disadvantages of sexual reproduction Only 50% of your genome is in your offspring.
|
|
- Juliet Melton
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1
2
3 disadvantages of sexual reproduction Only 50% of your genome is in your offspring. 2. Your good traits (assume they are good because you have survived to the point of reproduction) are victimized by recombination. 3. You are likely to incur the costs of searching for a mate, courting a mate, and guarding a mate. These activities make you more vulnerable to predators and reduce the time you can forage. 4. Cost of accumulating STDs, ectoparasite transmission 3
4 So you might expect that asexual reproduction would be common and sexual reproduction rare. This is not the case, so what huge advantage of sexual reproduction over-rides the disadvantages? Answer: the variation produced by recombination. Your offspring have a much better chance of surviving if there is environmental unpredictability. Will the environment be wetter, hotter, more of food type A, a new predator shows up, etc. 4
5 offspring number environment seen by offspring environment to which offspring best adapted survival asexual sexual asexual sexual 1 B C A B C C A C B C C D A C A C C C B C B A C D A C A C C B + - can t predict what environment will be how often do you get a match sex wins 5
6
7 3rd greatest advantage... Many parasites are fast to mutate. For example, the influenza virus. Variation in host population leads to individuals who may be resistant. So how best to achieve sexual reproduction? A rule set *very* far back in the evolutionary history of animals based probably on trying to reconcile two incompatible successful strategies... 7
8 Ancient strategy 1: Put lots of investment in one or a few gametes, so the chance for survival is larger for those individuals. Fitness is increased for individuals who invest more energy per gamete. Ancient strategy 2: Put minimal energy into each gamete but make many of them. Fitness is increased for individuals who make the largest number of gametes. This strategy has the advantage that you disperse your gametes so no one environmental disaster will get them (say a predator who sweeps through the area). 8
9 Optimal strategy: Have your cake and eat it too! One sex puts lots of investment in gametes, the other sex makes many low-cost, high mobility gametes. A possible evolutionary trajectory was one sexual partner adding a tiny bit of nutrients to their gametes, giving a survival edge (we now call these females). By chance, the opposite sex (we now call males) of this ancestral organism did not do this. Selection ran away with more and more investment in female gametes. 9
10 Leads to anisogamy -- BIG egg, small mobile sperm. The HUGE consequence: females make much larger energetic investment in gametes. 1 0
11 Extra credit alert!! Calculate the energetic investment in making zillions of cheap sperm all the time with the cost of making one huge egg once in a while. You should pick realistic times, and look up physiological costs. This might be very difficult! 1 1
12 Gamete Economics (the law of supply & demand) Female gametes: Can t make them fast Can t make many So female gametes become a scarce resource. Male gametes: Many, cheap, all chasing the scarce resource.
13 Male reproductive success number of matings, but female reproductive success number of viable eggs produced. Drosophila experiment: female success does not improve with additional mates.
14 One prediction from anisogamy might be that you get an uneven sex ratio in the population (more males than females). In fact, populations self-correct back to a 1:1 ratio (with some exceptions): population with more males some males can t find mates population no longer has more males favors females who have more female offspring (who will be able to mate)
15 Exception: bush babies (S. African prosimian (Galago)) Mothers and daughters remain together in packs, but sons disperse. The mothers and daughters compete with each other for food. So natural selection has built in a bias to make more sons than daughters. Order Primates Suborder Strepsirrhini Infraorder Lemuriformes Infraorder Lorisiformes Family Lorisidae Family Galagidae (19 species) Suborder Haplorrhini (tarsiers, monkeys, apes)
16 Common scenario: Whomever makes the larger energetic investment, or incurs the greatest risk relative to reproduction becomes choosy about who they mate with. Most of the time females make the larger investment and are choosy. Sometimes there is extensive male parental care, and males become choosy. Note that the male investment must first overcome the built-in disparity relative to gamete production costs.
