DOWNLOAD PDF 10 HOW ARE EFFECTS OF MEDIA SEX TO BE EXPLAINED

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1 Chapter 1 : Sex and Media Tips Common Sense Media Kilbourne notes that sex in the media is often condemned "from a puritanical perspectiveâ there's too much of it, it's too blatant, it will encourage kids to be promiscuous, etc." But, she concludes, sex in the media "has far more to do with trivializing sex than with promoting it. Understanding Addiction How Addiction Hijacks the Brain Addiction involves craving for something intensely, loss of control over its use, and continuing involvement with it despite adverse consequences. Addiction changes the brain, first by subverting the way it registers pleasure and then by corrupting other normal drives such as learning and motivation. Although breaking an addiction is tough, it can be done. Addiction exerts a long and powerful influence on the brain that manifests in three distinct ways: For many years, experts believed that only alcohol and powerful drugs could cause addiction. Neuroimaging technologies and more recent research, however, have shown that certain pleasurable activities, such as gambling, shopping, and sex, can also co-opt the brain. Although a standard U. New insights into a common problem Nobody starts out intending to develop an addiction, but many people get caught in its snare. Consider the latest government statistics: Nearly 23 million Americansâ almost one in 10â are addicted to alcohol or other drugs. More than two-thirds of people with addiction abuse alcohol. The top three drugs causing addiction are marijuana, opioid narcotic pain relievers, and cocaine. In the s, when researchers first began to investigate what caused addictive behavior, they believed that people who developed addictions were somehow morally flawed or lacking in willpower. Overcoming addiction, they thought, involved punishing miscreants or, alternately, encouraging them to muster the will to break a habit. The scientific consensus has changed since then. Today we recognize addiction as a chronic disease that changes both brain structure and function. Just as cardiovascular disease damages the heart and diabetes impairs the pancreas, addiction hijacks the brain. This happens as the brain goes through a series of changes, beginning with recognition of pleasure and ending with a drive toward compulsive behavior. Pleasure principle The brain registers all pleasures in the same way, whether they originate with a psychoactive drug, a monetary reward, a sexual encounter, or a satisfying meal. In the brain, pleasure has a distinct signature: All drugs of abuse, from nicotine to heroin, cause a particularly powerful surge of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. The likelihood that the use of a drug or participation in a rewarding activity will lead to addiction is directly linked to the speed with which it promotes dopamine release, the intensity of that release, and the reliability of that release. Even taking the same drug through different methods of administration can influence how likely it is to lead to addiction. Smoking a drug or injecting it intravenously, as opposed to swallowing it as a pill, for example, generally produces a faster, stronger dopamine signal and is more likely to lead to drug misuse. The hippocampus lays down memories of this rapid sense of satisfaction, and the amygdala creates a conditioned response to certain stimuli. Learning process Scientists once believed that the experience of pleasure alone was enough to prompt people to continue seeking an addictive substance or activity. But more recent research suggests that the situation is more complicated. Dopamine not only contributes to the experience of pleasure, but also plays a role in learning and memoryâ two key elements in the transition from liking something to becoming addicted to it. This system has an important role in sustaining life because it links activities needed for human survival such as eating and sex with pleasure and reward. The reward circuit in the brain includes areas involved with motivation and memory as well as with pleasure. Addictive substances and behaviors stimulate the same circuitâ and then overload it. Repeated exposure to an addictive substance or behavior causes nerve cells in the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex the area of the brain involved in planning and executing tasks to communicate in a way that couples liking something with wanting it, in turn driving us to go after it. That is, this process motivates us to take action to seek out the source of pleasure. Do you have addiction? But acknowledging the problem is the first step toward recovery. Do you use more of the substance or engage in the behavior more often than in the past? Have you ever lied to anyone about your use of the substance or Page 1

2 extent of your behavior? Development of tolerance Over time, the brain adapts in a way that actually makes the sought-after substance or activity less pleasurable. In nature, rewards usually come only with time and effort. Addictive drugs and behaviors provide a shortcut, flooding the brain with dopamine and other neurotransmitters. Our brains do not have an easy way to withstand the onslaught. Addictive drugs, for example, can release two to 10 times the amount of dopamine that natural rewards do, and they do it more quickly and more reliably. In a person who becomes addicted, brain receptors become overwhelmed. The brain responds by producing less dopamine or eliminating dopamine receptorsâ an adaptation similar to turning the volume down on a loudspeaker when noise becomes too loud. People who develop an addiction typically find that, in time, the desired substance no longer gives them as much pleasure. Compulsion takes over At this point, compulsion takes over. The pleasure associated with an addictive drug or behavior subsidesâ and yet the memory of the desired effect and the need to recreate it the wanting persists. The learning process mentioned earlier also comes into play. The hippocampus and the amygdala store information about environmental cues associated with the desired substance, so that it can be located again. These memories help create a conditioned responseâ intense cravingâ whenever the person encounters those environmental cues. Cravings contribute not only to addiction but to relapse after a hard-won sobriety. A person addicted to heroin may be in danger of relapse when he sees a hypodermic needle, for example, while another person might start to drink again after seeing a bottle of whiskey. Conditioned learning helps explain why people who develop an addiction risk relapse even after years of abstinence. Cultivate diverse interests that provide meaning to your life. Understand that your problems usually are transient, and perhaps most importantly, acknowledge that life is not always supposed to be pleasurable. Paths toward recovery, a special health report published by Harvard Health Publications. This site is for information only and NOT a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment. We depend on support from our readers. All donations help and are greatly appreciated. Page 2

