The Endocrine System. Qian XiaoJing. Dept. of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology PUMC PEKING UNION MEDICAL COLLEGE QIAN
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1 The Endocrine System Qian XiaoJing Dept. of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology PUMC
2 Symptoms Failure of lactation Breast atrophy Lack of menstrual bleeding Loss of pubic & axillary hair Intolerance to cold Fatigue Low blood sugar levels Hemorrhage & shock during obstetrical delivery
3 the Endocrine System I. General Features II. Thyroid Gland III. Parathyroid Gland IV. Adrenal Gland V. Pituitary Gland
4 I. General Features Exocrine gland Endocrine gland
5 I. General Features Hormones Inclusive nitrogen ~ Steroid ~
6 1. Ultrastructure of endocrine cells 1) Peptide-secreting cells 2) Steroid-secreting cells
7 1. Ultrastructure of endocrine cells 1) Peptide-secreting cells rer, Golgi complex membrane-bound vesicles
8 2) Steroid-secreting cells lipid droplets Mit. (tubular & vesicular cristae) ser
9 2. Distribution of the endocrine cells dispersed endocrine cells endocrine tissues endocrine glands
10 3. Characteristics of the endocrine gland ductless glands cells arranged in follicles, cords or clumps highly vascularized fenestrated cap. (sinusoid) delicate C.T. (reticular fiber)
11 the Endocrine System I. General Features II. Thyroid Gland III. Parathyroid Gland IV. Adrenal Gland V. Pituitary Gland
12 II. Thyroid Gland 1. Gross structure
13 2. Microscopic structure capsule, lobules follicles structure / functional unit follicular cells colloid fenestrated capillaries
14 1) follicle cells (thyrocytes) LM: squamous cuboidal low columnar varies with functional activity
15 1) follicle cells (thyrocytes) LM: EM: Functions: secrete the thyroid hormones (T 3,T 4 (thyroxine))
16 Steps in the synthesis & secretion of T 3, T 4 a. synthesis of thyroglobulin rer, Golgi complex b. uptake & activation of iodide iodine (TSH) pump, Mit., membrane-bound peroxidase c. iodination of tyrosine residue of thyroglobulin microvili d. reuptake of colloid (TSH) endocytic vesicles e. digestion of iodinated thyroglobulin lysosome f. release of T 3 & T 4
17 functions of the thyroid hormone regulation of the body s basal metabolic rate hyperthyroidism ( 甲亢 ) hypothyroidism ( 甲减 )
18 2) parafollicular cells (C cells) Location: within the follicle basal lamina between the follicle
19 2) parafollicular cells (C cells) Location: LM: EM: pale staining secretory granules Functions: secrete calcitonin
20
21 III. Parathyroid Gland 1. Gross structure
22 2. Microscopic structure capsule cells arrange in cords capillaries adipocytes HE Triple staining
23 1) chief (principal) cells LM: small polygonal cells pale cytoplasm centrally located nucleus EM: irregularly shaped granules lipofuscin-containing vesicles Function: parathyroid hormone (PTH)
24 2) oxyphil cells Location: singly / in cluster LM: large cell acidophilic cytoplasm small dark nucleus EM: mitochondria (abnormally shaped ) Function: unknown
25 the regulation of calcium balance
26 the Endocrine System I. General Features II. Thyroid Gland III. Parathyroid Gland IV. Adrenal Gland V. Pituitary Gland
27 IV. Adrenal Gland 1. Gross structure dense C.T. capsule cortex yellowish medulla reddish-brown
28
29 2. Microscopic structure dense C.T. capsule cortex zona glomerulosa ~ 5% zonafasciculata ~75% zona reticularis ~10% medulla
30 1) cortex (1) zona glomerulosa arranged in rounded or arched cords secrete mineralocorticoid (aldosterone 醛固酮 )
31 (2) zona fasciculata arranged in long straight cords cells contain many lipid droplets secrete glucocorticoid (cortisol 皮质醇 )
32 (3) zona reticularis 7% arranged in anastomosing network cells contain lipofuscin secrete androgen ( dehydroepiandrosterone 脱氢表雄酮 )
33 cortex steroid-secreting zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis Addison's disease
34 2. Microscopic structure cortex steroid-secreting medulla catecholamine-secreting medullary cells ganglion cells
35 2) medulla (1) medullary cells LM: large, pale-staining polyhedral cells chromaffin cells, 嗜铬细胞
36 EM: epinephrine -secreting cells (E) norepinephrine -secreting cells (NE) membrane-bound granule Functions: secrete E/NE
37 (1) medullary cells modified neurons
38 (2) ganglion cells
39 3. Blood supply cortical arterioles medullary arterioles cortical capillary medullary capillary (dual blood supply) central medullary vein
