Inovacure Clinical Study

Transcription

1 Inovacure Clinical Study The Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program An Easy and Rapid Weight-loss Method Without Hunger or Fatigue for Adults 18 to 65 Years of Age 1

2 This study was designed to measure weight loss in adults 18 to 65 years of age who followed the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program during the prescribed period of 14 days, by Annie Jolicoeur, Dt.P. The secondary objectives of the study were to determine changes in BMI (Body Mass Index), changes in waist circumference and the relative risk of developing type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Study investigators also measured the incidence of the following side effects: hunger, dizziness, leg cramps, constipation, flatulence and bloating. Study Design Thirty-two (32) participants 18 to 65 years of age, 25% of whom were men (8) and 75% of whom were women (24), followed the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program during 14 days. The participants presented no contraindications for participating in the program. The contraindications were: pregnancy, breastfeeding, type 1 diabetes, liver failure, severe kidney failure, heart failure, myocardial infarct (MI), stroke, hypertension and cancer. The 14-day Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program consists of ingesting high-biological value proteins (e.g., complete proteins) in the form of powder in a pouch or energy bars, in addition to fruits, vegetables, dairy products and meat/meat substitutes, as well as a series of vitamin and mineral supplements. In 2009, Inovacure improved the nutritional qualities of its weight-loss program by adding fruit and by increasing the number of portions of dairy products. It is now recognized that omitting fruit from one s diet over a period of two weeks could be harmful to one s health. To prevent vitamin B1, B2, B3 and B9 deficiency, and a deficiency in minerals such as magnesium and phosphorus (often caused by low-carbohydrate diets), the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program 2

3 includes portions of fruits, vegetables, milk products as well as meat, meat substitutes, and vitamins and minerals. Participants were summoned to a first consultation visit for purposes of data collection as well as for a briefing on the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program. During this first, one hour-long visit investigators collected the following data: past and current health problems, current medications and/or supplements, food allergies and intolerances, digestive problems, physical activities currently practiced, weight, height, waist circumference and diets followed in the past. The day following this first meeting, participants began Day 1 of the program. On Day 15, the participants were contacted once more, this time for a 30-minute meeting. During this second visit, the following data were collected: weight, waist circumference, symptoms experienced during the Program (hunger, dizziness, headache, leg cramps, constipation, flatulence or bloating), ease in understanding the diet and the Program booklet, taste and texture of the protein supplements, perceived degree of satiety, variety in the menu plan, physical activities practiced by the participant, intake of vitamins and minerals, compliance with prescribed portions, and general satisfaction. Results The Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program showed that it allows adults to lose an average of 3.3 kg of weight over a period of 14 consecutive days (Table 1). The average age of the participants in this study was 39.3 years (43.0 for men and 38.1 for women). A single participant (a man, participant 5) did not complete the program. This subject abandoned the Program after 2 days. The subject reported that he suffered from an inflammatory bowel disease and experienced more diarrhea than usual. He therefore chose to withdraw from the study. Unfortunately, it is not possible to know if this symptom was caused by the protein supplements included in the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program. A single participant did not lose weight; this subject, a woman, actually gained 1kg. She explained this by an increase in her consumption of alcoholic beverages. Of the 32 participants, only 12 subjects correctly followed the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program without deviating from the prescribed method (Table 5). These 12 participants, 75% of whom were women (9) and 25% of whom were men (3), lost an average of 4.6 kg. The reasons invoked by the other participants for not complying with the regimen as prescribed were the following: lack of variety in the menus, business lunches and dinners, difficulty resisting the temptation of consuming foods forbidden by the Program (fries, chips, bread, sweets and alcohol), meals with family or friends. Referring to Table 2 showing data on changes in BMI, investigators observed that several participants achieved a reduction in the relative risk of disease (type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease). The baseline average BMI value was reduced from 29.8 at the start of the study to 28.5 after 14 days. At study inception, 14 participants were clinically obese. At study end, the number of obese subjects had been reduced to 10. At the start of this study, 4 participants were of normal weight; at the end of the study, this number had increased to 6. Concerning waist circumference, the participants lost an average of 3.3 cm (Table 3). The 12 participants who correctly followed the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program lost an average of 5.2 cm (Table 6). Based on the Canadian Recommendations for the classification of weight in adult subjects (Table 4), it was observed that only 3 men had a waist circumference < 94 cm and 6 women had a waist circumference < 80 cm. These numbers indicate that the subjects incurred a reduced risk of disease. After the weight loss program, 3 men had a waist circumference < 94 cm. However, this number increased by 4 subjects among the women. Ten (10) female participants (41.7% of the female subjects) therefore attained a waist circumference < 80 cm after the 14 days of the Program. In the category of increased risk of disease, 3