17 Example of male who makes more investment in gametes than female: Male Mormon crickets produce a nutrient-rich spermatophore for females, and their energetic investment is higher. Whaddya know, males are choosy relative to females! 1 7
18 Katydids - switch reproductive behavior according to who is making the larger investment seasonally. season food supply spermatophore mating pattern fall/winter meager small male choice spring high large female choice The spermatophore (sp) contains many nutrients for the female, so the male contributes heavily in terms of energy investment. Bad conditions: sp is precious, male who makes it is choosy. Good conditions: males can make as many sp s as needed, females become picky. 1 8
19 sexual selection assuming unequal energetic investment in gametes individuals of the sex that contributes more will be choosy individuals of the sex that contributes less (A) will have to compete with each other for the scarce resource of a mate who contributes more (B) natural selection will favor -A- individuals who are more competitive -B- individuals who are more discriminating 1 9
20 The choosy individual must be able to determine who is the more fit mate. The mate investing less = A 1. Mate A competes with other A individuals to gain access to B individuals. 2. Mate A produces a communication signal that indicates to mate B the fitness of mate A 3. Run-away selection produces signals that are themselves honest indicators of mate A s fitness Each of these patterns leads to great behavioral consequences
21 1. -A- individuals compete with other -A- individuals to gain access to -B- individuals. 2. -A- individuals produce communication signals that indicate to -B- the fitness of -A- 3. Run-away selection produces signals that are themselves honest indicators of -A- s fitness process 1 leads to dominance and dominance hierarchies, competitions and scrambles (next chapter) process 2 leads to all manner of advertisement calling and advertisement displays process 3 leads to elaborate displays that are costly: ~ hard to find food, shelter ~ easy for predators to find you 2 1
22 Members of one sex choose mates (e.g. males compete with each other yielding one male who controls a harem) = intersexual selection Members of one sex compete with each other to get mates (e.g. each male tries to be attractive to females, ignoring other males) = intrasexual selection In both cases, sexual selection leads to sexual dimorphism 2 2
23 Mating success in Kenyan Baboons is proportional to dominance: In 18 Baboon groups the correlation was almost perfect, slightly less in 17 other groups, etc. Males competing with other males (intersexual) 2 3
24 Deceptive signaling: Although it must remain relatively rare, an evolutionarily stable strategy in some populations is an alternate phenotype of sneakers or satellites. Typically these are males that appear as females to avoid competition from other males. The deceptive males sneak copulations with females. In other cases, non-dominant males or males who believe themselves to be inferior just wait in the wings and try to copulate with females before another male drives them off. 2 4
25 marine isopods that live in sponges Alpha male fights off other alpha males in his territory. Best strategy when not too many females beta male pretends to be female and avoids male aggression, sneaks copulations with females in alpha s territory. Best strategy when females are plentiful and dominant male can t control them all. gamma male sneaks around in alpha s territory hoping not to be found. 2 5
26 Each male type of this species is genetically programmed to be an alpha, beta or gamma size. Stabilizing selection leads to all three genotypes because each has about the same fitness re: copulations. That is, the three strategies for mating with females are equally successful, and no one genotype wins out. 2 6
27 Both male deception and female deception driven by sexual selection: Females: Risk of choosing low grade male. Mate with male, but not sure if best choice Conditions change, now a different male better sneaky matings with other males. Must use deception to avoid male infanticide. Males: Risk of not mating at all If parental care, males may deceive female about readiness to be good parent. 2 7
28 run-away selection intrasexual (male competition with each other becomes extreme) 2 8
29 Male elephant seals are ten times larger than females!!! male elephant seals fighting for control of females 2 seal female elephant 9
30 Intersexual selection (either males choose females or females choose males) With run-away selection there is often no upper bound on the releasing stimulus for the choosy mate. That is, if 10 red spots are the signal of a quality mate, 20 are better and 300 are better yet. 3 0
31 Elaborate displays can evolve when males compete, not with each other, but for the attention of females (intersexual competition). Peacocks: the common example of extreme run-away intersexual selection. 3 1
32 The male has quite the burden, even when not displaying to females. Handicap hypothesis: female judges male s fitness based on his ability to survive with the handicap but note James Gould criticism of this in video! 3 2
33 Intersexual selection can lead to elaborate behaviorproduced static displays: Bowerbirds The more elaborate and more decorated the bower, the more likely the male will get a female. 3 3
34 When sexual selection drives males (or females) to perform fancy tasks, one consequence is increased brain power in the males. 3 4
35 Sometimes the features selected by the choosy mate are subtle: symmetry is often a surrogate for good genes and health... but this is controversial. 3 5
36 sperm competition External fertilization: He who makes the most and the fastest swimming sperm wins. (Of course being better at finding or getting closer to eggs at the optimum time is critical too) 3 6