3 Chapter 2 : Understanding Addiction: How Addiction Hijacks the Brain Although sexual content in the media can affect any age group, adolescents may be particularly vulnerable. Adolescents may be exposed to sexual content in the media during a developmental period when gender roles, sexual attitudes, and sexual behaviors are being shaped. 1 This group may be. They seem to be in every commercial, magazine, song, game â everything. But what we can do is talk to kids about those images and try to challenge the exaggerated notions of sex they see every day. We can help our kids develop a normal, healthy perspective about sex. Our kids are growing up surrounded by sexual images and messages. Kids and teens are exposed to sexual imagery in advertisements, on TV, in movies, in books, in video games, and on the Internet. Many of these images are played for shock value, so they often contain graphic or violent sex. Even mild shows use sexual situations for humor. Sexual humor is a mainstay of adolescent entertainment. The more prevalent sexual situations are, the more normal they seem. Sexuality is increasingly reaching younger and younger children. And yes, studies have shown links between seeing lots of sex in the media and earlier onset of sexual activity. Tips for parents of elementary school kids Keep sexual content out of their media. Use safe-search filters on search engines. Kids look for images on Google and Yahoo! Tips for parents of middle school kids Be aware and share your values. By middle school, most kids know the facts. This humor makes kids see sex as a laughing matter. Seeing what your children are watching will make it easier for you to enforce your own rules. When possible, watch and listen with your kids so you can answer â and ask â questions that might come up. Look for teachable moments. A TV show in which a teen considers having sex with her boyfriend, or a song featuring sexy lyrics, can be the perfect opening for you to talk. Ask your kids about what they are seeing, hearing, and thinking about. They would rather talk about a movie than their own sexual thoughts. Tips for parents of high school kids Talk about the difference between scripted sex and reality. At this age, your children are moving into the sexually active zone. Discuss consequences, risky behaviors, and repeat your values. Page 3

4 Chapter 3 : How Media Use Affects Your Child While emerging work has demonstrated increases in sexual behavior and risk as a consequence of media exposure, teens cite television, magazines, and the Internet as sources of information about sexual health. 58 Media can be a "healthy sex-educator" and a useful tool for programs and interventions designed to reduce sexual risk among youth. Print article Music videos, movies, reality shows, beer ads, online porn, prostitutes in video games, sexy doctor shows. In fact, teens report that their main source of information about sex, dating and sexual health comes from what they see and hear in the media. Public health experts say that the media can be an effective sex educator when it includes specific information on birth control methods and sexually transmitted diseases. Why you should care: And that world makes dressing sexy, talking about sex and casual hook-ups seem like the norm. Teen pregnancy may not be on the rise, but sexually transmitted diseases STDs sure are, as is a rise in sexualized violence. And so much of online life is anonymous, which creates false sexual bravado and allows for sexually aggressive action divorced from consequences. Do you really want your boys looking at girls as sex objects and your girls using sexiness as a foundation for their identities? Programs with sexual content average 4. On average, music videos contain 93 sexual situations per hour, including 11 hard-core scenes depicting behavior like intercourse and oral sex. Between and, the number of sexual scenes on TV nearly doubled. Watching a lot of sexual content on TV and listening to sexually explicit music lyrics increase the chances that a teen will have sex at an earlier age. The biggest users of online pornography are to year-old boys. Common sense says Talk about your values. Watch and listen with your kids. Ask your kids what they think and whether they know people who act like the singers or actors. For 8- to year-olds, body-part jokes are age appropriate, but not sexual humor. Talk about consequences and bring examples down to earth. Is a guy beating up a girl in that video game? Is the singer talking about how many girls he sleeps with without knowing their names? How would your kids feel if that happened to them? Have you mentioned that, in the real world, unprotected sex can lead to pregnancy and STDs? No sexual media content is appropriate for kids ages No sex and violence together. Establish clear rules about where your kids can go online. Tell your tweens and teens that IMing or texting something that can seem sexual can get them into a heap of trouble. Page 4