4 only 1 male subject had a waist circumference between 94 and 102 cm and 7 women had a waist circumference between 80 and 88 cm. At the end of the study, these data remained unchanged for the participating males and reduced to 4 for the female subjects. At the level of a considerably higher risk of disease, 4 men and 10 women remained in this zone. The considerably higher risk of disease is defined as a waist circumference greater than 102 cm for men and more than 88 cm for women. These data remained unchanged after the Program. Finally, only 16.0% of participants (5 subjects) did not obtain a reduction in waist circumference after following the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program. Concerning the side effects experienced by the subjects following the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program (Tables 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12), hunger was reported by 47% of the subjects (24 persons). These subjects measured the severity of the symptom at 42.5%. 23 out of these 24 participants explained that they felt the hunger only during the first 3 days of the Program. One single female subject reported feeling hunger during the entire 14-day period. Dizziness was reported by 29.0% of subjects (9 persons). These participants measured the severity of the symptom at 51.1%. Headaches were reported by 45.2% of participants (14 persons). These participants measured the severity of the symptom at 38.6%. Leg cramps were reported by 22.6% (7 persons). These participants measured the severity of the symptom at 25.7%. Constipation was reported by 51.6% of participants (16 persons). These participants measured the severity of the symptom at 51.3%. Flatulence and bloating were reported by 48.4% of participants (15 persons). These participants measured the severity of the symptom at 48.0%. Discussion The world-wide obesity epidemic which currently occurs in all western countries as well as a growing number of developing countries is also well-established in the province of Quebec. It is estimated that between the years 1987 to 1999, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Quebec adults increased by close to 50%. In 2003, 14% of Quebecers were obese and 33% were overweight. Government-sponsored studies are well-documented and cover many years of demographic analysis. These studies show a very rapid progression of obesity over the last generation. According to Statistics Canada, obesity among Canadians has increased from 14% to 23% between 1978 and As shown in Table 15, the increase is distinctive for each of the three categories of obesity, particularly for Classes II and III. In Quebec, the prevalence of obesity between 1990 and 2004 also increased (Table 16). In 1990, 38.6% of men and 20.5% of women were overweight, while 12.6% of men and 13.1% of women were obese. In 2004, these figures had increased to 40.1% of men and 28.4% of women suffering from overweight and 20.5% of men and 22.5% of women suffering from obesity. For more information on the classification of the different levels of obesity, please refer to Table 17 which shows the weight categories among the adult Quebec population in the year % of the population was overweight, 10.4% had Class 1 obesity, 2.4% had Class 2 obesity and 1.3% had Class 3 obesity. As these tables show, the prevalence of obesity in Quebec and Canada continues to increase despite numerous public information campaigns on the dangers of overweight and obesity. Obesity is of great concern for public health officials; it is a complex health problem that is associated with a number of serious comorbid conditions such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, certain types of cancer (breast, endometrium, colon, prostate, kidneys), osteoarthritis, reduced fertility, sleep apnea and respiratory problems. The Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program provides a high-protein regimen conducive to rapid weight loss, without hunger or fatigue. In the scientific literature, high-protein diets are defined by their composition in proteins, and this proportion varies considerably from 4

