal bristles present, or absent. Anepisternal bristles dark, brown to black. Long, erect setulae on laterotergite absent. Scutellum sparsely setulose. Setulae on scutellum short, decumbent; unicolorous, acuminate. Transverse suture with the lateral branches wide apart. Complete sclerotized postcoxal metathoracic bridge absent or semimembranous. Scutum yellowish, or orange-brown; without a large dark central stripe which broadens basally. Postpronotal lobe entirely pale whitish or yellowish (usually), or predominantly of the ground color; concolorous with lateral postsutural stripe. Posterior half of notopleuron same as ground color. Scutum dorsad of notopleuron of the ground color, not whitish or yellowish, or with a pale whitish or yellowish stripe which extends from postpronotal lobe to posterior half of notopleuron, or with a pale stripe which extends from the postpronotal lobe dorsad of the anterior notopleuron, not reaching the posterior half of the notopleuron (normally 1? all faint). Dark lyrelike pattern on scutum absent. Discrete shiny black spots on scutum absent. Median longitudinal black stripe on scutum absent. Number of pale whitish to yellow postsutural stripes three (usually), or zero. Pale medial postsutural stripe of scutum linear, or linear, with posterior part expanded, ovoid or triangular. Lateral postsutural stripes of scutum extending to intra-alar bristles or beyond, or continuing along side of scutellum. Scutum without blackish dorsocentral stripe. Area bordering scutoscutellar suture medially without dark brown spot, light colored. Discrete pale horizontal stripe along upper anepisternum present and distinct, extending from postpronotal lobe to wing base to absent or indistinct. Distinct pale vertical anepisternal stripe extending to postpronotal lobe, or absent. Katepisternite with pale yellowish or whitish spot absent or indistinct. Transverse suture covered by extension of postsutural lateral stripe, or without distinct stripe or spot. Katatergite with pale yellowish or whitish spot present and distinct, or absent or indistinct. Anatergite with pale yellowish or whitish spot present and distinct, or absent or indistinct. Subscutellum uniformly yellowish to pale orange-brown. Mediotergite uniformly yellowish to orange-brown, or yellowish to orange-brown medially, with distinct dark spots laterally (usually). Scutum entirely microtrichose, microtrichia evenly distributed, or at most with small presutural, medial bare area. Dorsum of scutellum flat or slightly convex, not swollen. Scutellum normal; with no isolated dark spots; without black mark; without mark. Legs. Femora slender. Fore femur with regular bristles; without ventral spines; with 1 to 3 posterodorsal and 1 posteroventral rows of bristles only. Mid femur and hind femur without spine-like bristles. Middle leg of male without feathering. Femora all entirely of one color; dark mark on fore femur 0% of length of femur; dark mark on middle femur 0% of length of femur; dark mark on hind femur 0% of length of femur.

5 Wings. Wing partly bare. Cell bc microtrichia covering whole cell, or present on anterior margin only. Cell c microtrichia covering whole cell, or present except posterior or posteromedial bare area. Cell bm microtrichose only on narrow subapical streak (usually), or with apical half microtrichose. Cell dm entirely microtrichose, or bare on less than basal one-third (usually). Cell cup with large anterior bare area (usually), or entirely microtrichose. Dense microtrichia at end of vein A1+CuA2 in male absent. Dominant wing pattern cross-banded, or costal-banded. Crossbanded wing patterns Anastrepha-like. Wing pattern mostly yellowish. Dark longitudinal streaks through basal cells absent. Costal band colored from wing base to cell sc. Apex of costal band not distinctly expanded. Costal band all one color, or pterostigma darker. Crossvein r-m covered by a major crossband. Crossvein dm-cu covered by a major crossband which reaches posterior margin of wing. Crossveins r-m and dm-cu not both covered by a single crossband. Cell r2+3 apical to r-m with large hyaline area. Cell r1 and r2+3 without darker spots within the pattern. Intercalary band absent. Subbasal crossband absent. Subbasal and discal crossbands not joined. Marginal hyaline area in cell r1 present and distinct. Ratio of width of apical band in cell r4+5 to length of r-m Anterior apical crossband contiguous with costa over entire length, without marginal hyaline band or spots apically in cells r1 and r2+3. Anterior apical band or costal band not extended to vein M. Posterior apical crossband present; fused to subapical band. Costal and discal bands joined on vein R4+5. Discal band strongly oblique in posterobasal-anteroapical direction, extended from apex of cell cup, across r-m to middle of cell r1. Discal and apical crossbands directly joined. Discal and subapical crossbands joined along anterior wing margin or along vein R4+5 (usually), or not joined. Discal and subapical bands connected along vein R4+5 (usually), or not connected along vein R4+5. Subapical and anterior apical crossbands not joined, subapical crossband not reaching costa. Outstanding costal spine(s) at subcostal break present. Ratio of length of costal section 3 to costal section Ratio of pterostigmal length to width 3 4. Vein R1 dorsal setation without bare section opposite end of vein Sc. Vein Rs dorsal setation setulose. Vein R2+3 generally straight. Anteriorly-directed accessory vein emerging from R2+3 absent. Vein R4+5 dorsal setation dense over at least proximal section (proximally dense, apically often bare); ventral setation present, or absent or only present on node or close thereafter. Distance between crossvein r-m and costa longer than r-m. R-m crossvein on cell dm at or near distal third of cell dm. Cell bm narrow, triangular; ratio of length to width 3 3.3; ratio of width to cell cup width Vein M distally curved anterad. Cell dm widens apically gradually from base. Posterodistal corner of cell dm approximately a right angle. Cell cup extension or lobe present, vein CuA2 abruptly bent; shorter than vein A1+CuA2 (sometimes almost equal); triangular, or with parallel margins. Abdomen. Abdomen ovate or parallel sided. Abdominal tergites separate. Abdomen in lateral view flatter, more flexible. Abdominal tergite 1 broader at apex than at base; without a prominent hump laterally. Pecten of dark bristles on tergite 3 of male absent. Tergal glands on tergite 5 absent. Abdominal tergite 5 normal. 6th tergite of female exposed; shorter than 5th. Abdominal setulae acuminate and dark, or acuminate and pale, or mixed dark and pale acuminate. Abdominal microtomentum uniform, or absent (pres., light). Abdominal sternite 5 of male less than 2x wider than long, not longer than wide. Abdominal tergites 3 5 predominantly yellow to orange brown. Abdominal tergites without medial dark stripe; not brown with medial T- shaped yellow mark; without isolated dark areas on lateral margins of T3-T5; without dark brown transverse bands.

