UNIT 9 AP DEVELOPMENT/INFANCY & CHILDHOOD 3 MAIN DEBATES FOR DEVELOPMENT. Teratogens: FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) 1. Nature vs.

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1 UNIT 9 AP DEVELOPMENT/INFANCY & CHILDHOOD Teratogens: 3 MAIN DEBATES FOR DEVELOPMENT FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) 1. Nature vs. Nurture: WHAT ARE SOME NEWBORN ABILITIES? 2. Continuity vs. Discontinuity RootingReflex: Grasping Reflex: 3. Stability vs. Change Babinski Reflex: Moro Reflex: Habituation: Terms: Zygotes Embryo Fetus What s going on? The fertilized egg, known as a zygote, then moves towards the uterus, takes up to a week to complete. at about two weeks after conception. At this point, the growing bundle of cells is officially an embryo. The embryonic stage is marked by the formation of the major organs: the nervous system, heart, eyes, ears, arms, legs, teeth, palate, and external genitalia. Embryonic development continues until about eight weeks after conception. the third prenatal stage, which begins with the formation of bone cells 8 weeks after conception and ends at birth.

2 UNIT 9 AP COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT What is your earliest childhood memory? Think hard: Most of us can t remember beyond Age 3 1/2. It is called Infant amnesia. *Cognitive Development refers to studying all th mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating. Stage 1 Sensorimotor Jean Piaget ( : His studies led him to believe that child s mind develops through a series of stages. STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Object permanence: Terms for Cognitive Development Schemas What s going on? Stage 2: Preoperational: Conservation: Assimilate Accommodate Metacognition Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. EG. Having a simple schema for dog a toddler may call all 4 legged animals a dog. Our schemas to incorporate information provided by new experiences, the child soon leans that the original dog schemas is too broad and accommodates by refining the category. Egocentric: Stage 3: Concrete operational stage: begins around age seven and continues until approximately age eleven. During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. Stage 4: Formal operations: Piaget vs. Leg Vygotsky: Vygotsky believed that children learn best by interacting with others. Peers and role models play a big part in development. Zone of Proximity: zone between what a child can and can t do. It s what a child can do with help.

3 UNIT 9 AP SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: ATTACHMENT THEORIES Mary Ainsworth Stranger Situation: Describe how Harry Potter, Ron, and Hermione are classified. Origins of Attachment: Harry Harlow (Contact Comfort) Describe the experiment. Konrad Lorenz Stage 2: Preoperational: Conservation: Imprinting: Egocentric: Critical Period: What have daycare studies shown? Pg. 494

4 UNIT 9 PARENTING AND GENDER DEVELOPMENT PG GENDER DEVELOPMENT Who is more aggressive? What is the ratio of male to female arrests in US? Term: Definition: Gender role BAURMIND PARENTING STYLES Pg. 497 Are the child rearing practices in the other cultures, in general, better or worse than those in the United States? Role Gender Identity Which practices would you adopt for your own children? Which would you reject? Why? Social Learning Theory Gender Typing Transgender

5 UNIT 9 AP STAGE THEORIST FREUD S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES KOHLBERG S STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT OPRAH AND PHIL LIKE GRAPES What is the Oedipus and Electra Complex? Pgs. 516 Criticisms of Kohlberg s Moral Stages: Libido? What is the Heinz Dilemma? ERIKSON S PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES

6 Term: UNIT 9 AP SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Definition: X Chromosome Y Chromosome Testosterone Puberty Primary Sex Characteristics Secondary Sex Characteristics Menarche AIDS Sexual Orientation Pgs How can sexually transmitted diseases be prevented? Pg. 532 How many people are exclusively homosexual? What environmental factors that contribute to teen pregnancy? How is sexual orientation like handiness?