The Neural Control of Behavioral State
|
|
- Victor McDowell
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Neural Control of Behavioral State Learning objectives: Introduction - Behavioral State; why do we sleep? A Clinical Case - The Sleeping Beauty of Oak Park. EEG - A Neural Signature of Behavioral State. Behavioral State is Rhythmic - Homeostatic vs Circadian Drives. Neurobiological insights from lesion-induced loss of function - Bremer, Moruzzi and Magoun. The Ascending Reticular Activating System. More insights from lesion-induced loss of function - Nauta. The hypothalamus in regulation of behavioral state; identified circuits. Brainstem Arousal Circuits. REM sleep and dreaming. Narcolepsy - Loss of integrated action in behavioral state regulation.
2 Behavioral State: An Introduction Our existences is characterized by daily cycles of activity and rest, more commonly known as the sleep-wake cycle. Consciousness is associated with waking. Consciousness is defined as an awareness of self and surround. Consciousness is governed by content and arousal. Content is the sum of cognitive and mental functions. Any lesion that interferes with cognitive function reduces the conscious state irrespective of the state of arousal. Arousal relates to the level of alertness. Cognitive function is heavily dependent upon arousal state, but arousal does not guarantee effective cognition. Localization of function and distributed processing determine behavioral state. The importance of behavioral state in adaptive behavior is apparent in the distributed redundant circuitry that administers its function.
3 Stages of Consciousness 1. All stimuli blocked from reaching consciousness; deep anesthesia or brain dead. 2. Dreaming during sleep or anesthesia; stimuli may influence dream content. 3. Deficient will to act. 4. Inability to respond regardless of total awareness. 5. Commands lead to purposeful movement. A = conscious state. B = awareness & comprehension of stimulus. C = will and intention to respond. D = ability to respond. Sensory input results in purposeful behavioral output only when all aspects of conscious information processing and motor readiness are functional. Langsjo et al., 2012
4 The Human Condition The Sleep Wake Cycle (SWC) Consciousness alternates with periods of rest. Cycles of activity and sleep are biologically determined. Sensory input from the eyes synchronizes the SWC with the light-dark cycle.
5 The Functions of Sleep REM sleep begins in the third trimester of gestation and alternates with periods of inactivity. It is postulated that this oscillatory activity is essential to the programmed gene expression that generate critical periods of development. Sleep provides a period of rest that allows a series of restorative actions both in the brain and other systems. Sleep is essential to life. Sleep plays a role in the consolidation of memories. Sleep is essential for mental health. Hobson (2009) posits that sleep prepares the mind for the conscious state.
6 Restorative Properties of Sleep Sleep great nature s second course, Chief nourisher in life s feast. (Macbeth, Act II) Adenosine-5 -triphosphate (ATP) is used in energy-consuming cellular processes. Thus, ATP levels are a measure of energy consumption. ATP levels surge during the onset of sleep in areas of the brain active during waking. The surge in ATP is tightly coupled to non-rem sleep, when neuronal activity and energy consumption are low. Sleep deprivation prevents the NREMassociated surge in ATP. 87% of brain energy consumption is correlated with neuronal firing rate. Dworak et al., 2010 The brain (2% of body mass) accounts for 20% of oxygen & glucose used by the entire organism.
7 Sleep and Mortality Risk Yoked rats were instrumented to record EEG and placed on a disk over water in identical chambers. When EEG detected sleep stages in the deprived rat the disk rotated. Non-deprived rats could sleep when the deprived rat was awake. Food and water were freely available for both rats and the environment was controlled. Deprived rats died within weeks from a variety of disorders. Animals in these experiments lost weight in spite of eating the same amount as controls and also lost thermoregulatory capacity. Rechtschaffen et al., 1983 Effective human cognition dependents upon effective temperature control. Thus, consciousness and cognition are closely tied to effective thermoregulation.
8 Sleep and Memory Metha, M. R., Nature Neuroscience 10: 13-15, 2007 Memory consolidation Electrophysiological studies demonstrate that the content of the memories is replayed in the hippocampus during sleep (McNaughton et al, 2000).