6 Male terminalia. Epandrium in posterior view with long outer surstyli, which are more than half as long as epandrium; lateral view with outer surstyli distinctly narrower than epandrium, clearly differentiated. Outer surstylus shape in posterior view long, slightly tapered, somewhat truncate apically. Aedeagus length mm; ratio of length to mesonotum length Distiphallus present; with basolateral membranous lobe; mostly membranous medially, with small subapical sclerites; without stout, curved, basal spine; without basal setulose rod. Sclerite of vesica of distiphallus present, isolated, T-shaped. Female terminalia. Syntergosternite 7 straight; shorter than preabdomen; mm; base with a laterally projecting flap; tubular. Ratio of syntergosternite 7 length to mesonotum length Dorsobasal scales of eversible membrane numerous, very large, hook-like, in triangular pattern. Aculeus length mm; tip length mm; tip width mm; shaft parallel-sided except extreme base. Aculeus tip gradually tapering, needle-like, with flat cross-section, or gradually tapering, but with medial constriction; fused to main part of aculeus, not movable; 67 82% serrated; with numerous fine to medium sized serrations. Three sclerotized spermathecae. Spermathecae ovoid. Adult of Anastrepha obliqua

7 Habitus, female (dorsal) of Anastrepha oblique Terminalia, female (eversible membrane) Egg Adult & egg of Anastrepha obliqua

8 Terminalia, female (aculeus) of Anastrepha obliqua Terminalia, female (aculeus tip, line) of Anastrepha obliqua

9 Habitus, male (dorsal) of Anastrepha obliqua Wings of Anastrepha obliqua

10 Cephalopharyngeal skeleton, caudal segment (posterior). Cephalopharyngeal skeleton, spiracles, caudal segment (posterior). Anal lobes SEM. Posterior spiracles Life cycle of of Anastrepha obliqua

11 Biology and ecology: As in Anastrepha spp. generally, eggs are laid below the skin of the host fruit and hatch within 3-12 days. The larvae feed for another days. Pupariation is in the soil under the host plant and adults emerge after days (longer in cool conditions); adults occur throughout the year (Christenson and Foote, 1960), with little seasonal variation (Hedstrom, 1993). Means of Movement and Dispersal There is evidence that adults of Anastrepha spp. can fly for as far as 135 km (Fletcher, 1989) and therefore natural movement is an important means of spread. In international trade, the major means of dispersal to previously uninfested areas is the transport of fruits containing live larvae. For the EPPO region, the most important fruits liable to carry A. obliqua are mangoes, and to a lesser extent Citrus and guava. A. obliqua has been intercepted in France on mangoes from Mexico. The various tropical fruit hosts which may be locally important in America are little traded to Europe. There is also a risk from the transport of puparia in soil or packaging with plants which have already fruited. Life cycle of Anastrepha obliqua

12 Symptoms: Attacked fruit can show signs of oviposition punctures, but these, or any other symptoms of damage, are often difficult to detect in the early stages of infestation. Much damage may occur inside the fruit before external symptoms are seen, often as networks of tunnels accompanied by rotting. Very sweet fruits may produce a sugary exudate. Symptoms by affected plant part Fruits/pods: internal feeding. Damage of Anastrepha spp. on fruit

