Polyneoptera. BIO3333 Entomology. Page 1. Insect Diversity: Polyneoptera. Indirect flight muscles. Wing articulation

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1 Insect Diversity: Polyneoptera l Univeristé d Ottawa / University of Ottawa 1 Neoptera Flexion of the wing Loss of caudal filaments Wings have anal furrow 3 rd valvula forms sheath around ovipositor Median plate at the base of the wing Endognatha Wing articulation Indirect flight muscles Anterior nodal process 1 st axillary sclerite 2 nd axillary sclerite Medial plates Posterior nodal process 3 rd axillary sclerite 3 4 Indirect flight mechanism Click mechanism From: Phil. Tran Roy Soc. London B 311:271, (1985) Basalar Pleuron Direct wing muscles Longitudinal indirect Dorsal ventral indirect Furca 5 6 Page 1

2 Polyneoptera Prognathous head Expansion of anal region of the hind wing Three well defined groups 1 Plecopterida 2 Orthopterida 3 Dictyoptera Plecopterida Loss of ovipositor Larvae have tuft tracheal gills Long cerci without medial filament Long filamentous antennae Cerci paired and long Guide d'identification d'insectes du Québec David Larson Institute of Watershed Studies 10 Live in silk tunnel Reduced wing venation Wings extended by filling blood sinuses of veins Male cerci used in copulation Silk from enlarged fore basitarsus Silken burrows Unique wing viens Apterous female 12 Page 2

3 Two morphs: winged/eyes or wingless/blind Thick spines on hind femur Male mating hook to match abdominal groove on female Wing venation is reduced and distinct Reduced venation Unsegmented cerci Mating hook Alate and apterous morphs 14 Orthopterida Second valvula is reduced Third valvula (gonoplac) becomes the ovipositor Forewing with enlarged precostal region Pronotum large with cryptopleuron Saltatorial hind leg Large hind femur Sound production Stridulation Femur Stridulatory pegs Pegs Page 3

4 Vomer Midgut with diverticula Pronotal defensive gland Eggs Stick Insect 20 Crypsis 21 Dictyoptera Ootheca Loss of median ocellus Male genitalia asymmetric Female ovipositor reduced Large shield-like pronotum Leathery, tegminous forewing Dictyoptera Ootheca 23 Cryptic predators Raptorial forelegs Apical spine on tibia Enlarged compound eyes Enlarged prothorax and procoxa Page 4

5 Cryptic predators Raptorial Tibia Brush Femur video 25 Apical spine Basitarsus 26 Thorax desclerotized Pronotum covering head Clypeofrontal suture reduced 28 Wings dehiscent Ootheca reduced Eusocial behaviour Mutualistic zooflagellates allow feeding on wood Eusociality in Insects termites Wasps Bees Ants 13:37 30 Page 5

6 Degrees of sociality Degrees of sociality Solitary Subsocial Communal Quasisocial Semisocial Eusocial Brood Care Reproductive castes Generation overlap Solitary Subsocial Communal Quasisocial Semisocial Eusocial Brood Care Reproductive castes Generation overlap 13: :37 32 Activities in social insects Cooperative brood care Reproductive castes Overlapping generations Degrees of sociality Solitary Subsocial Communal Quasisocial Semisocial Eusocial Brood Care Reproductive castes Generation overlap 13: :37 34 Termites castes Primary reproductives Secondary queen Alates Workers Large or small Soldiers 13:37 35 Termite mounds 29.3ºC 2.9% CO 2 Brood 30.0ºC chambers 2.7% CO 2 Fungus 29.7ºC garden 2.6% CO ºC 2.7% CO ºC 0.8% CO ºC 1.3% CO 2 13:37 36 Page 6

7 Forceps shaped cerci Hind wings with unique folding mechanism Females demonstrate brood care; reduced ovipositor Forewings tegminous and short Apterous Loss of ocelli Eversible vesicle on abdominal segment one 41 Page 7