9 Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Performance PVT Measure of Sustained attention David Dinges University of Pennsylvania The number of hours of sleep one gets each night determines how alert the individual will be while awake. Chronic sleep deprivation impairs performance. Similarly, the ability to learn new tasks is directly correlated with habitual nightly sleep duration. Van Dongen et al., 2003 Psychomotor vigilance tasks (PVT) were measured for individuals deprived of sleep for differing periods over a two week period. Restriction to 4, 6 and 8 hours of sleep per night resulted in increasing errors over the two week period. The level of errors produced in the 4 and 6 hour groups was shown to be equivalent to that of hours of total sleep deprivation.
10 Sleep Deprivation and Attention Lim et al., 2010 Activation of brain during attention tasks in rested wakefulness (RW) and following 24 hours sleep deprivation (SD).
11 The Case of Sara S. Sara S. is better known as the sleeping beauty of Oak Park (a suburb of Chicago). In 1926, when she was 12 years old, she developed influenza at the end of a pandemic that swept the globe from 1916 to Following recovery from the respiratory effects of the influenza, she gradually became unresponsive and went into a coma from which she never recovered, although she lived for another 15 years. This was a common course for the sleeping sickness, which was subsequently shown to result from viral encephalitis. The clinical course of this disease was described by Baron Constatin von Economo and is now widely known as von Enconomo s encephalitis lethargica. Remarkably, the disease disappeared following 1926 and there have been no further documented occurrences. An autopsy following Sara s death revealed a lesion including posterior hypothalamus and rostral reticular formation that was similar in location to others who suffered from this disease
12 Encephalitis Lethargica Baron Constantine von Economo! Encephalitis lethargica - persistent coma - characterized by lesions in posterior hypothalamus and rostral brainstem. Other Symptoms: Fever, headache, double vision, delayed mental responses and - not surprisingly given its name - lethargy. Encephalitis lethargica is a disease characterized by high fever, headache, double vision, delayed physical and mental response, and lethargy. In acute cases, patients may enter coma. Patients may also experience abnormal eye movements, upper body weakness, muscular pains, tremors, neck rigidity, and behavioral changes including psychosis. The cause of encephalitis lethargica is unknown. Between 1917 to 1928, an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica spread throughout the world, but no recurrence of the epidemic has since been reported. Recent studies of patients exhibits similar symptoms has linked the disease autoimmune attack after Streptococcal infection.
13 Encephalitis Lethargica Baron Constantine von Economo! Encephalitis lethargica - persistent coma - is characterized by lesions inposterior hypothalamus and rostral brainstem. Autopsy & imaging of individuals exhibiting symptoms reveal lesions impinging upon posterior hypothalamus & the reticular core of brainstem.
14 Hans Berger and the EEG The Electroencephalogram Hans Berger Berger, H. Über das Elektroenkephalogram des Menschen. Archiv Psychiatrie Nervenkrankheiten, 1929, 87: EEG - an objective measure of brain function, particularly behavioral state.
15 A Neural Signature of Behavioral State The Electroencephalogram Electroencephalogram (EEG) is recorded from surface electrodes on the scalp and provides information on the neural activity of the cerebral cortex.
16 The Electroencephalogram Waking: EEG: Low voltage, fast frequency. The EEG reflects an activation of cerebral cortex via thalamus that results from interaction with the environment. Non-REM Sleep: EEG: High voltage, low frequency. The EEG reflects a decrease in cortical activation, but the individual is susceptible to sensory input and arousal. REM Sleep: EEG: Low voltage, fast frequency; very similar to that of waking. The EEG reflects an active cortex, with an inhibition of sensory input & motor output. Nathaniel Kleitman! The Waking and REM EEGs are Very Similar
17 The Electroencephalogram REM NREM Approximate 90 minute cycles of NREM/REM Sleep Episodes of REM & NREM Sleep Alternate through the Night
18 The Behavioral State Profile Electromyogram Electroencephalogram Electrooculogram
19 Circadian versus Homeostatic Regulation of Sleep-Wake Cycles (S = Homeostatic drive, C = Circadian drive) (MODIFIED FROM DAAN S, ET AL, AM J PHYSIOL 246: R161-R183, 1984) Homeostatic Drive & Circadian Drive combine to generate a sleep-wake cycle.
