Exotic Fruit Fly Pests in Florida: Past, Present, and Potential

Transcription

1 Exotic Fruit Fly Pests in Florida: Past, Present, and Potential David Dean, PhD Fruit Fly Laboratory Palmetto, FL Bureau of Entomology Division of Plant Industry Florida Department of Agriculture FDACS

2 Invasive Exotic Fruit Fly Pests USDA/APHIS Common Name Species 1 South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) 2 South American cucurbit fly Anastrepha grandis (Macquart) 3 Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens (Loew) 4 west indian fruit fly Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) 5 sapote fruit fly Anastrepha serpentina (Wiedemann) 6 guava fruit fly Anastrepha striata Schiner 7 Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) 8 guava fruit fly Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) 9 melon fly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) 10 oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) 11 olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) 12 Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) 13 Japanese orange fly Bactrocera tsuneonis (Miyake) 14 peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) 15 Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) 16 natal fruit fly Ceratitis rosa Karsch 17 fruit flies Ceratitis spp. MacLeay celery fly Euleia heraclei (Linnaeus) 19 asparagus fly Platyparea poeciloptera Schrank 20 fruit flies Pterandrus spp. Bezzi apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella (Wash) 22 papaya fruit fly Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker

3 Anastrepha suspensa Caribbean Fruit Fly Greater Antillean Fruit Fly Became established in Florida in 1965

4 Rhagoletis pomonella Now ranges from Canada to Mexico (Manitoba & Nova Scotia to Texas & Florida; Utah; Colorado; Coahuila to Michoacan; introduced from Washington to California) Apple Maggot

5 Toxotrypana curvicauda A major pest of papaya in much of the Neotropics was introduced into Florida in 1905 Papaya Fruit Fly

6 Male Female Ovipositor sheath (oviscape)

7 Oviscape chitinized ovipositor sheath

8 Aculeus - ovipositor eversible membrane micro sensory seta A. suspensa A. obliqua

9 Reproduction in Fruit Flies Eggs begin their development and mature in the ovaries without fertilization. Ovaries consist of a group of ovarioles where the oogonia undergo a series of cell divisions forming oocytes (eggs). The egg-swollen ovaries of the gravid female occupy a large part of the abdomen with fully developed eggs. Spermatheca are sack like receptacles in the female which acts as a reservoir for storing live sperm until required for fertilization during oviposition.

10 Life Stages of Fruit Fly Stages of Development Egg Larva (maggot) First instar Second instar Third instar Pupa Adult Development The duration of each stage of development is primarily temperature dependent Tephritids are well adapted to C (64-84 F) Optimum temperature 24 C (75 F)

11 What are Exotic/Economic Fruit Flies? Infest cultivated plants Wide host range High reproductive capacity Easily transported Difficult to control Quarantine restrictions transport and trade

12 Economic Importance Criteria Establishment Potential host range environmental suitability Dispersal Potential further possible movement of the pest Economic Impact crop losses loss of export markets control costs Environmental Impact possible environmental effects of control measures native species displacement Introduction Potential (pathways) the origin of the pest and frequency contact

13 Exotic Fruit Fly Records Florida SPECIES Total Anastrepha ludens 3 Bactrocera correcta 10 Bactrocera dorsalis 27 Ceratitis capitata 2 Grand Total 42

14 Ten most intercepted families of insect pests on passenger baggage from USDA-APHIS APHIS-PPQPPQ Rank Family 1 Diaspididae 2 Tephritidae 3 Curculionidae 4 Pseudococcidae 5 Agromyzidae 6 Tortricidae 7 Crambidae 8 Coccidae 9 Aleyrodidae 10 Thripidae Description Total Percent armored scales 69, fruit flies 45, weevils 26, mealybugs 24, miner flies 15, tortricid moths 13, crambid snout moths 11, soft scales, wax scales 11, whiteflies 7, thrips 4,

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16 Exotic Fruit Fly Topics Economic Fruit Fly Pests PAST: Review the history of some exotic fruit fly species in Florida POTENTIAL: PESTS ON THE MOVE Identify some fruit fly species expanding the boundaries of their known range PRESENT: The current status of some of the Cooperative Fruit Fly Prevention, Detection, and Eradication Programs in Florida