5 27% up to 68% of daily energy consumption. These figures represent between 90 g and 284 g of proteins per day. The Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program provides 107 g of proteins in 850 calories per day (50% of calories are from proteins). It has been noted that certain low-carbohydrate diets can cause an increase in the intake of saturated and trans fats. This does not occur with the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program, since this regimen contains only 7 g of saturated fats and 0.1 g of trans fats per day. Foods rich in saturated fatty acids are not permitted in the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program food regimen. For more information on the daily average nutritional values of the Program, please refer to Table 13. Satiation The role of proteins in increasing satiety has been well established. Meals or snacks high in protein have the capability of suppressing hunger to a greater degree than a regimen low in protein. A meal containing a high proportion of proteins can sustain the body during a much longer period of time. Several studies have demonstrated the different levels of efficacy among the various macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) in providing satiety, by classifying them along the following hierarchical scale: proteins provide the highest level of satisfaction and satiety, whilst lipids provide the lowest level of satiety. Hunger is a strong predictive factor for the failure of a weight-loss dietary regimen as well as for the failure in maintaining any weight loss that may have been achieved. It is very difficult to follow a dietary regimen when hunger is experienced on a constant basis. The high satiety level provided by proteins thus ensures not only a more rapid weight loss, but also a reduced incidence of weight regain. The protein-satiety relationship is further reinforced when the intake of proteins exceeds the body s protein requirements. Thermogenesis There is general consensus in the literature that proteins increase thermogenesis more than other types of macronutrients. Proteins are able to enhance weight loss because they allow the body to elevate the expenditure of energy through thermogenesis. The thermal effect of food remains essentially unchanged by lipids and carbohydrates. The intake of proteins thus exerts a thermogenic effect compared to lipids and carbohydrates. The thermogenic effect of food per calorie of energy produced at the level of the base metabolism is significantly increased by the presence of proteins in the diet. The body does not have the capability of storing proteins; the body processes proteins immediately after digestion. The body must either oxidize them or eliminate the excess amino acids. This increases the thermogenic effect of proteins. Preserving Muscle Mass A weight-loss dietary regimen should target the fatty tissues of the body while preserving the lean muscle mass as much as possible. A diet rich in proteins, including meal replacement portions with dense energy value providing at least 1.0 g of protein per kilogram of weight, has been demonstrated to be effective in significantly reducing weight while preserving muscle mass. This is exactly the effect provided by the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program. Several studies conducted over short periods of time have shown that a diet rich in proteins and low in carbohydrates is associated with a greater loss of fatty tissue, including intra-abdominal fatty tissue, as well as limited loss of lean muscle mass. Consuming more than 1.05g/kg/day of protein has been associated with a more significant maintenance of lean muscle mass compared to the ratio of 0.8g/kg/day which has most often been recommended in conventional weight-loss regimens. 5

6 Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease A diet of short duration containing a higher protein content, lower saturated fatty acids and lower trans fatty acids provides the following benefits: lower blood sugar level, lower blood pressure, lower LDL (the socalled bad cholesterol), lower triglycerides (TG) and higher HDL (the so-called good cholesterol). By following a dietary regimen such as the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program, subjects with metabolic syndrome (see Table 14 to obtain the definition) achieve a more significant weight loss, while still maintaining muscular mass. This is because subjects receive meals rich in protein compared to more conventional regimens without protein meal substitutes. One of the study participants suffers from type 2 diabetes and habitually measures his blood sugar 6 times per day. With the help of the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program and the assistance of his treating physician, this participant was able to cease taking his antidiabetic medication and now enjoys a stable blood sugar level between 5.0 and 5.4 mmol/l before meals and before bedtime. The reduction in BMI (Table 2) observed among study subjects was associated with a reduction in the risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Ketogenesis We know that lipids are stored by the body in the form of triglycerides. By losing weight through a lowcarbohydrate regimen, the body uses the ketone bodies produced by the triglycerides as a source of energy. Because of a reduced ingestion of calories, sugars and fats, the carbohydrate reserves of the body are frequently exhausted in less than 24 hours. To maintain its vital functions, the body quickly transforms its fatty tissues into ketone bodies that are able to produce energy. The brain uses these ketone bodies as a source of energy comparable to sugar. These ketone bodies are responsible for the rapid weight loss, the diminished hunger after 48 to 72 hours and the energy boost experienced by the study participants with the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program. Furthermore, ketogenesis contributes to limiting the loss of lean muscle mass. Kidney Function Some studies have shown that high-protein diets lead to an increase in calcium elimination by the kidneys, with a consequent negative balance in calcium and increased workload for the kidneys. However, it is important to note that this result seems to be linked to the intake of 125 g of protein or more per day. The Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program contains 107 g of proteins per day. Furthermore, the impact of a high-protein diet on kidney health remains a controversial issue. Few data exist demonstrating that hyperprotein diets pose any risk to kidney function in a healthy population. Bone Health No effects were observed on the equilibrium of bone mass or on calcium metabolism with a dietary regimen such as the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program. Indeed, a high-protein diet may even reduce the incidence of osteoporotic fractures. During the weight-loss period, the ingestion of nitrogen positively impacts the equilibrium of calcium metabolism and consequently helps to preserve the mineral content of bone. The hypercalciuria which has been observed in subjects following a hyperprotein diet is caused by an increase in the intestinal absorption of calcium and has no effect on bone homeostasis. 6