5 Chapter 4 : Effects of pornography - Wikipedia We picked the minds of top sex docs to explain the strangest things that happen before, during, and after people have sex, so you can rest easy. Objectification of Women in Entertainment Media Introduction- A trend that is developing in entertainment media today is the objectification of women in society. Specifically in movies, music videos, music, and television, there is strong focus on women as sexual objects rather than women. This is detrimental to society because the media is creating social stereotypes for both men and women that can result in unhealthy social and physical habits. The issue is especially prevalent because the more the media uses sexual content regarding women, the more viewers seem to buy into them. The sexual attitudes of society are shaped and that has effects that can affect all demographics amongst society. This media action is allowed to proceed because sex sells and this objectification of women is what society has proven they want to see in entertainment media. That unhealthy train of thought can develop into recurring problems such as eating disorders, low self-esteem, and depression. These problems are directly linked to sexualized images in advertising and media entertainment such as this. These ads become the clothes women wear and the body image they strive to emulate. The problem is this image is not real or healthy, they are not human beings they are toys. Suggestive sexual imagery within the media is just continuing to feed into these ideals that continue to develop in our culture. These are especially alarming for both images. The first image portrays a shower gel advertisement intended for males, but instead they have chosen a dirty female to represent their brand, now why do that? We see that the women is only seen for her body and her face is not seen or important to the ad which shows the importance in body over personality. The second advertisement is for guess jeans, but instead of featuring the jeans the picture is from the waist up which means they are selling sex and not the jeans themselves. Why advertise jeans when you do not even picture them? Literature Review- The theme that became evident in my literature research about objectification of women in media is its various effects of all different demographics in society, but a stronger affect of women. Women are being viewed as sexual objects and buy into this culture as well. This is clear because these sexual uses in media are making the media profitable and thus the trend will continue. The continuation of this trend is detrimental to society. It may also contribute to enduring learned patterns of behavior, cognitive scripts and schemas about sexual interactions, attitudes, and beliefs about the real world. They have created stereotypes amongst society: The internet, with its easy access and highly explicit sexual content, has become another important source of information. Media content is dangerous especially for the youth in society because they are enduring this content during important stages in their development. This group may be particularly at risk because the cognitive skills that allow them to critically analyze messages from the media and to make decisions based on possible future outcomes are not fully developed. There is a fear of becoming unattractive or old based on what is displayed on the media. What society would not benefit from is a sense of comparison between the real world and the objectification of women that the media tends to present. This could lead to mass societal dissatisfaction with themselves, which could cause negative effects on their mental and physical health. The amount of teen sexual activity is on the rise, the number of teen pregnancies are increasing, and the amount of people suffering from sexually transmitted diseases are increasing in society. The level of media absorption is dangerous because media is taking over as the primary source of information. It cannot be argued for certain, but it is difficult to ignore the correlation. Page 5

6 Chapter 5 : Objectification of Women in Media - Media & Change Most kids today are plugged into devices like TVs, tablets, and smartphones well before they can even ride a bike. Technology can be part of a healthy childhood, as long as this privilege isn't abused. For example, preschoolers can get help learning the alphabet on public television, grade schoolers. For example, preschoolers can get help learning the alphabet on public television, grade schoolers can play educational apps and games, and teens can do research on the Internet. But too much screen time can be a bad thing: Children who consistently spend more than 4 hours per day watching TV are more likely to be overweight. Kids who view violent acts on TV are more likely to show aggressive behavior, and to fear that the world is scary and that something bad will happen to them. Teens who play violent video games and apps are more likely to be aggressive. Characters on TV and in video games often depict risky behaviors, such as smoking and drinking, and also reinforce gender-role and racial stereotypes. Babies and toddlers up to 18 months old: No screen time, with the exception of video-chatting with family and friends. Toddlers 18 months to 24 months: Some screen time with a parent or caregiver. Kids and teens 5 to 18 years: Parents should place consistent limits on screen time, which includes TV, social media, and video games. Media should not take the place of getting enough sleep and being physically active. Seeing Violence The average American child will witness, violent acts on television by age Many violent acts are caused by the "good guys," whom kids are taught to admire. In fact, in video games the hero often succeeds by fighting with or killing the enemy. This can lead to confusion when kids try to understand the difference between right and wrong. Young kids are particularly frightened by scary and violent images. Behavior problems, nightmares, and difficulty sleeping may follow exposure to such violence. Older kids can be frightened by violent images too. Watching Risky Behaviors TV and video games are full of content that depicts risky behaviors such as drinking alcohol, doing drugs, smoking cigarettes, and having sex at a young age as cool, fun, and exciting. This makes behaviors like smoking and drinking alcohol seem acceptable and might lead to substance abuse problems. The Obesity Link Health experts have long linked too much screen time to obesity â a significant health problem today. Studies have shown that decreasing the amount of TV kids watched led to less weight gain and lower body mass index BMI. Replacing video game time with outdoor game time is another good way to help kids maintain a healthy weight. Even older kids may need to be reminded of the purpose of advertising. And these ads are often meant to make us think that these products will make us happier somehow. Teach kids to be smart consumers. Ask them questions like: Page 6