17 Origins of Economic Fruit Flies Anastrepha Ceratitis Dacus Bactrocera

18 The Genus: Anastrepha Diversity 200+ species Potential Pests USDA/APHIS REGULATED PEST LIST A. fraterculus (South American Fruit Fly) A. grandis (South American Cucurbit Fly) A. ludens (Mexican Fruit Fly) A. obliqua (West Indian Fruit Fly) A. serpintina (Sapote Fruit Fly) A. striata (Guava Fruit Fly)

19 Anastrepha Fraterculus South American Fruit Fly A major pest found throughout South and Central America, and Trinidad which actually forms a species complex with various sibling and subspecies that are not well defined taxonomically. There is no known male attractant.

20 PEST ON THE MOVE Anastrepha grandis Range is from Venezuela to Brazil and Argentina. It was detected in the eastern provinces of Panama, May A quarantine was imposed July 2009 to contain the outbreak. South American Cucurbit Fly

21 Anastrepha grandis larvae in squash

22 Anastrepha ludens Mexican Fruit Fly Ranges from Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, western Panama, and south Texas. There is no known male attractant. It is a key pest for Florida because a preffered host is grapefruit

23 Mexican Fruit Fly in Florida to 2009 Anastrepha ludens Source Data: FDACS Produced by Arnold Bailey DPI Fruit Fly Laboratory Palmetto, FL

24 Anastrepha obliqua West Indies Fruit Fly Range extends from Mexico to Argentina, Greater & Lesser Antilles; occasionally present in past in USA (southern Texas, Florida Keys), but not currently established. There is no known male attractant.

25 Anastrepha serpentina Sapote Fruit Fly Range extends from USA (s. Texas) to Peru & Argentina, and is also established in Trinidad. There is no known male attractant.

26 Anastrepha striata Guava Fruit Fly The range extends from Mexico south to Bolivia & Brazil. It is occasionally trapped in past in USA (southern Texas), but not currently established. There is no known male attractant.

27 Genus: Bactrocera / Dacus Diversity 770+ species combined Potential Pests USDA/APHIS REGULATED PEST LIST Potential Pest USDA/APHIS* B. correcta (Guava Fruit Fly) *B cucurbitae (Melon Fruit Fly) *B. dorsalis (Oriental Fruit Fly) *B. tryoni (Queensland Fruit Fly) *B. tsuneonis (Orange Fruit Fly) B. zonata (Peach Fruit Fly) Possible Pests B. carambolae (Carambola Fruit Fly) B. facialis B. latifrons (Solanum Fruit Fly) B. papayae (Papaya Fruit Fly) B. philippinensis New Pest B. invadens

28 PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera carambolae Hosts Occurring in Florida: Carambola Curacao apple Guava Surinam cherry Mango Tropical almond Grapefruit Carambola Fruit Fly

29 100% Damage to Carambola Star Fruit by Bactrocera carambolae

30 PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera facialis Infestations in Tonga Chili, capsicum % guava 90% This polyphagous pest attacks 72 host species in 54 genera and 33 families and is potentially a major pest species, if it is i spread outside Tonga. It has been detected outside of Tonga in New Zealand, Hawaii, and California.

31 PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera correcta (Asian) Guava Fruit Fly

32 Guava fruit fly in Florida Bactrocera correcta Source Data: FDACS Produced by Arnold Bailey DPI Fruit Fly Laboratory Palmetto, FL

33 Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon Fly

34 Weed Hosts Support Exotic Pests Melon fly Host: Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) Photo: Konrad Englberger The melon fly is a native species in tropical Asia and is now also established in Hawaii, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Solomon Islands, Guam and the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands. This pest species causes considerable damage to all cucurbit crops everywhere it occurs. In PNG 95% of bitter gourd fruits are infested.