7 Maintenance of Stable Weight An increase in protein in the diet also increases the likelihood of the successful maintenance of weight through several biological mechanisms, including protein- induced satiety, protein thermogenesis and maintenance of lean muscle mass. Several studies have demonstrated that weight loss occurring within a six-month period shows that a highprotein diet facilitates a more significant weight loss. The practice of continuing a high-protein diet even after the desired weight loss exerts a beneficial effect on the maintenance of weight. A dietary regimen that meets or exceeds the proportion of 25% of kilocalories ingested in the form of proteins has the effect of increasing satiety and thermogenesis while reducing energy consumption. The capabilities of a protein-rich diet in preventing the regain of weight after the end of the weight-loss period thus constitutes an essential key to the efficacy of the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program when it comes to maintaining the achieved weight. relatives (Table 19). The participants all stated that they wished to continue losing weight, improving their food habits and their general health by practicing more physical exercise. The Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program succeeded in increasing their motivation level. The Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program differs from the standard high-protein dietary regimens commonly found on the market because in 2009, Inovacure improved the nutritional aspects of the Program by adding fruits and by increasing the quantity of dairy portions. In conclusion, it is important to note that the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program has shown itself to be a safe and effective weight-loss method. Conclusion In conclusion, Annie Jolicieur observed that, participants who followed the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program achieved and experienced rapid weight loss, and of particular note, with a minimum of side effects. All the participants in the study achieved an improvement of their parameters associated with type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, in only 14 days. The participants were very encouraged by the rapid weight loss they experienced, especially around the abdominal region. As shown in Table 18, the general level of satisfaction of the study participants was very high. The participants awarded an average grade of 80% for general satisfaction over the 14 days they followed the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program. Furthermore, 93.8% of participants reported that they would recommend the Program to close friends and 7

8 Annex 8

9 Table 1 : Weight loss in kg in relation with the BMI and the relative risk of health problems Participant Gender (femal or male) Age Height (m) Initial weight (kg) BMI* Risk** Final weight (kg) Weight loss (kg) 1 F High High 2 F Low 3 F Very high High BMI* Risk** 4 F M High N/A N/A N/A N/A 6 M M F M High High 10 F High High 11 M Low Low 12 F F High F Low Low 15 F High High 16 F Very high Very high 17 M High High 18 F M F M High F F High F F High High 26 F High High 27 F Low Low 28 F High High 29 F Low 30 F High F Low Low 32 F * Body mass index (kg/m²) ** Risk of developing health problems (type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease) compared to a person of normal weight according to the Canadian guidelines for body weight classification in adults. participants who correctly followed the dietary plan 9

10 Table 2 : Body mass index according to the Canadian guidelines for body weight classification in adults Classification Extremely underweight Body Mass Index (kg/m²) Risk of health problems of participants before the Program (without 5) of participants after the Program Less than 16 High 0 0 Underweight Less than Normal weight 18.5 to 24.9 Low 4 6 Overweight 25.0 to Obesity, class to 34.9 High 12 9 Obesity, class to 39.9 Very high 2 1 Obesity, class 3 (morbid obesity) 40 or more Extremely high

11 Table 3 : Waist circumference in relative with to the risk of developing health problems Participant Gender (female or male) Initial WC* (cm) Risk** Final WC* (cm) Reduced WC* (cm) 1 F F Low 3 F F Low 5 M 110 N/A N/A N/A 6 M M 93 Low 91 2 Low 8 F M F M 85 Low 79 6 Low 12 F Low 13 F Low 14 F Low 15 F F M F M 92 Low 90 2 Low 20 F M F 79 Low 76 3 Low 23 F F F F F 79 Low 79 0 Low 28 F F 71 Low 70 1 Low 30 F 79 Low 73 6 Low 31 F 79 Low 75 4 Low 32 F Risk* * Waist circumference **Risk of developing health problems (type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease) compared to a person of normal weight according to the Canadian guidelines for body weight classification in adults participants who correctly followed the dietary plan 11

