New Fritillaria L. taxa from Turkey

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1 This article was downloaded by: [Aksaray University] On: 08 April 2015, At: 03:24 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: Registered office: Mortimer House, Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Israel Journal of Plant Sciences Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: New Fritillaria L. taxa from Turkey MEHTAP TEKSEN a & ZEKI AYTAÇ a a Department of Biology, Arts-Sciences Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey Published online: 14 Mar To cite this article: MEHTAP TEKSEN & ZEKI AYTAÇ (2004) New Fritillaria L. taxa from Turkey, Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 52:4, To link to this article: PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the Content ) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

2 Israel Journal of Plant Sciences Vol pp New Fritillaria L. taxa from Turkey MEHTAP TEKSEN* AND ZEKI AYTAÇ Department of Biology, Arts-Sciences Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (Received 22 December 2003 and in revised form 28 March 2004) ABSTRACT A new species of the genus Fritillaria L., F. milasense M. Teksen & Aytaç sp. nov. is described from southwest Anatolia in Turkey. It is related to F. bithynica Baker, which mainly differs from it in its leaves, tepal colors, and capsule features. Also, F. serpenticola (Rix) M. Teksen & Aytaç stat. nov. is evaluated as a species instead of subspecies of F. carica. Pollen structure and karyotype of F. milasense and F. serpenticola are given. Keywords: Fritillaria, chromosome, pollen, Turkey INTRODUCTION Since Fritillaria L. was revised by Rix (1984) in the Flora of Turkey, five new species and a subspecies were added (Özhatay, 2000). In this paper, Fritillaria milasense M. Teksen & Aytaç is described as a new species and F. serpenticola (Rix) M. Teksen & Aytaç is raised to a species category based on morphological, palynological, and cytological characters. The genus Fritillaria includes about 165 taxa (Rix, 2001). It is represented by 38 species, 26 (68%) of which are endemic to Turkey. It is also the fourth largest genus of geophytes in Turkey. It is represented by 25 taxa in Greece, 22 taxa in Russia (Lozina-Lozinskaya, 1968), and 18 taxa in Iran (Rechinger, 1990). Accordingly, it seems that the center of genetic diversity of the genus might be in Turkey. The members of the genus usually grow in southwest Turkey and adapt on rocky and stony places in Pinus L. forest and maquis. The specimens of the new species were collected from four different localities between Yatagan and Milas district, west of Mugla province. These are compared with many specimens of the F. bithynica Baker in GAZI (M. Teksen 1961, 1962, 1963, 1984, 1995, 2114), HUB (A. Güner 3405, 3445), ANK (R. Çetik 3945), AEF (Koyuncu s.n.) KNYA (R. Çetik, T. Ekim & E. Yurdakulol 68, R. Çetik, M. Vural & M. H. Khan 4608), and K (Noe s.n. (lectotype)). In the original paper, F. bithynica has only a winged capsule (Baker, 1874), but in the Flora of Turkey, Rix mentioned that F. bithynica can also have an unwinged capsule. We saw that the members with an unwinged capsule also have purple marking on the tepal, green leaves, one bract (rarely two), and a small capsule. So we decided that these specimens should be regarded as a new taxon. The authors of plant names were checked from Brummitt and Powell (1992). RESULTS Fritillaria milasense M. Teksen & Aytaç sp. nov. (Figs. 1 5) Subgenus: Fritillaria Rix Affinis F. bithynica Baker, sed caulis papillosus inferioribus (non levigatus), folius inferioribus opposites, semi opposites vel alternus (nec unguam alternus), *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. m_teksen@yahoo.com 2004 Science From Israel / LPPLtd., Jerusalem