37 Bluegill Sunfish (Discussed here relative to sperm competition, will reappear in discussion about parental care.)
38 Bluegill Sunfish 3 male phenotypes relative to mating: 1. Parental males: build nests, court females, take care of eggs. 2. Satellite males: female mimics, hang around nest and try to deposit sperm along with parental males. 3. Sneaker males who dart in from a distance and deposit sperm. These guys never get as close to eggs as parental males 3 8
39 Sunfish sperm competition Predict that sneaker males would have the lowest probability of being a parent since their sperm has to travel farther and is more subject to dilution in lake. But Their success rate is much higher than predicted. Implication: They are winning the sperm competition game. The sneaker male sperm must be better than the parental male sperm! 3 9
40 sperm competition with internal fertilization: postcopulatory female-choice 4 0
41 Some birds have sperm storage tubules. It is a first-in last-out system. Female mates with social monogamous partner... or not. Extrapair copulations are common. Female can mate with male A, but if a better male comes along, mate with male B too. The sperm from male B are more likely to fertilize egg. 4 1
42 Extra-pair copulation behavior should lead, via natural selection, to mate guarding behavior. How much guarding depends on cost: inability to forage vs likelihood of neighbors getting your mate. As neighbor male population goes up, foraging goes down and guarding increases. 4 2
43 4 3
Reproduction. Chapter 7
Reproduction Chapter 7 Sexual Selection Darwin's theory to explain traits that aren't obviously advantageous https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ll30qttsz9u Bower Birds Bower Birds She builds the nest, cares
More informationThis question is taken directly from the list of second test study questions (#6) it should not be a surprise...
1. Female choice of males that have exaggerated characters has been explained by female choice of males that have better genes. Explain how female choice of higher quality males might lead to exaggerated
More informationAdaptation and Optimality Theory
Adaptation and Optimality Theory Prisoner s Dilemma game: An optimality model What is the optimal strategy when you are playing with different people of unknown reputation? Defect: We call this the evolutionarily
More informationAll discussion of mating strategies and sex differences begins with Darwin s theory of Sexual Selection
All discussion of mating strategies and sex differences begins with Darwin s theory of Sexual Selection Intrasexual Natural Selection Sexual Selection Survival Mating Success Parental Care Intrasexual
More informationAll discussion of mating strategies and sex differences begins with Darwin s theory of Sexual Selection
All discussion of mating strategies and sex differences begins with Darwin s theory of Sexual Selection Natural Selection Survival Mating Success Parental Care Intrasexual Selection: Weapons that are used
More informationGood resources. Why are females choosy? Good resources. Resources from males can tip the scales of relative investment
Why are females choosy? Good resources direct benefits Good genes indirect benefits Sexy son hypothesis (Fisher) Handicap hypothesis (Zahavi) Good genes for sons, daughters Good resources courtship feeding
More informationGood resources. Why are females choosy? Good resources. Good resources direct benefits Good genes indirect benefits
Why are females choosy? Good resources direct benefits Good genes indirect benefits Sexy son hypothesis (Fisher) Handicap hypothesis (Zahavi) Good genes for sons, daughters courtship feeding Good resources
More informationThe sight of a feather in a peacock s tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick. --Charles Darwin 1887
The sight of a feather in a peacock s tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick. --Charles Darwin 1887 1 Outline causes sexual selection vs. natural selection sexual selection during courtship male-male
More informationTopic 17: Mating Systems. Reproduction. How are natural, fecundity & sexual selection different? Why does sexual dimorphism evolve?
Topic 17: Mating Systems Why does sexual dimorphism evolve? How are natural, fecundity and sexual selection different? What is fitness? How does each one work? Reproduction Mating Last lecture Development
More informationSome observations. Some traits are difficult to view as adaptations, because they appear to provide a disadvantage to the organism
Some traits are difficult to view as adaptations, because they appear to provide a disadvantage to the organism Darwin asked: Can natural selection explain these differences? Structural traits: cumbersome
More informationBird Mating Systems/Sexual Selection
Bird Mating Systems/Sexual Selection Why study mating systems? What are the ecological conditions under which different mating systems arise? Implications for evolution mating is where genes are passed
More informationApril 12: Reproduction III: Female choice. Female choice
April 12: Reproduction III: Female choice Female choice In general, females are expected to be choosier than males because they have more to lose by making bad mating decisions Costs and Benefits: Possible
More information3/26/ Sexual dimorphism is differences between males and females of a species. 2. Anisogamy. 1. Fecundity
Sexual Dimorphism 1. Sexual dimorphism is differences between males and females of a species. 2. Anisogamy A. sexual reproduction involving the fusion of two dissimilar gametes;individuals producing the
More informationEvolution of Mating Systems. Chapter 8
Evolution of Mating Systems Chapter 8 Mating Systems-Chapter 8 1 Monogamy 2 Polyandry 3 Polygyny And the many combinations within! Why should a male be monogamous? 1 extension of guarding, little chance
More informationThe Gene Propagation Game
The Gene Propagation Game Social Living has Costs and Benefits Competition, Territoriality and Dominance Altruism in the Animal Kingdom Genetic Relatedness and Inclusive Fitness Mating Behavior Depends