35 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental Fruit Fly Introduced into Hawaii 1945 First found in California in 1960 Reintroduced in California every year since 1966 The Oriental fruit fly In Florida (10 introductions) First found in Florida in 1964 Most recent introductions

36 Oriental fruit fly in Florida Bactrocera dorsalis Source Data: FDACS Produced by Arnold Bailey DPI Fruit Fly Laboratory Palmetto, FL

37 PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera invadens New Pest Species First detected in Kenya in 2003, this invasive pest attacks a variety of cultivated and wild hosts. It rapidly spread across Africa within two years and is now confirmed in 22 African countries including the island of Grande Comores in the Indian Ocean. The rapidity and distance at which the fly can disperse and has serious implications for the African continent and many of their trading partners.

38 Solanum Fruit Fly PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera latifrons This is an Oriental species from China, India, Laos, Malaysia, Pakistan, P Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand, but also with adventive populations established in Hawaii since It invaded the Africa continent in Tanzania during 2007 and has been detected in California. It attacks mainly solanaceous ous crops such as chilli, eggplant and tomato.

39 PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera oleae First detected in California in October 1998, it is now found in all olive growing areas of the state. Use of olive trees as ornamentals is increasing in Florida, and fruit from these trees probably could support olive fruit fly y development. Olive Fruit Fly

40 PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera papayae Among the 52 sibling species complex of the Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis (Hendel), B. papayae (Drew & Hancock) is beginning to emerge as an economically important insect pest which poses a severe threat to the fruit cultivation in the South-east Asian region as well as in many subtropical and tropical countries. It is able to occupy a wide geographic and climatic range and attacks a very wide range of fruits and vegetables. It infests some 210 species of fruits and vegetables s in 112 genera and 47 plant families, making it probably one of the most damaging species in the world. Alarmingly. it has demonstrated that it is able to infest fruits such as citrus and pawpaw at the unripe stage. Asian papaya fruit fly

41 PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera philippinensis Another example of a potential pest of the 52 sibling species complex of the Oriental fruit fly is B. philippinensis, which is present in the Philippines where it is known to attack papaya (Carica( papaya), mango (Mangifera( indica), Syzygium malaccense,, Breadfruit (Artocarpus( altilis) ) and Pouteria duklitan. It has recently extended its distribution into the Pacific islands of Palau. Although the current host range is limited to the hosts listed, it is likely to have wider host range similar to that of oriental fruit t fly and therefore, is potentially serious pest species.

42 PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera tryoni The Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) is common in Australia (eastern half of Queensland, eastern New South Wales, extreme east of Victoria). It is the most destructive fruit fly species in Australia. Although currently eradicated from western Australia this species has been introduced into New Guinea, New Caledonia, French Polynesia (Austral Is., Society Is.), Easter I. It attacks over 113 species of edible and wild fruits and fleshy vegetables. Queensland Fruit Fly

43 Bactrocera tsuneonis No Photo available at this time B. tsuneonis is indigenous to eastern Asia (Japan, China, Taiwan, Viet Nam), but like other Bactrocera spp. is known by experience to have the potential to establish adventive populations in various other tropical areas. It is stenophagous attacking exclusively Citrus, especially mandarins. It is one of the most important pests of citrus in Japan. There is no known male attractant. Orange Fruit Fly

44 PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera zonata After the discovery of at least six flies in the Mayfair district t of Fresno California in 2006 & 2007, the California Department of Agriculture initiated State Quarantines. Peach Fruit Fly

45 Genus: Ceratitis Diversity 78 species About ten species are listed as pests that are mostly restricted to Africa. The Med fly is the most polyphagous and widespread species of Tephritidae and is by far the most notorious pest species in the genus. Potential Pests USDA Regulated Pest List C. capitata (Mediterranean Fruit Fly) C. rosa (Natal Fruit Fly) C. cosyra (Marula Fruit Fly)

46 Ceratitis capitata Mediterranean Fruit Fly

47 Mediterranean fruit fly on coffee fruit in Central America

48 Medfly infestations in Florida to ,000+ locations in 20 Counties 2,000+ locations in 27 Counties 142 locations in 6 Counties 678 locations in 9 Counties

49 Ceratitis rosa Like the Med Fly, the Natal fruit fly causes damage to a wide range of unrelated fruit crops. Peaches and guavas are particularly favored. Natal Fruit Fly