12 Table 4 : Waist circumference. Diagram adapted from the Canadian guidelines for body weight classification in adults Classification Men (cm) Women (cm) Low < 94 < 80 > 94 > 80 > 102 > 88 Table 5 : Weight loss in kg in relation to the BMI and the relative risk of health problems among the 12 participants who correctly followed the dietary plan Participant Gender (female or male) Age Height (m) Initial weight (kg) BMI* Risk** Final weight (kg) Weigth loss (kg) BMI* Risk** 1 F High High 3 F Very high High 4 F H High High 12 F H High High 18 F F H High F High F High F

13 Table 6 : Waist circumference in relation to the risk of developing health problems among the 12 participants who correctly followed the dietary plan Participant Gender (female or male) Initial WC* (cm) 1 F 97 3 F 106 Risk** Final WC* (cm) Reduced WC* (cm) Risk* 4 F Low 9 M F Low 17 M F F M F F 79 Low 73 6 Low 32 F

14 Table 7 : Hunger as a side effect Participants % felt N/A participants who correctly followed the dietary plan Table 8 : Dizziness as a side effect Participants % felt NA participants who correctly followed the dietary plan Table 9 : Headaches as a side effect Participants % felt N/A participants who correctly followed the dietary plan Table 10 : Leg cramps as a side effect Participants % felt N/A participants who correctly followed the dietary plan Table 11 : Constipation as a side effect Participants % felt N/A participants who correctly followed the dietary plan Table 12 : Flatulence and bloating as a side effect Participants % felt N/D participants who correctly followed the dietary plan

15 Table 13 : Average daily nutritive value of the Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program Calories 850 Fat Saturated Trans Carbohydrates Fibre Sugars Polyalcohol Protein 15g 7g 0.1g 75g 10g 40g 1g 107g Table 14 : Metabolic syndrome definition according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. There is metabolic syndrome when 3 or more of the following factors are present: Abdominal obesity Elevated plasma triglycerides Elevated blood pressure Decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) Elevated fasting glucose level Men: waist circumference of 94 cm or more Women: waist circumference of 80 cm or more Equal or greater than1.7 mmol/l Equal or greater than130 mm Hg/85 mm Hg Men: less than 1.0 mmol/l Women : less than.3 mmol/l Equal or greater than 5.6 mmol/l Table 15 : Obesity prevalence in Canada between 1978 and 2005 Canada, (ages 18 ) 1978 (%) 2004 (%) 2005 (%) Total overweight and obese BMI= Overweight BMI= Obesity BMI= Obesity Class I BMI= , Obesity Class II BMI= 35-39,9 2,3 5,1 4,8 Obesity Class III BMI> 40 (severe) 0,9 2,7 2,1 15

16 Table 16 : Obesity prevalence in Québec between 1990 and 2004 Male (%) Female (%) Total (%) Overweight 38,6 20,5 30,4 Obesity Class 1 40,1 28,4 34,3 Obesity Class 2 12,6 13,1 12,7 Obesity Class 3 20,5 22,5 21,5 Table 17 : Weight categories in Québec adult population, in (%) Overweight 33,2 Obesity Class 1 10,4 Obesity Class 2 2,4 Obesity Class 3 1,3 Table 18 : Global satisfaction (%) Participants % ressentie N/A participants who correctly followed the dietary plan Table 19 : Answer to the question: Would you recommend Inovacure Fast Action Weight Loss Program? Participants % ressentie y n y y N/A y y y y y y y y y y y y y 20 y y y y y y n y y y y y y participants who correctly followed the dietary plan y : yes n : no

