Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians Chapter 19

Transcription

1 Figure 19-1

2 Figure 19-2A

3 Figure 19-2B

4 Figure 19-3

5 Figure 19-4A1

6 Figure 19-4A2

7 Figure 19-4B

8 Figure 19-4C

9 Figure 19-4D

10 Figure 19-5

11 Figure 19-6A

12 Figure 19-6B

13 A Figure 19-7A

14 B Figure 19-7B

15 C Figure 19-7C

16 D Figure 19-7D

17 Figure 19-8

18 Figure 19-9

19 Figure 19-10

20 Figure 19-11A

21 Figure 19-11B

22 Drip chamber Clamp Protective cap Emesis basin Figure 19-11C

23 Figure 19-11D

24 Figure 19-12

25 A Figure 19-13A

26 B Figure 19-13B

27 Table 19-1 Estimating Level of Dehydration Dehydration Percentage Physical Exam Findings <5% History of vomiting or diarrhea, but no abnormalities noted on PE History of not eating or drinking well or at all prior to presentation 5% Tacky mucous membranes; Abdomen feels doughy (free peritoneal fluid has been reabsorbed) 6 8% Mild to moderate decrease in skin turgor; Dry mucous membranes; Slight tachycardia; Corneas appear dull (less tear production) 10 12% Marked decrease of skin turgor; Dry mucous membranes Weak and rapid pulse; Tachycardia; Slow capillary refill time; Sunken eyes; Mild CNS depression >12% Severe dehydration can lead to death Table 19-1

28 Table 19-2 Types of Crystalloid Solutions Crystalloid Solution [Na ± ] (meq/l) Osmolality (moml /L) [Cl ] (meq/l) [K + ] (meq/l) [Mg +2 ] (meq/l) [Ca +2 ] (meq/l) Lactate (meq/l) Acetate (meq/l) Gluconate (meq/l) Dextrose (g/l) *Isotonic Saline (0.9% NaCl) *Lactated Ringer s *Normosol # D 5 W # 1/4 Normal Saline # 1/2 Normal Saline + 0.9% Normal Saline with 5% Dextrose + 3% Normal Saline *isotonic solutions # hypotonic solutions + hypertonic solutions Table 19-2

29 Table 19-3 Common Fluid Component Abbreviations Abbreviation D W S NS NaCl RL LRS Solution Component Dextrose Water Saline Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl) Sodium Chloride Ringer s Lactate Lactated Ringer s Solution Table 19-3

30 Table 19-4 Guide to Potassium Supplementation in Animals Serum Potassium Levels (normal) <2.0 Amount of Potassium to Add to a 250 ml 5 meq 7 meq 10 meq 15 meq 20 meq Amount of Potassium to Add to a 1000 ml 20 meq 28 meq 40 meq 60 meq 100 meq Table 19-4

31 Table 19-5 Emergency Drugs Drug When Used Canine and Feline Dosage Shorthand Dosage Concentration Atropine Bradycardia; repeat every three to five minutes for a maximum of three doses 0.04 mg/kg IV, IO; 0.08 mg/kg IT 0.8 ml per 10 kg; 1.6 ml per 10 kg 0.5 mg/ml Crystalloid solution To correct shock; give in aliquots of fluid (1/4 to 1/3 shock dose as a bolus first, reassess patient, then repeat) 90 ml/kg/hr (dog); 60 ml/kg/hr (cat) Dexamethasone diazepam Use only for severe allergic reaction To control status epilepticus 4 mg/kg IV 20 ml per 10 kg 2 mg/ml 0.5 mg/kg IV 1.0 ml per 10 kg 5 mg/ml epinephrine Asystole (no heartbeat); repeat doses should be given every three to five minutes 0.1 mg/kg IV, IO; 0.2 mg/kg IT 1 ml per 10 kg; 2 ml per 10 kg 1:1000 hemoglobin glutamer-200 (Oxyglobin ) If animal is anemic, this drug is used to increase systemic oxygen content. This product is a hemoglobin-based, oxygen-carrying fluid that increases plasma and total hemoglobin concentration. Also given as colloid and for pressor support (to maintain adequate mean arterial pressure) ml/kg IV at a rate of up to 10 ml/kg/hr (dogs); ml/ kg IV (cats). If given too rapidly or to an animal with congestive heart failure, it may result in circulatory overload lidocaine Ventricular arrhythmias mg/kg IV IO (dog); mg/kg IT (dog); 0.2 mg/kg IV, IO, IT (cats use with caution) 1 2 ml per 10 kg; 2 5 ml per 10 kg; 1 ml per 5 kg 20 mg/ml mannitol Use only for cerebral edema 250 mg/kg IV 50 ml per 10 kg 5% = 50 mg/ml naloxone Opioid reversal mg/kg IV; mg/ kg IT ml per 10 kg; ml per 10 kg 0.4 mg/ml prednisone sodium Use only for severe allergic reaction 30 mg/kg IV 30 ml per 10 kg 100 mg/10 ml or 500 mg/10 ml Table 19-5