More informationTest Bank. Chapter 2. Abrams, Sexuality and Its Disorders SAGE Publishing, 2017
Test Bank Chapter 2 1. Is the male female dichotomy an appropriate mode of defining gender? Why, or why not? Ans: The male female dichotomy is strongly embodied in most of cultures, religions, and even
More informationLectures 7 & 8 Wednesday, October 12, 2011 & Friday, October 14, 2011
Lectures 7 & 8 Wednesday, October 12, 2011 & Friday, October 14, 2011 Recombination Diploid organisms: The first step in sexual reproduction is the production of gametes, each of which has half the chromosomes
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2008 As we have seen before, the bottom line
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2008 As we have seen before, the bottom line in evolution is reproductive success reproductive success:
More informationWednesday, September 12, 12. Whiptail Lizard
Whiptail Lizard Sexual Selection Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace Noticed that males of many species have highly elaborated traits that seem maladaptive (secondary sexual characters) Antlers
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 17 Mating: Sexual selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2011 Sexual selection: selection that favors traits
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 17 Mating: Sexual selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2011 Sexual selection: selection that favors traits that increase male success in mating Sexual selection
More informationSexual selection and the evolution of sex differences
Sexual selection and the evolution of sex differences Males and females have the same genes. Why do the sexes often look and act so differently? Why is the male often insanely ornamented? (Or simply insane?)
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 12 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2009 We want to understand the reasons
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 12 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2009 We want to understand the reasons behind the lifestyles of our non-human primate relatives
More informationAnti-predator behavior: Group defense - Many eyes - Selfish herd - Dilution effects - Tonic immobility. Dispersal:
Note: These are just the topics that have been covered since Exam 2. The exams are cumulative, so all the material that we have covered in this course can be included in the Final. However, there will
More informationSexual selection. Intrasexual selection mating success determined by within-sex interactions e.g., male-male combat
Sexual dimorphism Sexual selection Is sexual selection different from natural selection? Darwin saw them as distinct - only sexual selection could produce traits that compromise survival The basic principle
More information11/14/2012. Darwin attributed sexual differences to sexual selection.
Darwin: Sexual size dimorphism is common. male elephant seals Many mammals males bigger than females female Sexual differences include differences in morphology, behavior and physiology. Morphology male
More informationHow To Win Even If You re A Loser. Hannah Mulhausen and Mary O Sullivan
How To Win Even If You re A Loser Hannah Mulhausen and Mary O Sullivan Let s Discuss!!! What are some tactics the losers use to get mates? MATES: A How-to Guide 1) Sneaking 2) Gangs 3) Lurking 4) Masturbation
More informationBio 1M: Evolutionary processes
Bio 1M: Evolutionary processes Evolution by natural selection Is something missing from the story I told last chapter? Heritable variation in traits Selection (i.e., differential reproductive success)
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: males and sexual selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2008 Male reproductive strategy basics:
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: males and sexual selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2008 Male reproductive strategy basics: Males are not forced to invest a lot in their offspring,
More informationUnderstanding Evolution (http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_25)
1 Understanding Evolution (http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_25) Natural selection Natural selection is one of the basic mechanisms of evolution, along with mutation, migration, and
More informationANIMAL REPRODUCTION. Possibilities: Asexual or Sexual. Fact: Most animals reproduce sexually. BUT a strange way to propagate!!!
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION Possibilities: Asexual or Sexual Fact: Most animals reproduce sexually. BUT a strange way to propagate!!! Necessities for Sexual Reproduction: * 2 versions of individual male version
More informationSexual selection. 1) Sexual dimorphism. 2) Variation in mating success. 3) Sexual selection. 4) Female choice based on male ornaments
Sexual selection 1) Sexual dimorphism 2) Variation in mating success 3) Sexual selection 4) Female choice based on male ornaments 5) The evolution of female preference 1) Sexual dimorphism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:descent_of_man_-_figure_16.jpg
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2010 We want to understand the reasons
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 13 Mating: Primate females and males Copyright Bruce Owen 2010 We want to understand the reasons behind the lifestyles of our non-human primate relatives
More informationr = intrinsic rate of natural increase = the instantaneous rate of change in population size (per individual). If r > 0, then increasing
Zoology 357 - Evolutionary Ecology - First Exam 1. (6 points) List three types of natural selection and show how the population changes over time (graph the initial phenotype frequency distribution and
More informationHow Organisms Evolve Chapters The Theory of Evolution. The Theory of Evolution. Evolution can be traced through the fossil record.