3 348 vel viridianus (non glaucous viridianus). Capsulae parvus et mm (nec alatus et non hexalatus, mm). Pollinis semiprolatus (non prolatus) differt. Bulb subglobose, ovate, cm; tunica thin and papery. Stem erect, cm, usually papillose below. Leaves 4 14, sessile, green. Lowest leaves cm, opposite, subopposite to alternate, narrowly lanceolate, broadly oblanceolate to obovate, elliptic, spathulate, acute. Median leaves cm, opposite or alternate; linear, acuminate. Bract 1( 2), cm, opposite; linear, acuminate. Flowers 1 3. Perigon narrowly campanulate; segments purple with a clear yellow stripe or yellow with purplish-brown stripe and outside with a yellowish apex. Outer segments mm, lanceolate or oblanceolate, oblong, acute or obtuse, ciliate-tufted at apex; inner segments mm, oblanceolate-obovate, obovate, apiculate, ciliate-tufted at apex. Nectaries mm lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, green, at base of perigon. Filaments mm, papillose, yellow; anthers 3 7 mm, oblong or elliptic, yellow, basifixed. Style 4 10 mm, undivided and without papillae. Capsule mm, obovate-orbicular, truncate at apex, cuneate at base, unwinged. Seeds mm, flat, obovate, triangular, oblanceolate, testa brown, reticulate-faveolate. Flowering time. March April. Type. Turkey. C2 Mugla: Between Yatagan and Milas, Katrancı village, , 700 m, in the screen of Pinus pinea L. forest, sandy soil, M. Teksen 1999, E. Teksen & Mehmet Soydemir (holo. GAZI; iso. ANK, ISTF, HUB). Paratypes. Turkey. C2 Mugla: Between Yatagan and Bozdogan, Çamlıyurt-Yesilköy, 7 km, 730 m, in the screen of Pinus pinea forest, M. Teksen 2002, E. Teksen & Mehmet Soydemir; ibid., 1 km, , 750 m, in Pinus pinea L. forest, M. Teksen 2003, E. Teksen & Mehmet Soydemir; Çamlıyurt village, , 760 m, Quercus L. shrub, M. Teksen 2004, E. Teksen & Mehmet Soydemir; between Yatagan and Milas, Katrancı village, , 700 m, in the screen of Pinus pinea L. forest, sandy soil, M. Teksen 2116, E. Teksen & U. Soydemir (in fruit). Distribution and Ecology. Fritillaria milasense is distributed in southwest Anatolia, endemic, grows on sandy soil, between m in Pinus pinea L. forest in northwest Mugla. This species shares its habitats with Romulea bulbocodium (L.) Seb. & Mauri var. bulbocodium, Gagea L. spp., Alyssum L. spp. East Mediterranean element. Suggested Conservational Status. Recommended IUCN Threat Category is EN, because the distribution area of this species is exposed to the effects of humans and grazing. The estimated area of occupancy is less than 5000 km 2 and it is known in less than five localities (Criterion B1 and B2) (IUCN, 2001). Etymology. This species takes its name from the Milas district. Chromosome structure. As in most other Fritillaria species (La Cour, 1978; Zaharof, 1989; Basak, 1991; Kamari, 1991; Khaniki, 1995), the chromosome number is 2n = 24. The karyotype of F. milasense is: Three ± symmetric (one pair metacentric, two pairs submetacentric) chromosome pairs and nine asymmetric pairs (three subtelocentric pairs, six telocentric pairs) (Fig. 1). Detailed measurements of somatic chromosomes are presented in Table 1, and a haploid idiogram based on the measurements of ten metaphase plates in Fig. 2. Arm ratio in metacentric chromosomes is Arm ratios in submetacentric chromosomes range from 1.74 to 3.00, in subtelocentric chromosomes range from 5.57 to 6.99, in telocentric chromosomes range from 7.48 to Total length of the haploid complements is µm. Differing from F. bithynica in without satellite in the first pair, having three subtelocentric (5, 6, and 9), six telocentric (4, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 12), and two submetacentric (2 and 3) chromosomes pairs (Table 2). Pollen morphology. Pollen grains of Fritillaria species were investigated (Schulze, 1980; Kosenko, 1991, 1992, 1999). In this new species, pollen grains are monosulcate, heteropolar, and subprolate in shape (A/B: Fig. 1. Somatic chromosomes in F. milasense (bar = 10 µm). Israel Journal of Plant Sciences

349 Table 1 Measurements (µm) of somatic chromosomes of F. milasense Chromosome arms Chromosome Long arm (L) Short arm (S) Total length Arm ratio Relative Chromosome pair no.

4 349 Table 1 Measurements (µm) of somatic chromosomes of F. milasense Chromosome arms Chromosome Long arm (L) Short arm (S) Total length Arm ratio Relative Chromosome pair no. (µm) (µm) (µm) (L / S) length type ± m ± sm ± sm ± t ± st ± st ± t ± t ± st ± t ± t ± t Total length of haploid complement: µm. Fig. 2. Idiogram of somatic chromosomes in F. milasense (bar = 5 µm). 1.29); ± 1.97 µm in polar diameter and ± 1.24 µm in equatorial diameter. Sulcus is ± 1.99 µm in length and ± 1.05 µm in width; exine 1.81 ± 0.13 µm thick and semitectate; intine 0.91 ± 0.12 µm thick. Exine surface is rugulose-reticulate, muri thickness 1.80 µm; lumen 0.50 µm diameter. Sulcus membrane is granulate, and sulcus is round at apex (Fig. 3). Differing from F. bithynica in having granulate sulcus membrane (not verrucate) and subprolate pollen type (not prolate), sulcus not extended to proximale. Discussion The differences between F. milasense and F. bithynica are summarized in Table 2. Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrograph of pollen in F. milasense (SEM 1 800). Teksen and Aytaç / New Fritillaria L. taxa from Turkey

