Intake Procedure. Intake Procedure. Basic Medical. Upon Arrival. Take animal from finder Quickly evaluate

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1 Basic Medical Intake Procedure Intake procedures Hazards in captivity Physical restraint Weight Emaciation Stress Physical exam Release criteria Phone calls: Name and address Possible zoonotic diseases Release site for later Specifics: Intake Procedure Where did it come from? road, power lines, window, tree, field How captured? Can it run/fly? Is it aggressive/depressed Give proper capture techniques (remember you are the expert, not them) Upon Arrival Take animal from finder Quickly evaluate 1

2 Get history How long since found? Upon Arrival Was it given food or water? What kind Did it eat? How much? When? Seen by a vet? Upon Arrival Whom? Treatment administered? When? Anyone bitten/scratched/open wounds licked? Any pets bitten? Physical Restraint Basic Considerations Will the method of restraint be safe for the handler? Does the method provide maximum safety for the animal? Can the procedure be completed using the restraint? Can constant observation and attention be given to the animal? Physical Restraint Techniques - catching Catchpole Net Box or laundry basket Blanket 2

3 Physical Restraint Techniques - handling Physical Restraint Techniques - handling Gloves Goggles Shoes (not sandles) pic of covered head here Cover the animal s head Physical Restraint Techniques - handling Physical Restraint Know the behavior Best to have 2 people Diurnal (day active) - handle in the dark Nocturnal (night active) - handle in light 3

4 Physical Restraint Know the behavior Physical Restraint Know the behavior Kittens/fox kits/raccoons - handle young by nape of neck adults will turn and bite Skunks back up, stamp feet Buteo hawks use feet Owls and falcons bite and use feet Geese use wings, pinch with beak Vultures projectile vomit Hazards to Wildlife Drafts Aerosol sprays Water Mirrors Appliances Hazards to Wildlife Dogs and cats Children/guests/neighbors Handling: calm and slow talk soothingly self protection feed/hold close to ground 4

5 Basic Medical Weight Weigh patients to determine If underweight How much to feed How much medication to give Weight Volume Medication is administered by volume 1000 milligrams (mg) = 1 gram 1000 grams (g) = 1 Kilogram (Kg) 454 grams (g) = 1 pound (lb) 2.2 pounds (lb) = 1 Kilogram (Kg) 5

6 Volume Administration Frequency 1000 milliliter (ml) = 1 liter 1 milliliter (ml) = 1 cubic centimeter (cc) SID once daily (every 24 hours) BID twice daily (every 12 hours) TID three times daily (every 8 hours) QID four times daily (every 6 hours) How to Read a Syringe How to Read a Syringe Is 1cc a weight or volume measure? 1cc syringe Needle 6

7 How to Read a Syringe How to Read a Syringe How much is actually in a 1cc syringe? 3 cc syringe How to Read a Syringe How to Read a Syringe How much is 3 cc of fluid? 5cc syringe 7

8 How to Read a Syringe How to Read a Syringe 0.1 cc 0.1 cc Which is more.10 cc or.1 cc or 0.1 cc? How to Read a Syringe How to Read a Syringe How much is.10 of a cc? 8

9 How to Read a Syringe How to Read a Syringe Leur lock Slip lock Needle gauge Loss of fluids Animals have frequently been without water for several hours when they come to us It is critical to re-hydrate before feeding Skin turgor 9

10 Estimating the extent of dehydration 5% - dry and tacky mucous membranes, 1 second skin turgor 7% - dry, tacky and pale mucous membranes, slow second skin turgor (2 seconds), sunken eyes, slight prolongation of capillary refill time 10% - shocky, skin turgor very slow (3 seconds), prolongation of capillary refill time Capillary refill time 12-15% - in shock, comatose, impending death, skin tugor (4+ seconds) Types of fluid therapy Oral Subcutaneous (Subq) Intervenus (IV)* Intraperitoneal (body cavity) Isotonic fluids 10