How Organisms Evolve Chapters 14-15 The Theory of Evolution Evolution is the process of change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms from one generation to the next. The inherited traits
More informationBiology 352, Spring 2018 Exam Number KEY Second midterm exam Part 1 (short answer worth 21 % of grade)
Part 1 (short answer worth 21 % of grade) 1-1) Match the following terms used in behavioral ecology with the appropriate topics of behavioral study listed to the right (you may apply more than one topic
More informationEnSt/Bio 295 Exam II This test is worth 100 points; you have approximately 50 minutes. Allocate your time accordingly.
Name: 1 NAME: EnSt/Bio 295 Exam II This test is worth 100 points; you have approximately 50 minutes. Allocate your time accordingly. 1) Describe the following concepts in a few sentences (2 points each)
More informationFighting rules. Value of resource. Assessment and possible escalation. Degree of escalation depends on resource value. Elephant seal Rep at age 9-12
Fighting rules Assessment and possible escalation Degree of escalation depends on resource value Value of resource Red deer Rep from ages 6-12 75% reach rep. age 2-4 calves sired per year Fights typically
More information12/3/2012. I. Benefits of mate choice. A. Direct benefits. Examples of Female Choice. Mechanisms of Sexual Selection. A.
Examples of Female Choice Mechanisms of Sexual Selection A. Mate competition B. Mate choice green frogs common terns mottled sculpins smooth newts elephant seals three-spined sticklebacks house finches
More informationBiology 352, Spring 2017 Exam Number KEY Second midterm exam
Biology 352, Spring 2017 Exam Number KEY Exam Instructions: 1) Write your NAME here: 2) Write your exam number (given above, right) at the top of the other pages. 3) Look over the exam to verify that you
More informationThe behavioral ecology of animal reproduction
The behavioral ecology of animal reproduction I. Introduction to Behavioral Ecology Behavioral ecologists test hypotheses about the adaptive function of a behavior Behavioral Ecology Behavioral ecologists
More informationFriday Lecture: HUM 15 Deep Time Radiometric Dating Google Map Exercise. Friday Lab: Faculty Lounge Animals in Cinema
Friday Lecture: HUM 15 Deep Time Radiometric Dating Google Map Exercise https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdk3it29uoq Friday Lab: Faculty Lounge Animals in Cinema (Tomorrow afternoon practice) - Natural
More informationSexual selection Introduction. Sexual selection Introduction. Sexual selection Introduction. Sexual selection Classification
Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Individuals rarely mate at random for a number of reasons: Dispersal may be limited Individuals may or may not be able to self Individuals may reproduce asexually Individuals
More informationLekking and the Lek Paradox
Lekking and the Lek Paradox Mating Systems 5. Lekking: One sex (usually males) provides only genes to their mate. No direct benefits are passed to the mate. 6. Cooperative: Some individuals forgo reproduction
More information13.17 Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms
13.17 Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms 1. Selection can only act on existing variation Natural selection cannot conjure up new beneficial alleles 2. Evolution is limited by historical
More informationDarwin s Puzzle: Why are Males and Females Different? Darwin, C The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 1st ed., Murray, London.
Darwin s Puzzle: Why are Males and Females Different? Darwin, C. 1871. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 1st ed., Murray, London. Parental Investment and Sexual Selection Trivers 1972
More informationTypes of behaviors that are elicited in response to simple stimuli
Lecture 19: Animal Behavior I. Background A. Animal behavior reflects and arises from biological properties 1. Exhibited behavior defends on the physiological systems and processes unique to a given organism
More informationLecture K3- Behavioral Ecology Dr. Kopeny
4/17 Included on Test #4! Lecture K3- Behavioral Ecology Dr. Kopeny Mates, Families and Societies Male Prairie Chickens on Lek (Booming Ground) displaying male Prairie Chicken two male Prairie Chickens
More informationReproduction in Insects. Courtship & Mating. What do they do once they find each other?
Courtship & Mating Reproduction in Insects How do the sexes find each other? Light Swarming (male only/ female only) Leks (male aggregations) Defend territory against males Court arriving females Pheromones
More informationWhat is sex? What about asexual reproduction? What is sexual reproduction?