40 高峰让吉 In 1901 he isolated and purified the hormone adrenaline
41 the Endocrine System I. General Features II. Thyroid Gland III. Parathyroid Gland IV. Adrenal Gland V. Pituitary Gland
42 V. Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) The Master Gland
43 1. Gross structure neurohypophysis adenohypophysis infundibulum pars nervosa pars intermedia pars distalis pars tuberalis median eminence infundibular stem posterior lobe anterior lobe
44 2. Embryogenesis neurohypophysis : neural ectoderm (diencephalon) adenohypophysis : oral ectoderm (Rathke s pouch )
45
46 Hypothalamo - hypophyseal system neuroendocrine cells
47 4. Neurohypophysis 1) unmyelinated nerve fibers 2) pituicytes: branched glial cells 3) capillaries 4) Herring bodies (neurosecretory b~) faintly eosinophilic 室旁核视上核 Percy Theodore Herring ( ) English physician and physiologist
48 室旁核 视上核 ADH Oxytocin increases trust in humans Vol nature03701
49 5. Adenohypophysis 1) pars distalis 2) pars intermedia 3) pars tuberalis
50 1) pars distalis arranged in cords capillaries cells chromophils acidophils (40%) basophils (10%) chromophobes (50%)
51 chromophils acidophils basophils somatotropic cells mammotropic cells thyrotropic cells corticotropic cells gonadotropic cells
52 (1) somatotropic cells (50%) acidophils growth hormone (GH) dwarfism, giantism, acromegaly
53 (2) mammotropic cells (15-20%) acidophils prolactin (PRL)
54 (3) thyrotropic cells (5%) basophils thyrotropin (TSH) goiter, hypothyroidism
55 (4) corticotropic cells (15-20%) basophils adrenal corticotropin (ACTH), -lipotrophin ( - LPH) (POMC) 阿黑皮素原 Addison's disease
56 (5) gonadotropic cells (10%) basophils follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) amenorrhea, infertility
57 acidophils somatotropic cells chromophils (40%) mammotropic cells thyrotropic cells chromophobes (50%) basophils (10%) corticotropic cells gonadotropic cells tropic hormone
58 (6) chromophobes degranulated chromophils undifferentiated cells supporting cells
59 4. Adenohypophysis 1) pars distalis 2) pars intermedia 3) pars tuberalis
60 2) pars intermedia follicles & cords chromophobes & basophils (melanocyte stimulating hormone, MSH)
61 3) pars tuberalis cell arranged in cords chromophobes, basophils: gonadotrophs abundant longitudinal blood vessels
62 4) blood supply superior hypophyseal a. hypophyseal portal system primary capillary plexus (infundibulum) portal veins (pars tuberalis) secondary capillary plexus (pars distalis) hypophyseal veins
63 4) blood supply inferior hypophyseal a. capillaries hypophyseal veins
64 5) the hypothalamus & adenohypophysis negative feedback neuroendocrine cells in hypothalamic nuclei (RH, IH) the portal system the endocrine cells in pars distalis target cells hypothalamusadenohypophysistarget gland axis RH: releasing hormone, IH: inhibiting hormone
65 Pituitary Gland The Master Gland hypothalamo - hypophyseal tract hypothalamo - hypophyseal portal system
66 Sheehan's syndrome (Postpartum hypopituitarism) 产后垂体功能减退 Symptoms may include: Failure of lactation Breast atrophy Lack of menstrual bleeding Loss of pubic & axillary hair Low blood sugar levels Intolerance to cold Fatigue Hemorrhage & shock during obstetrical delivery
67 summary the Endocrine System I. General Features II. Thyroid Gland III. Parathyroid Gland IV. Adrenal Gland V. Pituitary Gland
68 Peptide-secreting cells rer, Golgi complex membrane-bound vesicles Steroid-secreting cells lipid droplets Mit. (tubular & vesicular cristae) ser
69 Characteristics of the endocrine gland ductless glands cells arranged in follicles, cords or clumps highly vascularized fenestrated cap. (sinusoid) delicate C.T.
70 Thyroid Gland Steps in the synthesis & secretion of T 3, T 4 thyroid follicles follicle cells secrete the thyroid hormone parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin
71 Parathyroid Gland chief cells secrete parathyroid hormone oxyphil cells
72 Adrenal Gland
73 Pituitary Gland structure
74 hypothalamus and hypophysis hypophyseal portal system
75
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Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
Endocrine Organs Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) Function o Production of hormones Location o Connected to the hypothalamus via an infundibulum situated within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone Structure
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