20 Circadian Drive Opposes Homeostatic Drive Homeostatic drive for sleep A sleep substance, S, accumulates progressively during the waking period. The higher the concentration of S the greater the drive for sleep. Sleep Onset Circadian drive for arousal A biological clock in the hypothalamus has a period approximating a day. Increasing neural activity in the clock promotes arousal through its neural network. Homeostatic Drive for Sleep Prevails when Clock Activity Decreases
21 The Neural Control of Behavioral State Beyond the Hypothalamus Insights from lesion-induced loss of function. The experiments of Bremer. The experiments of Moruzzi and Magoun. Frederic Bremer! Giuseppe Moruzzi and H.W. Magoun
22 Ascending Pathways and Consciousness Normal sensory input with cortical activation = Cerebral Cortex Thalamus Midbrain Pons-Medulla * ** * Sensory Input
23 Bremer s Experiment - Encephale Isole Input from Spinal Cord Eliminated by Transection at the Spinomedullary Junction = Cerebral Cortex Thalamus Midbrain Pons-Medulla * ** Transection * Sensory Input
24 Bremer s Experiment - Cerveau Isole Brain Transection at Midbrain = Cerebral Cortex Transection Thalamus Midbrain Pons-Medulla * * * Sensory Input
25 Moruzzi and Magoun Lesions of the Reticular Core Cause Cerebral Cortex Lesion Importantly, the lesion spared surrounding sensory pathways.
26 = Ascending reticular activating core Moruzzi and Magoun Stimulation of the Brainstem Reticular Core Cerebral Cortex Stimulation!
27 The Reticular Formation Neural Pathways Supporting Arousal The locus coeruleus (noradrenergic) and raphe nuclei (serotoninergic) reduce activity during SWS and are silent during REM sleep.
28 Distributed Control of Behavioral State Behavioral Analysis after Hypothalamic Lesions Nauta s Sleep Centers OB T RF MRI of Rat Brain in Sagittal Section OB Walle Nauta Lesions of the rostral or caudal hypothalamus produce insomnia or coma, respectively. insomnia H = Hypothalamus T = Thalamus OB = Olfactory bulb RF = Reticular formation = Lesion Placement Nauta postulated hypothalamic Sleep Centers based upon lesion-induced influences upon arousal. H T RF somnolence
29 Hypothalamic Regulation of Behavioral State Four Hypothalamic Cell groups Influence sleep-wake cycles = SCN GABA = VLPO GABA = Perifornical Hypocretin = TM Histamine Suprachiasmatic Nuclei: Circadian pacemaker; genetically determined oscillator, promotes arousal. Ventrolateral Preoptic Nuclei: GABAergic cell groups in rostral hypothalamus that promote sleep. Perifornical Nuclei: Hypocretin containing neurons in caudal hypothalamus that promote arousal. Tuberomammilary Nuclei: Histaminergic neurons in caudal hypothalamus that promote arousal. Identification and characterization of the cell groups in the contemporary literature validate the concept of sleep centers put forward by Walle Nauta in the 1950s.
30 Hypothalamic Regulation of Behavioral State Four Hypothalamic Cell groups Influence sleep-wake cycles Hypocretin Histamine = SCN GABA = VLPO GABA = Perifornical Hypocretin = TM Histamine The Hypocretin and Tuberomammillary Nuclei Promote Arousal through Diffuse Projections to the Cortical Mantle. Hypocretin neurons also innervate brainstem nuclei that promote arousal.
31 Hypothalamic Regulation of Behavioral State Four Hypothalamic Cell groups Influence sleep-wake cycles Hypocretin Histamine = SCN GABA = VLPO GABA = Perifornical Hypocretin = TM Histamine VLPO GABAergic neurons are activated at the onset of sleep (Saper et al) and inhibit caudal hypothalamic cell groups (perifornical and tuberomammillary) known to promote arousal.
32 VLPO Inhibition of the Ascending Arousal System Saper et al, Nature 437: , 2005 The VLPO Becomes Active at the Onset of Sleep.
33 HOMEOSTATIC DRIVE What is S and where does it act? Ach Adenosine is thought to be the sleep substance that accumulates during wakefulness. It is postulated to inhibit a cholinergic (Ach) arousal center in the basal forebrain.
34 Hypothalamic Regulation of Behavioral State Four Hypothalamic Cell groups Influence sleep-wake cycles Hypocretin Histamine = VLPO GABA = VLPO GABA = Perifornical Hypocretin = TM Histamine Homeostatic drive for sleep acts through VLPO.