BIOL2007 EVOLUTION OF SEX AND SEXUAL SELECTION Kanchon Dasmahapatra EVOLUTIONARY QUESTIONS ABOUT SEX Today: A) The evolution of sex 1) What is the advantage of sex? B) Ev. of sexual dimorphism - sexual
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 15 Primate sociality: Predators and living in groups Copyright Bruce Owen 2010 Most haplorrine, and
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 15 Primate sociality: Predators and living in groups Copyright Bruce Owen 2010 Most haplorrine, and many strepsirrhine, primates are social: they live in
More information- These unique traits and behaviours are only seen in one sex
Coyne chapter 6 how sex drives evolution for lec 6 and 7 - Peacock with its blue tail violates every aspect of Darwin because the traits that make him beautiful is making him maladaptive for survival because
More informationESRM 350 Reproduction and Mating Systems
ESRM 350 Reproduction and Mating Systems Autumn 2013 Life s but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. - Macbeth, William Shakespeare Reproduction
More information11.1 Genetic Variation Within Population. KEY CONCEPT A population shares a common gene pool.
KEY CONCEPT A population shares a common gene pool. Genetic variation in a population increases the chance that some individuals will survive. Genetic variation leads to phenotypic variation. Phenotypic
More informationHuman Mating Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective
Hot Science - Cool Talk # 109 Human Mating Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective Dr. David M. Buss October 27, 2017 Produced by and for Hot Science - Cool Talks by the Environmental Science Institute.
More informationEVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY BIOS EXAM #2 FALL 2017
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY BIOS 30305 EXAM #2 FALL 2017 There are 3 parts to this exam. Use your time efficiently and be sure to put your name on the top of each page. Part I. True (T) or False (F) (2 points
More informationFILM SESSIONS. Film session I - Behaviour of Communication (September 30)
FILM SESSIONS Film session I - Behaviour of Communication (September 30) 1. Talking to Strangers (60 min.) 1 This film surveys some of the general communication signals used by animals from diverse taxa,
More informationSEX AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS
Chapter 15 SEX AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS Genetic system refers to the way a species reproduces itself: sexually or asexually, self-fertilize or outcross, hermaphroditic or have separate sexes. THE EVOLUTION
More informationPinniped Social Systems
Pinniped Social Systems Animal Mating Systems Polygamy Polygyny (one male & many females) Polyandry (one female & many males) Monogamy One male & one female Does not rule out hanky panky Serial Monogamy
More information12/3/2012. Sexual Conflict. grebe. High potential for intersexual conflict
Sexual Conflict or? grebe High potential for intersexual conflict 1 Intersexual Conflict: Outline for Today 1) An anecdote and an experiment 2) The concept of interlocus sexual conflict 3) Grounds for
More informationTime allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question in Section B and ONE question from Section C.
UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA School of Biological Sciences Main Series UG Examination 2014-2015 BEHAVIOURAL ECOLOGY BIO-5010B Time allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question
More informationCh. 23 The Evolution of Populations
Ch. 23 The Evolution of Populations 1 Essential question: Do populations evolve? 2 Mutation and Sexual reproduction produce genetic variation that makes evolution possible What is the smallest unit of
More informationTypes of Mating Systems
The Human Mating System Note: this is the stereotypical EP view (e.g., Buss) Types of Mating Systems Random Monogamy Polygyny: variance in male reproductive success > variance in female reproductive success
More informationPolygyny in animals From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 1 of 6 Polygyny in animals From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Polygyny (/pəˈlɪdʒɪniː/; from Neo-Greek πολυγυνία from πολύ- poly- "many", and γυνή gyne "woman" or "wife") [1] is a mating system
More informationThe selfish gene. mitochondrium
The selfish gene selection acts mostly for the benefit of the individual sometimes selection may act for the benefit of relatives rarely, selection acts for the benefit of the group mitochondrium in asexual
More informationEvolution of Sex. No area of evolutionary biology. mixture of strange phenomena than the evolution of sex. (Stearns, 1987)
Evolution of Sex No area of evolutionary biology offers a more fascinating mixture of strange phenomena than the evolution of sex (Stearns, 1987) Sex Refers to union (SYNGAMY( SYNGAMY) ) of two genomes
More informationTesting Sensory Bias. Why are females choosy? Sensory Bias. Sensory bias. 1. Direct benefits. 2. Runaway sexual selection. 3.