7 Chapter 6 : Sexual behavior: what teens learn from media Parenting Speculation as to the causes of the recent mass shooting at a Batman movie screening in Colorado has reignited debates in the psychiatric community about media violence and its effects on human behavior. "Violence in the media has been increasing and reaching proportions that are dangerous. Nonviolent sexual material is much harder to categorize. Some nonviolent sexual material is entirely mutually consenting and affectionate, depicting vagina or oral intercourse in a loving, or at least non-coercive, fashion. On the other hand, some nonviolent sexual material is sexually dehumanizing, depicting degradation, domination, subordination or humiliation. Nonviolent sexual material presents the woman with few human attributes besides body parts and sexual appetite. Arousal can be measured in two methods. One method is self-ratings of participants and the other is that physiological measures such as electronic sensors measuring penile tumescence, vaginal lubrication, or temperature thermography. Slides or verbal descriptions of coercive sex are more appealing to sexually coercive men physiologically than "normal" men. These images can be reactivated during the sexual intercourse. Attitudinal Effects[ edit ] One of the major criticism from scholars is that the dehumanization of women in sexual explicit materials. Men rated their own partners as being less physically endowed after seeing beautiful female nudes engaged in sexual activity. It seems that the voluptuous model has become the norm or anchor to which real people are compared. They also sex with less emotional involvement and showed greater acceptance of premarital and extramarital sex. They placed less values on monogamy and marriage. Teenagers who have watched a whole day of talk shows discussing about sexual topics later overestimated the frequency of such behaviors. Men are more likely to be aroused by the sexual content than women. Gettleman argued that men are main consumers of sex videos, with an estimated 71 of sex videos consumed by men by themselves. Women have been found to be more interested in written and directed by women and for women, [13] [14] [15] while men appear to be more interested in seek out sexual media and be aroused by it. Malamuth and Check found that men, not women, were as aroused by a rape scene as by a consenting sex scene but only if the victim was portrayed as enjoying the rape and coming to orgasm. The men were not aroused if the victim was shown to be terrorized. Bushman, Bonacci, van Dijk, and Baumeister found that narcissistic men will be more likely to enjoy the rape scene preceded by affection between the parties than low narcissists did. The Catharsis effect has been applied to support loosening restrictions on pornography and it has also been reported by sex offenders as a strategy for reducing impulses for committing an offense. Disinhibition [ edit ] Disinhibition is that after being repetitive exposed to sexual materials may undermine learned social sanctions against using violence that usually inhibit aggressive behaviors. People may become more aggressive after watching, reading or listening to media violence because they may tend to legitimize using violence in real life. A dozen experimental investigations have explored the disinhibition effects and provided support for this hypothesis. Four things must happen before imitation: The first is attentional process, which people must have seen, read, listened to sexual materials. The second is retention process, which people can retain some memories of what they have seen, read and listened to. The third is production process, which the learner must have the capabilities to replicate the action. The fourth is motivational process, which people must have sufficient desire or will to perform what the violent behavior. Only when all of these four conditions were met, people imitate the performances of actors. Desensitization[ edit ] The desensitization effects have been touted by some researchers. The desensitization hypothesis argues that the repeated exposure to sexual violent materials can result in less emotional responsiveness to violence in fiction, news, and reality fare, which could in turn result in an increased acceptance of violent behaviors. However, this notion was touted a lot and limited research evidence available supports disinhibition effects. Wilson, Linz, Donnerstein, and Stipp conducted a field experiment, they found that men who are older than 50 had preexisting attitudes reinforced and actually blamed women for rape after seeing the film. In other words, preexisting attitudes and personal experience should be considered when conducting research studies. Page 7

8 Chapter 7 : Sex and Relationships in the Media MediaSmarts D) Women, regardless of sexual orientation, respond to both female and male erotic stimuli. C Summarizing his presentation on the origins of homosexuality, Dennis explains that the fraternal birth-order effect refers to the fact that. Chapter 8 : Media 'influence' adolescent sex Media The Guardian The effects of pornography on individuals or their sexual relationships differ from person to person, and are often unclear. Pornography 's association with addiction, for example, has been studied, but pornography addiction is not an officially recognized condition. [1]. Chapter 9 : Effects of sex in the media - Wikipedia The agency's proposed definition would define sex as either male or female, unchangeable, and determined by the genitals that a person is born with, according to a draft reviewed by The Times. Page 8