35 Hypothalamus & Sleep Onset, Homeostatic drive, and the Onset of Sleep (Urade, 2011) L-PGDS = lipocalin-type PGD synthase
36 Basic Mechanisms of Waking Activated, Desynchronized Cortical State These cell groups stimulate arousal: Basal forebrain: Nucleus Basalis. Thalamus: Intralaminar Nuclei. Hypothalamus: Perifornial and Tuberomammillary Nuclei. Brainstem: Locus coeruleus and sertoninergic cell groups. Saper et al, Nature 437: , 2005 Brainstem cholinergic cell groups (LDT & PPT) facilitate thalamocortical transmission. Arousal groups (red) activate the cortex to facilitate processing of information from the thalamus.
37 Narcolepsy: A Failure of Integration Jerome Segal Hypocretin Neurons.. Project densely to arousal centers such as the locus coeruleus. Degenerate in hypothalamus of narcoleptics. The Doberman Narcoleptic dog model was shown to have a deletion in the hypocretin receptor. About Narcolepsy.. Excess daytime sleepiness. Sleep paralysis. Hypnagogic hallucinations. Cataplexy.
38 A Neural Basis for Narcolepsy Malfunction of Behavioral State Circuits (Saper et al, Nature 437: , 2005 It has long been postulated that brainstem cell groups constitute a REM Switch that generates REM sleep. The identity the cell groups that constitute the switch is debated. However, strong evidence supports the conclusion that hypocretin stabilizes the switch. Absence of hypocretin, or mutation of its receptors, contributes to switch instability and narcolepsy.
39 A FEW GOOD PARTING WORDS
pdf NIH Overview Back to Course Schedule (The material below on the neuron is adapted from:
1 of 8 6/20/2012 10:25 AM Sleep and Dreams Sleep and the Brain pdf NIH Overview 3.2-3.3 Some Basic Background: Back to Course Schedule (The material below on the neuron is adapted from: http://vv.carleton.ca/~neil/neural/neuron-a.html)
More informationNEURAL MECHANISMS OF SLEEP (p.1) (Rev. 3/21/07)
NEURAL MECHANISMS OF SLEEP (p.1) (Rev. 3/21/07) 1. Revisitation of Bremer s 1936 Isolated Brain Studies Transected the brain: a. Cut between the medulla and the spinal cord ( encephale isole ) Note: recall
More informationEEG Sleep Circadian rhythms Learning Objectives: 121, 122
EEG Sleep Circadian rhythms Learning Objectives: 121, 122 Zoltán Lelkes Electroencenphalography Hans Berger pen time amplifier electrodes 1 The waves of the EEG gamma > 30 Hz beta: 13-30 Hz Mental activity:
More informationRelevance of sleep neurobiology for cognitive neuroscience and anesthesiology
1 Relevance of sleep neurobiology for cognitive neuroscience and anesthesiology Giancarlo Vanini, MD, Helen A. Baghdoyan, PhD, and Ralph Lydic, PhD Introduction Although general anesthetics are used for
More informationBiological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming. Elaine M. Hull
Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming Elaine M. Hull Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping Animals generate 24 hour cycles of wakefulness and sleep. Some animals generate endogenous circannual rhythms (yearly
More informationPhysiology of Sleep. Dr Nervana
Physiology of Sleep Dr Nervana Objectives: 1. Explain the difference between sleep and coma. 2. Define NREM (non-rapid eye movement, SWS) and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. 3. Describe how NREM and REM
More informationRhythms of the Brain 1 of 8
Rhythms of the Brain 1 of 8 I. EEG A. Measures current flow during synaptic excitation of the dendrites of a large number of pyramidal cells. 1. 80% of the brain made up of these cells 2. thousands of
More informationSleep, Dreaming and Circadian Rhythms
Sleep, Dreaming and Circadian Rhythms People typically sleep about 8 hours per day, and spend 16 hours awake. Most people sleep over 175,000 hours in their lifetime. The vast amount of time spent sleeping
More informationSleep. No longer think of sleep as an isolated block of time at the end of the day. Sleep is not just the absence of wakefulness,
Sleep Neil B. Kavey, MD Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center No longer think of sleep as an isolated block of time at the end of the day. Sleep is not just the absence of wakefulness, It is an active physiologic
More informationSleep. No longer think of sleep as an isolated block of time at the end of the day. Sleep is not just the absence of wakefulness,
Sleep Neil B. Kavey, MD Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center No longer think of sleep as an isolated block of time at the end of the day. Sleep is not just the absence of wakefulness, It is an active physiologic
More informationCircadian rhythm and Sleep. Radwan Banimustafa MD
Circadian rhythm and Sleep Radwan Banimustafa MD Homeostasis Maintenance of equilibrium by active regulation of internal states: Cardiovascular function (blood pressure, heart rate) Body temperature Food
More informationIntroduction to Physiological Psychology
Introduction to Physiological Psychology Psych 260 Kim Sweeney ksweeney@cogsci.ucsd.edu cogsci.ucsd.edu/~ksweeney/psy260.html What could possibly go wrong? n Causes of Narcolepsy Uncertain, but appears