Why are females choosy? 1. Direct benefits 2. Runaway sexual selection 3. Sensory bias 4. Good genes Sensory Bias 1. Runaway sexual selection predicts females can have preferences for male traits that
More informationSexual Selection. Male and female. Lukas Schärer. Evolutionary Biology Zoological Institute University of Basel
Sexual Selection Lukas Schärer! Evolutionary Biology Zoological Institute University of Basel 1 8.11.2017 Advanced-level Evolutionary Biology Male and female 2 Summary: Sexual Selection defining sexual
More informationBi412/512 Animal Behavior, Exam 1 Practice Page 1
Bi412/512 Animal Behavior, Exam 1 Practice Page 1 1. Suppose you observe that song sparrows sing more at dawn than at other times of the day. Hmm, maybe singing early in the morning communicates to female
More informationMating systems and parental investment. Mating systems. Resource distribution. Polygyny. Pattern of matings in a population. Antithesis = promiscuity
1 Mating systems and parental investment Mating systems Pattern of matings in a population green anole Antithesis = promiscuity Polygyny Scramble: no attempts to defend females, resources horseshoe crabs
More informationSocial System of Superb Fairy Wrens. The following table shows the percentage of male fairy-wrens in various age and social status categories.
Social System of Superb Fairy Wrens Superb fairy-wrens are small (10g) insectivorous birds found in woodlands and edge habitat throughout eastern Australia. They live in cooperative social groups composed
More informationQuestions NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE
Why Sex Is Good by Clyde Freeman Herreid Department of Biological Sciences University at Buffalo, State University of New York Birds do it. Bees do it. Even educated fleas do it. Let s do it. Let s fall
More informationReproduction. Asexual vs Sexual
Reproduction Asexual vs Sexual Why is Reproduction Important? The means by which an organism produces offspring Biologically and evolutionarily speaking, reproduction is what has made the continuation
More informationLecture 9: Primate Behavior - Ecology
Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution Lecture 9: Primate Behavior - Ecology Prof. Kenneth Feldmeier feldmekj@lavc.edu Homework 2 Why do primates live in groups? Benefits of group life Costs of group life
More informationFemale Choice in Gray Tree Frogs. Female Choice in Gray Tree Frogs
Female Choice in Gray Tree Frogs Female Choice in Gray Tree Frogs Research by Gerhardt et al. (1996). Males call to attract females. Males call to attract females Ribbet! Figure 11.27 Tiny and super cute!
More informationWhy Sex Is Good by Clyde Freeman Herreid Page 1
Why Sex Is Good by Clyde Freeman Herreid Department of Biological Sciences University at Buffalo, State University of New York Birds do it. Bees do it. Even educated fleas do it. Let s do it. Let s fall
More informationCHAPTER 16 POPULATION GENETICS AND SPECIATION
CHAPTER 16 POPULATION GENETICS AND SPECIATION MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following describes a population? a. dogs and cats living in Austin, Texas b. four species of fish living in a pond c. dogwood
More informationThe Reproductive Patterns of Salmonids: Factors Affecting Male Reproductive Success
The Reproductive Patterns of Salmonids: Factors Affecting Male Reproductive Success Factors affecting male reproductive success Fertilization success Female choice Male competition Attributes of the female
More informationPrimates and primate behavior
Primates and primate behavior 1 Midterm 25 multiple choice questions 10 true/false questions 5 short answer questions Note: short answers will be similar to ones on study guide -you are allowed a 3x5 note
More informationIntersexual Competition
(in press, October 2012). In P. Whelan & A. Bolin (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. Intersexual Competition Valerie G. Starratt, Nova Southeastern University, valerie.starratt@nova.edu
More informationNatural Selection. species: a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring
Imagine that you and your classmates are taking a nature hike through a nearby desert ecosystem. The hot sun is beating down on you, and you begin to wonder how anything could live in this harsh climate.
More informationUnit 1 Biological Diversity Topic 1.1 Examining Diversity. Text p. 3-15
Topic 1.1 Examining Diversity. Text p. 3-15 Variation to the MAX! Biologists have identified over species of animals and over species of plants. The most successful life form is What is Biodiversity? The
More informationChapter # 8 Life History Patterns (pg )
Chapter # 8 Life History Patterns (pg. 164 180) 8.1 Reproduction May Be Sexual or Asexual What are the goals for living organisms? 8.2 Sexual Reproduction Takes Many Forms Parthenogenesis born w/o fertilization
More informationDRAGON GENETICS Understanding Inheritance 1
DRAGON GENETICS Understanding Inheritance 1 INTRODUCTION In this activity, you and a partner will work together to produce a baby dragon. You will simulate meiosis and fertilization, the biological processes
More informationMidterm, etc. Sex. 2 smart questions. Sex. What do looking time measures tell us about the minds of babies?