5 350 Table 2 Diagnostic characters of F. milasense and F. bithynica Characters F. milasense F. bithynica Bulblets absent absent or 1 3 Stem cm, usually papillose below 7 35 cm, smooth Leaves green glaucous green Lowest leaves opposite, subopposite, or alternate, opposite or subopposite, cm cm Median leaves opposite or alternate, alternate, linear, linear, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, acute or acuminate, cm cm Bracts 1( 2), opposite, (1 ) 3 ( 4), in a whorl of 3, cm cm Flowers purple with a clear yellow stripe outside and outside glaucous green, inside inside or yellow with purplish-brown stripe yellowish-green, shining green and with a yellowish apex outside Capsule mm, mm, unwinged 6 winged Pollen shape subprolate prolate Sulcus not extended to proximale extended to proximale Sulcus membrane granulate verrucate Chromosomes 2n = 2x = 2m + 4sm + 6st + 12t 2n = 2x = 2m + 2sm + 10st + 10t Satellite absent In the first chromosome pairs (6.99 µm length) Fig. 4. Geographic distribution of F. milasense ( ), F. bithynica ( ), and F. serpenticola ( ). Israel Journal of Plant Sciences

351 Fig. 5. F. milasense. a habit, b outer segment, c inner segment, d stamen, e style, f capsule. Fritillaria serpenticola (Rix) M. Teksen and Aytaç stat. nov. (Fig. 4, Figs.

6 351 Fig. 5. F. milasense. a habit, b outer segment, c inner segment, d stamen, e style, f capsule. Fritillaria serpenticola (Rix) M. Teksen and Aytaç stat. nov. (Fig. 4, Figs. 6 9) Synonym: Fritillaria carica Rix subsp. serpenticola Rix in Notes R.B.G. Edinb. 41:52 (1983). In the Flora of Turkey (Rix, 1984), subsp. serpenticola was evaluated as a subspecies of F. carica, which is distinguished from subsp. carica by its leaves and flower characters. Specimens were collected by us and we compared many herbaria specimens, some of them holotype (K (O. Sonderhousen 680 (holotype of F. carica subsp. serpenticola) and D (holotype of F. carica Rix subsp. carica)), ANK and AEF (H. Malyer 1454, Pesmen & Güner 4292), GAZI (M. Teksen 1975, Fig. 6. Somatic chromosomes in F. serpenticola (bar = 10 µm). Teksen and Aytaç / New Fritillaria L. taxa from Turkey

7 352 Table 3 Measurements (µm) of somatic chromosomes of F. serpenticola Chromosome arms Chromosome Long arm (L) Short arm (S) Total length Arm ratio Relative Chromosome pair no (µm) (µm) (µm) (L / S) length type ± m ± sm ± t ± t ± t ± st ± st ± st ± st ± st ± t ± t Total length of haploid complement: µm. 2110, 2009, 2137, 2170), and HUB (Pesmen 4263 & A. Güner)), and checked relevant literature. In addition, the pollen shape and chromosomal characters of these taxa were also compared. We thus think that subsp. serpenticola should be raised to species category. Chromosome structure. The karyotype (Fig. 6) is two ± symmetric (one pair metacentric, one pair submetacentric) chromosome pairs and ten asymmetric pairs (five subtelocentric, five telocentric). Measurements of somatic chromosomes are in Table 3, and a haploid idiogram based on the measurements of ten metaphase plates is shown in Fig. 7. Arm ratio is 1.43 in metacentric chromosomes, 2.08 in submetacentric chromosomes. In subtelocentric chromosomes arm ratios vary from 5.28 to 6.94, and in telocentric chromosomes they vary from 7.24 to Total length of the haploid complement is µm. Pollen morphology. In F. serpenticola pollen grains are monosulcate, heteropolar, prolate in shape (A/B: 1.39), ± 1.93 µm in polar diameter, and ± 2.14 µm in equatorial diameter (Fig. 8). Sulcus is ± 1.89 µm in length and ± 2.43 µm in width. Exine is 1.73 ± 0.07 µm thick and semitectate; intine 0.91 ± 0.08 µm thick. Exine surface is reticulate; muri Fig. 7. Idiogram of somatic chromosomes in F. serpenticola (bar = 5 µm). Israel Journal of Plant Sciences