More informationCarlson (7e) PowerPoint Lecture Outline Chapter 9: Sleep and Biological Rhythms
Carlson (7e) PowerPoint Lecture Outline Chapter 9: Sleep and Biological Rhythms This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public
More informationPhysiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
Physiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR What the Brain Does The nervous system determines states of consciousness and produces complex behaviors Any given neuron may have as many as 200,000
More informationPhysiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
Physiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR In Physiology Today What the Brain Does The nervous system determines states of consciousness and produces complex behaviors Any given neuron may
More informationCOMA BIOLOGY. Assist. Prof. Mehmet Akif KARAMERCAN Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine
COMA BIOLOGY Assist. Prof. Mehmet Akif KARAMERCAN Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine Outlines Definitions Classification and Major Causes Arousal Systems (Reticular Activating
More informationCONTROL OF MOVEMENT BY THE BRAIN A. PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX:
CONTROL OF MOVEMENT BY THE BRAIN A. PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX: - responsible for - like somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex show (motor homunculus) - amount of cortex devoted to different parts of body
More informationA. PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX: - responsible for - like somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex show (motor homunculus) - amount of cortex devoted to
CONTROL OF MOVEMENT BY THE BRAIN A. PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX: - responsible for - like somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex show (motor homunculus) - amount of cortex devoted to different parts of body
More informationstates of brain activity sleep, brain waves DR. S. GOLABI PH.D. IN MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY
states of brain activity sleep, brain waves DR. S. GOLABI PH.D. IN MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY introduction all of us are aware of the many different states of brain activity, including sleep, wakefulness, extreme
More informationLecture 8. Arousal & Sleep. Cogs17 * UCSD
Lecture 8 Arousal & Sleep Cogs17 * UCSD Arousal in the Brain Stimulated by sensory input Initiated, maintained endogenously Basal Forebrain Delivers ACh throughout cortex Arousal in the Brain Lateral Hypothalamus
More informationBasic Science of Representative Normal Human EEG Potentials
Basic Science of Representative Normal Human EEG Potentials Seyed M Mirsattari, MD, PhD, FRCPC Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Medical Biophysics, Diagnostic Imaging, Psychology University
More informationSpecial Lecture 6 Effects of Sleep on Seizures ; A Path to sleep neurology (Somno-neurology)
Special Lecture 6 Effects of Sleep on Seizures ; A Path to sleep neurology (Somno-neurology) Jun Kohyama, MD Tokyo Bay Urayasi/Ichikawa Medical Center Taiwan Pediatric Epilepsy Congress 2010 Dec. 26, 2010,
More informationNarcolepsy. Jon R. Doud, MD Pulmonary Physician Midwest Center for Sleep Disorders Aurora, IL
Narcolepsy Jon R. Doud, MD Pulmonary Physician Midwest Center for Sleep Disorders Aurora, IL Narcolepsy A central nervous system disorder that is an important cause of persistent sleepiness. The second
More informationBrain Circuitry Controlling Sleep and Wakefulness Richard L. Horner, PhD; John H. Peever, PhD
Review Article Brain Circuitry Controlling Sleep and Wakefulness Richard L. Horner, PhD; John H. Peever, PhD ABSTRACT Purpose of Review: This article outlines the fundamental brain mechanisms that control
More informationNEOCORTEX. Laminar pattern 6 layers billion neurons 95 % surface of the hemisphere
THE CEREBRAL CORTEX NEOCORTEX Laminar pattern 6 layers 10 20 billion neurons 95 % surface of the hemisphere Six Layers of Cortex LGN input Parvo Magno B-Slide 4 NEOCORTEX, types of neurons Pyramidal neurons
More informationSUBCORTICAL MODULATORY SYSTEMS (Honors Class, March 11, 2004)
SUBCORTICAL MODULATORY SYSTEMS (Honors Class, March 11, 2004) Over the past 50 years, the basic mechanisms of sleep-wake states have been studied with an interdisciplinary approach embracing neurophysiology,
More informationEEG and some applications (seizures and sleep)
EEG and some applications (seizures and sleep) EEG: stands for electroencephalography and is a graphed representation of the electrical activity of the brain. EEG is the recording of electrical activity
More informationSupplementary Appendix
Supplementary Appendix This appendix has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. Supplement to: Brown EN, Lydic R, Schiff ND, et al. General anesthesia, sleep,
More informationNormal sleep mechanisms & why do we sleep?