11 Gavage/tube feeding Subq Under the skin Fluids warmed to body temperature Convenient, rapid administration Oral fluids Subq fluids IV IP IO Very effective Rapid dispersion Precise dosage Rapid absorption Used for reptiles & rodents Potential injury to organs High risk of infection Uncomfortable How much fluids should I give a 1000 gram animal that is 10% dehydrated? Needs monitoring These methods are used by veterinarians 11

12 1. Replace fluid deficit: Weight (in grams) x % dehydrated 1. Replace fluid deficit: Weight (in grams) x % dehydrated What is the deficit for a 1000 gram animal that is 10% dehydrated? 1. Replace fluid deficit: Weight (in grams) x % dehydrated 2. Provide daily maintenance fluids: 55ml/Kg What is the deficit for a 1000 gram animal that is 10% dehydrated? 100 ml 12

13 2. Provide daily maintenance fluids: 55ml/Kg per day What is the maintenance amount for the 1000 gram animal? 2. Provide daily maintenance fluids: 55ml/Kg per day What is the maintenance amount for the 1000 gram animal? 55 ml Requirement = Replacement + Maintenance Requirement = Replacement + Maintenance How much fluids do you give the first day? (2 day plan) 13

14 Requirement = Replacement + Maintenance Emaciation Extreme weight loss The result of starvation 105 ml = 50 ml + 55ml Emaciation Emaciation Emaciation never presents alone It is the result of some underlying problem (injury or disease preventing food gathering, dehydration or parasite infection) Physical signs: Below normal weight for body size Feels light Lack of fat Color of urine or droppings 14

15 Emaciation Emaciation Re-hydrate first with warm fluids DO NOT FEED! The gastrointestinal track may not function It may take more calories to digest the food than the animal can spare Feeding an emaciated animal will usually result in its death After hydrating provide: Foods easy to digest Small amounts frequently Ideal temperature (keep warm) Minimize the energy required to keep warm Emaciation Mix normal formula with LRS Progress to slurry of ground foods Gradually replace with solid foods Stages: Emaciation Not eaten for short period, not substantially underweight Not eaten for several days, 75-90% of normal weight 50 70% normal weight (irreversible) 15

16 Basic Medical Stress Minimize stress Stress Stressors: Stress Stressors Petting Lack of isolation Excessive handling Frequent presence of a predator (you) Strange sights, sounds, odors Overcrowding Unfamiliar surroundings Territorial or hierarchal upsets Hunger and thirst Lack of habitual food Abrupt changes in temperature Exposure to chemicals (perfume, smoke, chlorine) 16

17 Gloves Towels Goggles Penlight, Intake Form Pen/pencil Stress Treatment Priorities: Have proper equipment ready Treat most serious injuries first Provide warmth Replace lost fluids Shock Severe dehydration Severe emaciation Blood loss Poison Seizure Dyspnea (difficult breathing) Apnea (lack of oxygen in air being breathed) Fluid loss (a lot) Release Considerations Exhibit full recovery from injuries No longer needs medical care Exhibits no signs of active disease Release Can it function properly? Release Proper Weight for sex, species, age and season Exhibits Flying/Running ability Adequate Vision & Depth Perception Normal Hearing Proper Feather/Coat condition Stamina Does it have food seeking skills? Recognize native food Demonstrate proper foraging behavior Catch and kill food without being injured 17

18 Release Release How does the animal behave toward It s own species? People? Dogs/cats/domestics? Will the animal be able to sustain a normal life in the wild with others of its species? Release Animals that should not be released Animals that have a visual impairment in both eyes Reptile with impaired use in two or more legs Birds that cannot use both wings An animal that is human imprinted An animal that carries an non-endemic disease that may be transmitted to the wild population Release Choosing the release site Proper habitat Adequate space, shelter, food & water With like species Territorial considerations Migration Hunting/trapping seasons 18