Sex Chromosomes Polygenic Trait

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1 Semester 2 Final Study Guide Part 2 Name Inheritance Key Term Definition Example Gene Allele Trait Dominant Allele Dominant Trait Recessive Allele Recessive Trait Genotype Phenotype Homozygous Heterozygous Codominance Complete Dominance Incomplete Dominance X-Linked Traits Autosomal Chromosomes Sex Chromosomes Polygenic Trait 1. A(n), which codes for a specific nucleotide sequence, is controlled by two found in organisms. 2. The random distribution of these genetic factors take place during the process of. 3. A genetic factor is considered dominant as long as it has. 4. A genetic factor is considered recessive if. 5. Write the genotype of each pedigree given each condition. Consider all possibilities. autosomal dominant autosomal recessive X-linked dominant X-linked recessive Page 1

2 Punnett Squares 1. A person whose genotype is I A I B marries someone with the genotype I A i. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? 2. Hemophilia is a recessive trait, with alleles found on the X chromosome. A woman who is a carrier but does not have the disease marries a man who is also a carrier. What are the genotypes of the woman and the man? What is the probability that their sons will have the disease? What is the probability that their daughters will have the disease? Sons: Daughters: 3. Among certain flowers the allele for red flowers is dominant to the allele for white flowers. The shorthand used for these alleles is R for red and r for white. A red flower is crossed with a pink flower. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? 4. A heterozygous red flower is crossed with a white flower. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? 5. A man is homozygous recessive and cannot roll his tongue. A woman is heterozygous. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of their children? 6. Principle of Independent Assortment: 7. Principle of Segregation: 8. Father of Modern Genetics: Page 2

3 Hormones in Reproductive Systems Hormone Function in Females Function in Males Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Estrogen & Progesterone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) Stimulated by (specify increase/ decrease) of Hormone/Event Oxytocin Testosterone Reproductive System Functions: A. B. C. Female Reproductive Part ovaries oviduct uterus vagina placenta endometrium follicle Function 1. In females, the cycle lasts 28 days and gives women a chance to thicken the with the two hormones, and. 2. If the egg becomes fertilized, an embryo will develop in the. 3. If the egg does not become fertilized, the egg and the endometrium will during the process of. 4. The hormones, and from the, regulate the ovarian cycle. 5. The function of the ovarian cycle is to. 6. The hormones, and from the, regulate the menstrual cycle. Page 3

4 7. The function of the menstrual cycle is to. 8. What is the corpus luteum? 9. The average menstrual cycle lasts about days. The average pregnancy lasts about weeks. Male Reproductive Part Testes Scrotum Seminiferous Tubules Epididymis Vas Deferens Prostate Gland Seminal Vesicles Urethra Function 4. Males produce the gamete,, which will fertilize a female egg. 5. The sperm are able to move because of fluid. The combination of this fluid and sperm is called. 6. Hormone regulation is controlled by a mechanism called a. Sensory Sensory Receptor Function Location chemoreceptor mechanoreceptor pain receptor photoreceptor thermoreceptor 1. Trace the sensory pathway using the following terms: brain, motor neuron, muscle/organ, sensory neuron, sensory receptor, response, spinal cord, stimulus. 2. What makes a reflex more advantageous than a regular sensory pathway for an organism s survival? Be specific. Term Function Location 3. blind spot 4. choroid 5. cornea 6. pupil 7. iris 8. lens 9. optic nerve 10. retina Page 4

5 11. sclera 12. vitreous humor fovea macula aqueous humor suspensory ligament 3. Trace the pathway of light into the eye: aqueous humor, cornea, optic nerve, pupil, retina, vitreous humor 4. Explain why we have a blind spot and what causes it. Frog Anatomy Where do these structures lead to? 1. Eustachian tubes: 3. gullet: 2. glottis: 4. internal nares: 5. How can you determine the gender of a frog just by looking at its external structures? 6. Which frog structure is the equivalent of the human ear? 7. What Class do frogs belong to and why? 8. What is the advantage of having a nictitating membrane? 9. How does the air reach the lungs if a frog s mouth is closed? Describe each orientation. 10. anterior: 13. medial: 11. dorsal: 14. posterior: 12. lateral: 15. ventral: 16. Why do we study frog anatomy to learn about human anatomy? Page 5

6 Inheritance 1. What is the advantage for diploid organisms to carry two alleles for each gene? 2. dominant vs. recessive 3. heterozygous vs. homozygous 4. Know how to predict probabilities of genotypes and phenotypes of a monohybrid cross using a Punnett square. 5. Know how to predict probabilities of genotypes and phenotypes of a dihybrid cross using a Punnett square. 6. Know how to predict probabilities of genotypes and phenotypes in which the alleles are codominant. 7. Know how to predict probabilities of genotypes and phenotypes in which there is an incomplete dominance. 8. Know how to predict probabilities of genotypes and phenotypes in X-liked traits. 9. Know how to predict probabilities of genotypes and phenotypes in genes with multiple alleles. 10. Describe the alleles that determine the genders of the offspring. 11. Describe Mendel s contribution to modern day genetics. 12. autosomal vs. sex chromosomes Reproductive Systems 13. Describe the 3 functions of the reproductive systems. 14. What is the function of the endometrium? 15. Identify the female reproductive structures and their functions. 16. Identify the male reproductive structures and their functions. 17. Trace the pathways (specific structures) in which male and female gametes travel from where they are first produced to where they leave the bodies. 18. Describe the roles of the following hormones in both female and male reproductive systems: gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen & progesterone, testosterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, oxytocin. 19. Describe the events of the ovarian and menstrual cycles, including what happens if an egg is not fertilized and if it gets fertilized. Sensory 20. Know the following body orientations: anterior, dorsal, caudal, cranial, lateral, medial, posterior, ventral Page 6