17 References: Abete I, Astrup A, Martinez JA, Thorsdottir I, Zulet MA, Obesity and the metabolic syndrome: role of different dietary macronutrient distribution patterns and specific nutritional components on weight loss and maintenance. Nutrition Reviews 2011;68: Morenga Te, Williams S, Brown R, Mann J. Effect of a relatively high-protein, high fiber diet on body composition and metabolic risk factors in overweight women. Eu. Jour. Clin. Nutr. 2010; 64: Veldhorst MAB, Westerterp KW, Van Vught AJAH, Westerterp-Plantenga, MS. Presence or absence of carbohydrates and the proportion of fat in a highprotein diet affect appetite suppression but not energy expenditure in normal-weight human subjects fed in energy balance. Br. Jour. Nutr. 2010;104: Flechtner-Mors M, Boehm BO, Wittmann R, Thoma U, Ditschuneit HH, Ditschuneit HH. Enhanced weight loss with protein-enriched meal replacements in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Diab Metab Res Rev. 2010;26: Larsen TM, Dalskov S-M, Van Baak M, et al. Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. N Engl Med. 2010; 363;22: Devkota S, Layman DK. Protein metabolic roles in treatment of obesity. Cun Opid Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010;13: Hochstenbach-Waelen A, Veldhorst MAB, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Comparison of 2 diets with either 25% or 10% of energy as casein on energy expenditure, substrate balance and appetite profile. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89: Clifton PM, Bastiaans K, Keogh JB. High protein diets decrease total and abdominal fat and improve CVD risk profile in overweight and obese men and women with elevated triacylglycerol. Nutr, Metab, and CVDs 2009;19: Hochctenbach-Walen A, Veldhorst MAB, Hieuwenjuizen AG et al. Comparison of 2 diets with either 25% or 10% of energy as casein on energy expenditure, substrate balance, and appetite profile. Am Society Nutr. 2009: Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Tomé D, Soenen S, Westerterp KR. Dietary protein, weight loss and weight maintenance. Annr Rev Nutr 2009;29: Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Protein intake and energy balance. Regulatory Peptides 2008;149: Paddon-jones D, Westman E, Mattes RD et al. Protein, weight management and satiety. Am Jour Clin Nutr 2008;87: 1558S-61S. Johnstone AM, Horgan GW, Murison SD et al. Effects of a high-protein ketogenic diet on hunger, appetite and weight loss in obese men feeding ad libitum. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87: Brehm BJ, D Alessio DA. Benefits of high-protein weight loss diets: enough evidence for practice? Curr Opion Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008;15(5) : Clifton PM, Keogh JB, Noakes M. Long-term effects of a high-protein weight-loss diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87: Meckling KA, Sherfey R. A randomized trial of a hypocaloric high-protein diet, with and without exercise, on weight loss, fitness, and markers of the metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007;32:

18 Villeneuve J. Évolution de l obesity au Québec et au Canada. Objectif prévention vol 30 no : Luhovyy BL, Akhavan T, Anderson GH. Whey proteins in the regulation of food intake and satiety. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007;(6): 704S-12S. Krieger JW, Sitren HS, Daniels MJ, Langkamp-Henken B. Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: a meta-regression. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83: Luhovyy B, Akhavan T, Andersen GH. Whey proteins in the regulation of food intake and satiety 2007;vol 26 no 6:704S-712S. McMillan-Price J, Petocz P, Atkinson F et al. Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults, Arch Intern Med 2006;166 : Last AR, Wilson SA. Low-carbohydrate diets. Am fam phys 2006;vol 73 no 11: Noakes M, Keogh JB, Foxter PR, Clifton PM. Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81: Weigle DS, Breen PA, Matthys CC, et al. A highprotein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plama leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:41-8. Mongeau L, Audet N, Aubin J et al. L excès de poids dans la population québécoise de 1987 à Institut national de santé publique au Québec : Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR, Asturp A. Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on overwight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. International journal of obesity 2004;28: Kerstertter JE, O Brien KO, Caseria DM, et al. Jour Endo Metab 2005;90: Halton TL, Hu FB. The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review. Jour Am Coll Nutr 2004;vol 23 no 5: Farnsworth E, Luscombe ND, Noakes M, et al. Effects of high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women. An J Clin Nutr 2003;78: Johnston CS, Tjonn SL, Swan PD. High-protein, low-fat diets are effective for weight loss and favorably alter biomarkers in healthy adults. Am soc nutr sc 2004; Westerterp-Plantenga MS. The significance of protein in food intake and body weight regulation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2003;6: Eisenstein J, Roberts SB, Dallal Gerard, Saltzman E. Highprotein weight-loss diets: are they safe and do they work? A review of the experimental and epidemiologic data. Nutr rev 2002; vol 60 no 7:

19 This Inovacure Fast Action Weight loss Program Clinical Study, was realized by: Annie Jolicoeur, Dt.P Dietitian - Nutritionist annie_jolicoeur@yahoo.ca 19