Chapter 11 Gender and Sexuality

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1 Chapter 11 Gender and Sexuality

2 Defining Some Terms Sex: Whether you are biologically male or female Gender: All the psychological and social characteristics associated with being male or female; defined by one s gender identity and learned gender roles

3 Sexual Characteristics Primary sexual characteristics: Sexual and reproductive organs Secondary sexual characteristics: Features other than genitals and reproductive organs (breasts, facial hair, etc.) that appear at puberty Menarche: Onset of menstruation

4 Some More Terms to Know Ovulation: Release of ova (eggs) from the ovaries Menopause: End of monthly menstrual cycles; usually occurs in the late 40 s or early 50 s

5 Sexual Orientation Degree of emotional and erotic attraction to members of the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes Heterosexual: Romantically and erotically attracted to the opposite sex

6 Sexual Orientation Bisexual: Romantically and erotically attracted to both men and women Homosexual: Romantically and erotically attracted to the same sex Homophobia: Prejudice, fear, and dislike directed at homosexuals

7 Gender Roles Gender roles: Favored pattern of behavior for males and females e.g., girls are expected to be sensitive, and boys dominant Gender roles appear to be learned

8 Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and Androgyny BSRI: Created by Sandra Bem Consists of 60 personal traits, 20 each for masculine, feminine, and neutral Androgyny: Having both masculine and feminine traits in a single person Androgynous individuals are more adaptable in our society Rigid gender stereotypes can restrict behavior, especially males

9 Sexual Behavior and Arousal Erogenous zones: Areas of the body that produce pleasure and/or provoke erotic desires (genitals, breasts, etc.) Sex drive: Strength of one s motivation to engage in sexual behavior

10 Sexual Behavior (cont) Castration: Surgical removal of the testes or ovaries Sterilization: Surgery (vasectomy or tubal ligation) to make a man or woman infertile Masturbation: Self-stimulation of the genitals that causes sexual pleasure or orgasm

11 Human Sexual Response: Masters and Johnson s Discoveries Sexual response can be divided into four phases that occur in the following order:

12 Excitement Initial signs of sexual arousal

13 Plateau Physical arousal intensifies

14 Orgasm Climax and release of sexual excitement Orgasm

15 Resolution Return to lower levels of sexual tension and arousal

16 Male Response Ejaculation: Release of sperm and seminal fluid (semen) by the male at orgasm Refractory period: Short time period after orgasm when males are unable to reach orgasm again

17 Paraphilias Sexual deviations; tend to be compulsive or destructive preferences in sexual preferences or behaviors

18 Some Paraphilias Pedophilia: Sex with children; child molesting Exhibitionism: Flashing genitals to unwilling viewers Sexual sadism: Deriving sexual pleasure from inflicting pain and/or humiliation Sexual masochism: Deriving sexual pleasure from receiving pain and/or humiliation

19 Child Molestation Most are males and married Two-thirds are fathers Most molestations rarely exceed fondling Impact of molestation depends on how long the abuse lasts and whether genital sexual acts are involved

20 Signs of Child Molestation Unusual avoidance of, or interest in, sexual matters Secretiveness (including concerning internet access) Emotional disturbances such as depression, irritability, or withdrawal from family, friends, or school Nightmares or other sleep problems

21 More Signs of Child Molestation Misbehavior (e.g., unusual aggressiveness, suicidal behavior, or unusual risk taking, like riding bike in traffic) Loss of self-esteem or self-worth

22 Tactics of Child Molesters Most act alone Most assaults take place in abuser s home Many abusers gain access to the child through caretaking

23 Tactics of Child Molesters (cont) Children are targeted first through bribes, gifts, and games Abuser tries to lull child into participation through touch, talking about sex, and persuasion (may occur through or chat rooms) Abuser then uses force, anger, threats, and bribes to gain continued compliance

24 Double Standard Applying different standards for judging the appropriateness of male and female sexual behaviors

25 Attitudes and the Crime of Rape Acquaintance (date) rape: Forced intercourse that occurs in the context of a date or other voluntary encounter

26 Forcible Rape Sexual intercourse that is carried out against the victim s will, usually under the threat of bodily violence Rape is a crime of violence, brutality, and aggression, based on the need to debase others Men can also be subjected to rape

27 Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD s) A disease that is passed from one person to another by intimate physical contact; a venereal disease Asymptomatic: Having a disease while lacking obvious symptoms of illness Makes the disease harder to detect

28 HIV and AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Sexually transmitted virus that disables the immune system Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): Caused by HIV and often fatal. The immune system is weakened, allowing other diseases and infections to invade the body White blood cell count is often dangerously lowered

29 STD: Risky Behaviors Sharing drug needles and syringes Anal sex, with or without a condom Unprotected sex (without a condom) with an infected partner Sex with someone you know, or do not know, who has several partners Vaginal or oral sex with an intravenous drug user Having two or more sex partners

30 Safer Sex Practices Not having sex Not injecting drugs Using a condom Sex with one mutually faithful, uninfected partner Not engaging in sex while intoxicated Reducing the number of sex partners

31 Sexual Satisfaction (McCarthy, 1995) Elements necessary for a continuing healthy sexual relationship Sexual anticipation Valuing one s sexuality Feeling that you deserve sexual pleasure Valuing intimacy

32 Ways to Avoid Intimacy (Strong & DeVault, 1994) Don t talk about anything meaningful Never show your feelings Pretend everything is okay, even if you are upset or dissatisfied Always win, never compromise Always keep busy

33 Ways to Avoid Intimacy (cont) Always be right Never argue Make your partner guess what you want Always take care of your own needs first Keep the television set on

34 Sexual Dysfunctions Desire disorders: Person has little or no sexual motivation or desire Arousal disorders: Person desires sexual activity but does not become sexually aroused Orgasm disorders: Person does not have orgasms or experiences orgasms too soon or too late Sexual pain disorders: Person experiences pain that makes lovemaking uncomfortable or impossible

35 Sexual Desire Disorders Hypoactive sexual desire: Persistent, upsetting loss of sexual desire Both aspects must be present Sexual aversion: Persistent feelings of fear, anxiety or disgust about engaging in sex

36 Erectile Disorder Inability to maintain an erection for lovemaking and intercourse; once known as impotence. Also known as erectile dysfunction

37 Psychogenic Cause(s) Having psychological and not physical causes

38 Sensate Focus Type of therapy that directs a couple s attention to natural sensations of sexual pleasure and also builds communication skills

39 Orgasmic Disorders Female orgasmic disorder: Persistent inability to reach orgasm during lovemaking The woman may reach orgasm during masturbation, however Premature ejaculation: Ejaculation that persistently occurs before the male and his partner want it to occur Squeeze technique: Method for inhibiting ejaculation by compressing the tip of the penis

40 Sexual Pain Disorders Dyspareunia: Genital pain before, during, and after intercourse Rare in males Vaginismus: Condition where muscle spasms of the vagina make penetration by the penis difficult, painful, or impossible

CHAPTER 11: GENDER AND SEXUALITY

CHAPTER 11: GENDER AND SEXUALITY Gender & Sexuality Jeopardy Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 5 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 300 300 300 400 400 400 400 400 500 500 500 500