idterm, etc. Sex Top Score: 94 Top 10%: 89 and over Top 25%: 85 and over Average: 78.5 Bottom 25%: 72 and under Bottom 10%: 64 and under Correct answers posted online Contacting your TF Contacting me Final
More informationEutherian Mammals Hamadryas Baboon
ANIMAL 1 REPRODUCTION Eutherian Mammals Hamadryas Baboon Hamadryas Baboons form social hierarchies that involve the formation of troops, bands, clans and harems. A harem is the smallest unit and usually
More informationRare ectotherm biparental care. Who cares? Determining optimal parental investment per offspring Trade offs:
Rare ectotherm biparental care Burying beetles, clownfish Parent beetles bury, defend, shave, roll, inoculate carcass Determining optimal parental investment per offspring Trade offs: offspring quantity
More informationSexual Reproduction EXTERNAL INTERNAL
Sexual Reproduction EXTERNAL INTERNAL Sexual Reproduction Requires two parents (unlike asexual reproduction) Species must mate with members of their own species Sea Urchin Example Eggs and sperms are released
More informationGenetic basis of inheritance and variation. Dr. Amjad Mahasneh. Jordan University of Science and Technology
Genetic basis of inheritance and variation Dr. Amjad Mahasneh Jordan University of Science and Technology Segment 1 Hello and welcome everyone. My name is Amjad Mahasneh. I teach molecular biology at Jordan
More informationAQA A Level Psychology. Topic Companion. Joseph Sparks & Helen Lakin
AQA A Level Psychology Topic Companion Relationships Joseph Sparks & Helen Lakin Page 2 AQA A LEVEL Psychology topic COMPANION: RELATIONSHIPS Contents Topic Evolutionary Explanations 3 Attraction: Self-Disclosure
More informationDEFINITIONS: POPULATION: a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species
DEFINITIONS: POPULATION: a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species SPECIES: a group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
More informationBeebops Genetics and Evolution Teacher Information
STO-105 Beebops Genetics and Evolution Teacher Information Summary In Part 1 students model meiosis and fertilization using chromosomes/genes from fictitious Beebop parents. They decode the genes in the
More informationLECTURE 06. Today: Follow up on minute papers Modes of selection Non random mating Sexual selection Guest speaker: Dr. Daniel Fergus Summary 2/17/2014
Spring 2014: Mondays 10:15am 12:05pm (Fox Hall, Room 204) Instructor: D. Magdalena Sorger Website: theantlife.com/teaching/bio295-islands-evolution LECTURE 06 Today: Follow up on minute papers Modes of
More informationWe are an example of a biological species that has evolved
Bio 1M: Primate evolution (complete) 1 Patterns of evolution Humans as an example We are an example of a biological species that has evolved Many of your friends are probably humans Humans seem unique:
More informationWhiptail Lizard Sexual Selection
Whiptail Lizard Sexual Selection Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace Noticed that males of many species have highly elaborated traits that seem maladaptive (secondary sexual characters) 1 2 Antlers
More informationBio 1M: The evolution of apes (complete) 1 Example. 2 Patterns of evolution. Similarities and differences. History
Bio 1M: The evolution of apes (complete) 1 Example Humans are an example of a biological species that has evolved Possibly of interest, since many of your friends are probably humans Humans seem unique:
More informationBio 312, Fall 2017 Exam 2 ( 1 ) Name: KEY
Is in this individual Is in this individual Bio 312, Fall 2017 Exam 2 ( 1 ) Name: KEY Please write the first letter of your last name in the box; 5 points will be deducted if your name is hard to read
More informationIt s not easy being mammal. copyright 2011 Loretta Graziano Breuning imammalthebook.com
It s not easy being mammal Before mammals, creatures had thousands of babies and few lived to puberty. Mammals pioneered the strategy of having few offspring and investing heavily in each one. Reptiles
More informationWHAT IS EVOLUTION? General definition: a change or modification through time (e.g., galaxies and language evolves)
WHAT IS EVOLUTION? General definition: a change or modification through time (e.g., galaxies and language evolves) biological or organic evolution: change in the properties of organisms that transcend
More informationMeiosis. Oh, and a little bit of mitosis
Meiosis Oh, and a little bit of mitosis Haploid Cells- The sex cells (egg and sperm) only contain half of the genetic diversity that diploid cells do. For humans this would mean 23 single chromosomes.
More informationThe Evolution of Sex. Or, why do we even need males?
The Evolution of Sex Or, why do we even need males? Sexual VS Asexual reproduction Sexual Fewer offspring/individual Only half of genes passed on Good genotypes are lost Offspring are variable Asexual
More information