Figure S1: Distal Humerus

Transcription

1 Figure S: Distal Humerus Criteria The distal part of the medial epicondyle forms The distal part of the medial epicondyle forms an a right angle. oblique angle. Viewed from the lateral aspect, the pit on the Viewed from the lateral aspect, the pit on the lateral condyle is broad and shallow. lateral condyle is sharply defined and deep. The olecranon fossa on the posterior aspect of The olecranon fossa on the posterior aspect of the distal end is low and broadly u-shaped. the distal end is high and narrowly v-shaped. The grove on the posterior aspect of the lateral condyle is continuous and unbroken right up to the lateral epicondyle. The grove on the posterior aspect of the lateral condyle is bisected by a raised ridge running lateral medially just below the lateral epicondyle.

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4 Figure S: Proximal Radius Criteria The lateral bicipital tuberosity is rounded in appearance and sits high up on the lateral side of the proximal shaft, intersecting the edge of the proximal articular surface directly without an intervening sulcus. The medial margin of the proximal articular surface is oval or rounded in shape. When viewed from the proximal aspect, the central margin of the proximal articular surface is level with both the lateral and medial margins. The medial facet of the proximal articular surface is shallow and almost level with the medial and anterior margins of the articular surface. The lateral bicipital tuberosity is rougher and more angular and sits lower on the lateral side of the proximal shaft, with a broad sulcus separating it from the edge of the proximal articular surface. The medial margin of the proximal articular surface is angular and square in shape. When viewed from the proximal aspect the central margin of the proximal articular surface is indented and more angular forming a v between the lateral and medial margins. The medial facet of the proximal articular surface is more concave, with the medial and anterior margins of the articular surface forming a lip around the facet.

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6 Figure S: Distal Radius Criteria The facet for the articulation with the intermediate carpal is shallow and broad. The facet for the articulation with the radial carpal is longer, narrower, and tear-dropped in shape. The facet for the articulation with the intermediate carpal is deeply pitted. The facet for the articulation with the radial carpal is broader and more angular.

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8 Figure S: Distal Tibia Criteria When viewed from the anterior aspect, the medial malleolus is straight so that the articular surface faces laterally. When viewed from the medial aspect, the medial malleolus appears bulbous, bulging out convexly in a medial direction. When viewed from the medial aspect, the medial malleolus is rounded on its anterior side and slopes gradually on its posterior side. When viewed from the anterior aspect, the medial malleolus is twisted so that more of the articular surface is exposed to view from the anterior side. When viewed from the medial aspect, the medial malleolus appears flat or concave. When viewed from the medial aspect, the medial malleolus is angular on its anterior side and slopes steeply on its posterior side.

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10 Figure S5: Distal Metapodials Criteria The peripheral parts of the trochelar condyles are larger in relation to the axial parts of the trochlear condyles. In diameter these peripheral parts are generally greater than 6-6% of the diameter of the axial parts. The peripheral parts of the trochlear condyles are flatter. The axial parts of the trochelear condyles on the medial and lateral portions of the bone are parallel to one another and to the long-axis of the bone. Metatarsal only: The junction between the rd and th metatarsals on the anterior aspect of the distal diaphysis right above the distal epiphysis is flat and not indented. The peripheral parts of the trochelar condyles are smaller in relation to the axial parts of the trochlear condyles. In diameter these peripheral parts are generally less than 6-6% of the diameter of the axial parts. The peripheral parts of the trochlear condyles flare outward from the axial part of the bone. The axial parts of the trochelear condyles on the medial and lateral portions of the bone angle inward toward the axial part of the bone, giving the distal end of the bone a pigeon-toed effect. Metatarsal only: The junction between the rd and th metatarsals on the anterior aspect of the distal diaphysis right above the distal epiphysis is grooved with two prominent ridges on either side.

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12 Figure S6: Astragalus Criteria When viewed from the anterior aspect, the medial articular ridge is less strongly expressed and more horizontally oriented. When viewed from the lateral aspect, the distal articular surface is semi-circular in shape with a straight proximal edge that runs across the entire lateral face of the bone. The proximo-plantar projection of the medial articular ridge of the trochlea forms a large and bulbous lobe. When viewed from the plantar aspect, the medial articular ridge projects in a plantar direction forming a continuous ridge from the proximal lobe so that the medial side of the plantar surface is higher than the lateral side. When viewed from the anterior aspect, the medial articular ridge is strongly expressed and angled obliquely in a distal direction. When viewed from the lateral aspect, the distal articular surface forms a tear-drop shape, with a convex proximal edge that does not extend to either the plantar or the dorsal edge of the lateral face of the bone. The proximo-plantar projection of the medial articular ridge of the trochlea is smaller and flatter and may be more pointed. When viewed from the plantar aspect, the medial articular ridge is less strongly expressed so that the medial and lateral sides of the plantar surface are level with one another.

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15 Figure S7: Calcaneus Criteria The length of the articular facet for the os malleolare on the lateral process is greater than half of the length of the entire process. The articular facet for the os malleolare is longer than it is wide, and more rectangular in shape. The distal, indented end of the articular facet slopes downward blending into the articularfree part of the lateral process. The two articular facets for the astragalus are separate. The length of the articular facet for the os malleolare on the lateral process is less than half of the length of the entire process. The articular facet for the os malleolare is wider than it is long, and more triangular in shape. The distal, indented end of the articular facet slopes upward with a clear margin that distinguishes it from the articular-free part of the lateral process. The two articular facets for the astragalus are continuous.

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17 Figure S8: First Phalanx Criteria The peripheral articulation on the proximal end is more open, forming a broader arc, mirroring the larger circumference of the peripheral trochlear condyles of the metapodials. The groove between the peripheral and axial articulations of the proximal end is shallow and u-shaped, reflecting the smaller differential between the sizes of the peripheral and axial trochlear condyles of the metapodials. The originating points for ligaments on the posterior side toward the distal end of the bone are absent or only visible as a flat scar or outline. The posterior edge of the distal articular surface is open or straight, so that the articular sections of the distal end are hardly distinguished from one another. The peripheral articulation on the proximal end is more closed, forming a tighter semi-circle, mirroring the smaller circumference of the peripheral trochlear condyles of the metapodials. The groove between the peripheral and axial articulations of the proximal end is deeper and v- shaped, reflecting the greater differential between the sizes of the peripheral and axial trochlear condyles of the metapodials. The originating points for ligaments on the posterior side toward the distal end of the bone are raised and pronounced. The posterior edge of the distal articular surface forms a v with its vertex at the articular grove between the articular sections of the distal end.

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19 Figure S9: Second Phalanx Criteria The axial and peripheral halves of the distal trochlear condyle both project only slightly distally, giving the articular end a symmetrical appearance when viewed either from the posterior aspect or the distal end. The posterior edge of the distal articular surface is straight or only slightly indented and the peripheral and axial halves of the articular surface are relatively symmetrical. The axial part of the distal trochlear condyle projects more steeply distally, giving the articular end an asymmetrical appearance when viewed either from the posterior aspect or the distal end. The posterior edge of the distal articular surface is more sharply indented and the peripheral half of the articular surface forms a ridge that continues toward the proximal end giving the distal articular surface an asymmetrical appearance.

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