13 Means of movement and dispersal: Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport - Fruits (inc. Pods): Eggs, Larvae; borne internally; visible to naked eye. - Growing Medium Accompanying Plants: Pupae; borne internally; visible to naked eye. Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport - Bark, - Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes, - Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx, - Leaves - Seedlings/Micropropagated Plants, - Roots, - Stems (above Ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches - True Seeds (inc. Grain), - Wood. Transport pathways for long distance movement - Conveyances (transport Vehicles): Aeroplanes And Boats, With Fruit Cargo. - Mail: Fruit In Post. - Containers And Packing: Of Fruit Cargo. - Soil, Gravel, Water, Etc.: Risk Of Puparia In Soil. - Travellers And Baggage: Fruit In Case Or Handbag. Phytosanitary significance: EPPO lists A. obliqua as an A1 quarantine pest (OEPP/EPPO, 1983) within the broad category 'non-european Trypetidae'; it is also of quarantine significance to APPPC, CPPC and NAPPO andis quarantine pest for Iran. Consignments of fruits of Citrus spp., mango and guava from countries where A. obliqua occurs should be inspected for symptoms of infestation. Those suspected should be cut open in order to look for larvae. For example, EPPO recommends (OEPP/EPPO, 1990) that such fruits should come from an area where A. obliqua does not occur or from a place of production found free from the pest by regular inspection for 3 months prior to harvest. Fruits may also be treated in transit by cold treatment (for example, 13, 15 or 17 days at 0.5, 1 or 1.5 C, respectively) or, for certain types of fruits, by vapour heat (for example, keeping at 43 C for 4-6 h) (USDA, 1994), or by hot water immersion (Nascimento et al., 1992; Thomas and Mangan, 1995) or forced hot air quarantine treatment (Mangan and Ingle, 1992). Plants of host species transported with roots from countries where A. suspensa occurs should be free from soil, or the soil should be treated against puparia, and should not carry fruits. Importation of such plants may be prohibited. Detection and inspection: No male lures have yet been identified for Anastrepha spp. However, they are captured by traps emitting ammonia and it is likely that traps already set for Rhagoletis cerasi in the cherry-growing areas of the EPPO region may attract Anastrepha spp. if they should ever occur in those areas. McPhail traps are usually used for the capture of Anastrepha spp. (Drew, 1982) and possible baits are ammonium acetate (Hedstrom and Jimenez, 1988), casein hydrolysate (Sharp, 1987) and torula yeast (Hedstrom and Jiron, 1985). The number of traps required per unit area is high; in a release and recapture test Calkins et al. (1984) placed 18 traps per 0.4 ha and only recovered about 13% of the released flies. Trap shape and design is important. Epsky et al. (1995) and Heath et al. (1995) described dry traps for use with synthetic lures. Robacker (1992) tested spheres and rectangles (vertical and horizontal) and found that the most efficient trap shapes and colours varied between seasons. Blanco-Montero and Sanchez-Salas (1990) showed

14 that the traditional McPhail trap was more effective than yellow circular or rectangular traps. McPhail traps baited with Torula yeast are so far the best attractant for Mexican fruit flies. However, different formulations are being tested, such as ammonium150 carbonates, methylamine HCl and putrescine (AMPu)(Robacker, 1995). Recent tests with ammonium acetate and putrescine (Thomas, 1999) and an improved McPhail (IMP) trap further improved trap catches. Trapping is not a good method to estimate populations of this fruit fly. Cutting fruit after harvest or late in the season is a good method of estimating populations. Detection and inspection host for fruit fly

15 (Jackson Trap) McPhail (McP) Yellow Panel (YP) ChamP Trap Open Bottom Dry Trap (OBT) Use of trap for Detection of fruit fly

16 Multilure Tephri Trap Steiner Trap (ST) C & C (Cook and Cunningham) Use of trap for Detection of fruit fly

17 Use of trap for Detection of fruit fly

18 References: Abai, M. (1984).List of forest trees and shrubs of Iran. Plant pests and Diseases Rech. Inst.,Tehran, 147p. Barouti,S.,A.alavi,2004,Plant Nematology,Principles, Parasitic and Quarantine Nematode in Iran., p. Behdad,E.,1984.Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran,Sepehr pub,tehran,822p. Esmaile,M.1983, Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran, Sepehr pub,tehran,366p. CAB International Crop Protection Compendium Edition. CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Modarres Awal, M.2012.List of Agricultural pests and Their Natural Enemies in Iran. Revised Edition, Ferdowsi university Prss,877p. Salavatean, Mer.1996, Plant quarantine in Iran, Research Institute,Ministey of Agriculture pub,279p. Guillermo López-Guillén, Armando Virgen & Julio C. Rojas,2009. Color preference of Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera, Tephritidae), Departamento de Entomología Tropical, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Chiapas, CP 30700, Mexico