8 353 Fig. 8. Scanning electron micrographs of pollen in F. serpenticola (SEM 1 800). Fig. 9. F. serpenticola. a habit, b outer segment, c inner segment, d stamen, e style, f capsule. Teksen and Aytaç / New Fritillaria L. taxa from Turkey

9 354 thickness 0.70 µm, lumen 0.45 µm diameter. Sulcus membrane is verruculate, and sulcus is sharp at apex. In F. carica, sulcus membrane is verrucate. Table 4 Diagnostic characters of F. serpenticola and F. carica Characters F. serpenticola F. carica Stem smooth smooth or papillose around lowest leaves Leaves Lowest leaves cm, cm, broadly lanceolate (4 6 as long as broad) narrowly lanceolate (8 9 as long as broad) Lowest leaves margin not papillose papillose Upper leaves twisted not twisted Perigon conical, narrowly campanulate, yellow, outside and inside yellow, fading to orange yellowish-green, sometimes purple at tepal margin Inner tepal mm width 6 8 mm width Filaments smooth papillose Anthers mm 3 5 mm Style 0.5 mm diameter, 1 mm diameter, sparsely papillose or only at densely papillose apex papillose Sulcus membrane of verruculate verrucate pollen Chromosomes 2n = 2x = 2m + 2sm + 10st + 10t 2n = 2x = 2m + 4 sm + 6st + 12t Total length of haploid µm µm chromosomes Satellite absent In the third chromosome pairs B chromosomes absent 2 Discussion As summerized in Table 4, F. serpenticola differs from F. carica in having lowest leaves broadly lanceolate (not narrowly lanceolate); upper leaves twisted (not twisted); perigon conical (not narrowly campanulate); inner tepal mm width (not 6 8 mm width); filaments smooth (not papillose); style 0.5 mm in diameter, sparsely papillose or only at apex papillose (not style 1 mm in diameter and densely papillose). These characters are used to separate species (not subspecies) in the genus. In addition, there are some pollen and chromosomal differences. F. carica is distributed in west Anatolia; F. serpenticola is distributed in western and central Anatolia. F. serpenticola is endemic. F. carica grows on calcareous rocky slopes; F. serpenticola grows on serpentine rocks. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The new species was collected during the revision of the Fritillaria L. Genus in Turkey Project, which is funded by TUBITAK (Project no. TBAG-1961). The authors thank Gamze Güngör for the illustrations. REFERENCES Baker, J.G Tulipeae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 24: Basak, N The genus Fritillaria (Liliaceae) in European Turkey. Bot. Chron. 10: Brummitt, R.K., Powell, C.E Authors of plant names. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. IUCN Species Survival Commission, 2001: IUCN Red List Categories. 51st Meeting of the IUCN Council, Gland. Kamari, G The genus Fritillaria L. in Greece: tax- Israel Journal of Plant Sciences

10 355 onomy and karyology. Bot. Chron. 10: Khaniki, G.B Karyomorphological studies on Fritillaria crassifolia ssp. kurdica. The Nucleus 38(1,2): Kosenko, V.N Pollen morphology in the genus Fritillaria (Liliaceae). Botanicheskii-Zhurnal 76(9): Kosenko, V.N Pollen morphology and systematic problems of the Liliaceae family. Botanicheskii-Zhurnal 77(3): Kosenko, V.N Contributions to the pollen morphology and taxonomy of the Liliaceae. Grana 38: La Cour, L.F The constitutive heterochromatin in chromosomes of Fritillaria sp. as revealed by Giemsa banding. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 5: 285, Lozina-Lozinskaya, A.S In: Komarov, V.L., ed. Flora of the U.S.S.R. Vol 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, pp Özhatay, N Fritillaria L. In: Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T., Baser, K.H.C., eds. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 11. Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh, pp Rechinger, K.H Fritillaria L. In: Rechinger, K.H., ed. Flora Iranica. Akademische Druck -u-verlagsantalt. Graz, 165: Rix, E.M Fritillaria L. In: Davis, P.H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 8. Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburg, pp Rix, E.M Fritillaria: A revised classification. The Fritillaria Group of the Alpine Garden Society, Surrey, UK. Schulze, W Beitrage zur taxonomie der Liliifloren VI. Der umfang der Liliaceae. Friedrich-Schiller Univ. Jena. Math.-Naturw. 29: Zaharof, E Karyological studies of twelve Fritillaria species from Greece. Caryologia 42(2): Teksen and Aytaç / New Fritillaria L. taxa from Turkey

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