50 Ceratitis cosyra C. cosyra is a pest of mangoes (Mangifera( indica), but is also recorded from a few other fruit crops including avocados (Persea americana), Citrus and peaches (Prunus( persica). It resembles C. capitata in biology and survival capacity but possibly, in view of its essentially tropical distribution, it is even less tolerant of winter cold. Mango or Marula Fruit Fly

51 PEST ON THE MOVE Carpomya pardalina Seed Damage Melon Fly of Central Asia

52 PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera albistrigata White Striped Fruit Fly Hosts Occurring in Florida: Syzygium spp. Tropical almond NEW FIND Los Angeles, CA, July 2009 Trapped 5 specimens in cue lure baited traps

53 PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera scutellata 3 stripes First detected in Japan in Single flies were trapped in 1987 and 1999 in California and 8 in Los Angeles Some hosts are cucumber and squash. The Striped Fruit Fly

54 Historic Highlights of Fruit Fly Detection and Eradication in Florida First Area-wide eradication Mediterranean fruit fly

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56 Historic Highlights of Fruit Fly Detection and Eradication in Florida First Area-wide eradication Mediterranean fruit fly First Area-wide aerial application of malathion bait spray Mediterranean fruit fly eradication in

57 Historic Highlights of Fruit Fly Detection and Eradication in Florida First Area-wide eradication Mediterranean fruit fly First Area-wide aerial application of malathion bait spray Mediterranean fruit fly eradication in First Successful Area-wide SIT Current Sterile Med Fly Preventive Release Program Primary screw worm fly, 1950 s

58 Isthmus of Panama Sterile primary screw worm flies are released weekly maintaining a barrier to prevent re-introduction into North America

59 Current Preventive Release Program 1. Tampa: (Hillsborough County) Sterile Insect Release Facility Sarasota 2. Bradenton & Sarasota: (Manatee and Sarasota Counties) 100,000,000 Sterile Med Fly pupae are received from production facilities in Guatemala each week and sterile adults are release over 600 square miles 3. Miami: (Miami-Dade & Broward Counties)

60 Aerial Release Florida PRP Twin engine turbo prop air craft equipped with a release machine consisting of compressor and teflon coated augers for a controlled release rate Temperature controlled chilled sterile fly release box loaded on aircraft release machine (38 F)

61 Fruit Fly Detection and Eradication Cooperative Fruit Fly Programs in Florida Joint State and Federal Fruit Fly (FDACS/DPI & USDA/APHIS/PPQ) General Fruit Fly Detection 55,000 fruit fly detection traps from Key West to Jacksonville and Panama City requiring 250 field personnel Caribbean Fruit Fly Free Certification Seasonal trapping for export of grapefruit to Asia and Europe Blueberry Maggot Free Certification Seasonal trapping for export of blueberries to Canada Sterile Mediterranean Fruit Fly Preventive Release

62 Species Specific Lures Jackson Trap baited with Trimedlure, Methyl Eugenol, or Cuelure

63 Multi-lure lure trap baited with: a three component synthetic bait lure

64 PEST ON THE MOVE Drosophilidae: Zaprionus indianus African Fig Fly Brazil 1999, Panama 2003, and Florida 2005

65 PEST ON THE MOVE Drosophila suzukii Male Female & Males Occurs in China, Japan, Korea, and Thailand. It became established in Hawaii aii in 1990 and most recently in California, Florida, Oregon, and Washington in the US spring 2009 where it infests blueberries, cherries, grapes, raspberries, r and strawberries. Spotted Wing Drosophila or Cherry Vinegar Fly

66 Drosophila suzukii Finds Aug Feb 2010

67 Total Flies Weekly Drosophila suzukii Finds Total Flies Aug 8, Feb 18, 2010 Upper Activity Threshold 89 º Optimal Activity 68 º Lower Development Threshold 48 º Avg Temp (Fº) Dover, FL Weeks Avg. Temp. (Fº)

68 Suspect Fruit Fly Pests: Fruit Fly Identification Laboratory DPI/FDACS th Street East Palmetto, FL

69 Acknowledgements: Distribution Maps Arnold Bailey and Renae Snyder Photos: USDA, FDACS, CDFA, Ministry of Agriculture Brazil