4 rd Congress of the European Academy of Neurology Lisbon, Portugal, June 16-19, 2018 Teaching Course 18 Basics of sleep medicine - Level 1 Normal sleep mechanisms & why do we sleep? Rolf Fronczek Leiden,
More informationUnderstanding the Interplay between Neurobiochemistry of Sleep-wake Systems and Cognition
Article ID: WMC002361 ISSN 2046-1690 Understanding the Interplay between Neurobiochemistry of Sleep-wake Systems and Cognition Corresponding Author: Dr. Mohammad Torabi Nami, MD, PhD Neuroscience, Institute
More informationChemical Control of Behavior and Brain 1 of 9
Chemical Control of Behavior and Brain 1 of 9 I) INTRO A) Nervous system discussed so far 1) Specific 2) Fast B) Other systems extended in space and time 1) Nonspecific 2) Slow C) Three components that
More informationCHARACTERIZING A ROLE FOR DOPAMINE ON SLEEP AND CATAPLEXY IN NARCOLEPTIC MICE
CHARACTERIZING A ROLE FOR DOPAMINE ON SLEEP AND CATAPLEXY IN NARCOLEPTIC MICE by GAVIN TSE A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements For the degree of Master of Science Graduate Department
More informationPhysiology of Normal Sleep: From Young to Old
Physiology of Normal Sleep: From Young to Old V. Mohan Kumar Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 1 What is sleep? As per behavioral criteria: Reduced motor
More informationPage 1 L 58. The University of Connecticut Schools of Medicine and Dental Medicine Humans Systems: Organ Systems /2013 RETICULAR FORMATION
Page 1 L 58 Douglas L. Oliver, Ph.D. The University of Connecticut Schools of Medicine and Dental Medicine Humans Systems: Organ Systems 1 2012/2013 RETICULAR FORMATION Lecture Lecture: Douglas Oliver
More informationChapter Eleven. Sleep and Waking
Chapter Eleven Sleep and Waking Sleep Are we getting enough. How z it work? Sleep Deprivation contributed to the Exxon Valdez, Challenger Explosion, and 3 Mile Island Deprivation is VERY common, and quite
More informationSleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
REVIEW OF SLEEP NEUROBIOLOGY FROM A CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective Rodrigo A. España, PhD 1 ; Thomas E. Scammell, MD 2 DOI: 10.5665/SLEEP.1112 1 Department of Physiology
More informationSleep and Consciousness
* Sleep and Dreaming The Neural Basis of Consciousness Sleep and Consciousness 1 Sleep and Dreaming readily observable, consists of different levels of consciousness, and can be studied scientifically
More informationNormal Sleep: Neurobiological Mechanisms
Normal Sleep: Neurobiological Mechanisms Objectives Why sleep? What makes us sleep? How is normal sleep achieved? When do we sleep? why do we need sleep? Biologic and Homeostatic Drives eat to satisfy
More informationNormal sleep and circadian rhythms: Neurobiologic mechanisms underlying sleep and wakefulness
Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson Digital Commons Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Faculty Papers Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior December 2006 Normal sleep and circadian rhythms:
More informationfrom sleep to attention lecture 4 April 9, 2012 control of sleep/wake state production II
from sleep to attention lecture 4 April 9, 2012 control of sleep/wake state production II "From the moment of my birth, the angels of anxiety, worry, and death stood at my side, followed me out when I
More informationModules 7. Consciousness and Attention. sleep/hypnosis 1
Modules 7 Consciousness and Attention sleep/hypnosis 1 Consciousness Our awareness of ourselves and our environments. sleep/hypnosis 2 Dual Processing Our perceptual neural pathways have two routes. The
More informationEEG Electrode Placement
EEG Electrode Placement Classifying EEG brain waves Frequency: the number of oscillations/waves per second, measured in Hertz (Hz) reflects the firing rate of neurons alpha, beta, theta, delta Amplitude:
More informationTHE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONCEPT 2: THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN IS REGIONALLY SPECIALIZED
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONCEPT 2: THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN IS REGIONALLY SPECIALIZED Images of the human brain in popular culture almost always focus on the cerebrum, the part of the brain whose surface lies just
More informationChapter 5. Variations in Consciousness 8 th Edition
Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness 8 th Edition Consciousness: Personal Awareness Awareness of Internal and External Stimuli Levels of awareness James stream of consciousness Freud unconscious Sleep/dreaming
More informationSymptoms of Narcolepsy
Symptoms of Narcolepsy v Sleep attacks Brief episodes of sleep that occur many times a day May occur without warning or be preceded by drowsiness Patient usually feels refreshed afterwards Refractory period
More informationElectrooculogram (EOG): eye movements. Air flow measurements: breathing Heart rate.
By: Ricardo Measurements and study of sleep: Sleep: absence of overt behavior, absence of consciousness Measures are indirect Methods to measure sleep characteristics: Electromyogram (EMG): muscle activity
More informationSleep-Wake Cycle I Brain Rhythms. Reading: BCP Chapter 19
Sleep-Wake Cycle I Brain Rhythms Reading: BCP Chapter 19 Brain Rhythms and Sleep Earth has a rhythmic environment. For example, day and night cycle back and forth, tides ebb and flow and temperature varies
More informationNeural Communication. Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System. Communication in the Nervous System. 4 Common Components of a Neuron
Neural Communication Overview of CNS / PNS Electrical Signaling Chemical Signaling Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic = sensory & motor Autonomic = arousal state Parasympathetic =
More informationThe Role of Adenosine in Sleep-Wake Regulation. Adam Painter. Copyright 2014 Adam Painter and Dr. Koni Stone
The Role of Adenosine in Sleep-Wake Regulation Adam Painter Copyright 2014 Adam Painter and Dr. Koni Stone The Role of Adenosine in Sleep-Wake Regulation Sleep is one of the few experiences in life that
More informationJerome M. Siegel. Generation of Cortical Electroencephalogram. Ponto-Geniculo-Occipital (PGO) Spikes. Neuronal Activity across the Sleep Cycle
Generation of Cortical Electroencephalogram Jerome M. Siegel The electroencephalogram (EEG) (brain waves) recorded from the cerebral cortex result from the synchronized occurrence of excitatory and inhibitory
More informationNIH Public Access Author Manuscript Neuron. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 December 22.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Neuron. 2010 December 22; 68(6): 1023 1042. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.032. Sleep State Switching Clifford B. Saper, Patrick M.
More information10/3/2016. T1 Anatomical structures are clearly identified, white matter (which has a high fat content) appears bright.
H2O -2 atoms of Hydrogen, 1 of Oxygen Hydrogen just has one single proton and orbited by one single electron Proton has a magnetic moment similar to the earths magnetic pole Also similar to earth in that
More informationFor this part of your comps, your mission is to consider this issue and:
Behavioral Neuroscience Comprehensive Exam Question Sleep behavior is heavily influenced by interactions between circadian and homeostatic mechanisms. These interactions, which have been modeled by Borbely
More informationSLEEP DISORDERS IN HUNTINGTON S DISEASE. Gary L. Dunbar, Ph.D.
SLEEP DISORDERS IN HUNTINGTON S DISEASE Gary L. Dunbar, Ph.D. Executive Director, Field Neurosciences Institute Co-Director, Program in Neuroscience Central Michigan University Pre-Talk Test 1. Which type
More informationNeuroscience of Consciousness I
1 C83MAB: Mind and Brain Neuroscience of Consciousness I Tobias Bast, School of Psychology, University of Nottingham 2 What is consciousness? 3 Consciousness State of consciousness - Being awake/alert/attentive/responsive
More informationSleep - 10/5/17 Kelsey
Sleep - 10/5/17 Kelsey Thursday, October 5, 2017 10:59 AM How to Study and Measure Sleep Sleep: Absence of overt behavior, absence of consciousness. -> measures are indirect Methods to measure sleep characteristics:
More informationReticular Formation George R. Leichnetz, Ph.D.
Reticular Formation George R. Leichnetz, Ph.D. OBJECTIVES 1. To understand the anatomical and functional organization of the brainstem reticular formation into three general regions: median (raphe), medial
More informationPiecewise smooth maps for the circadian modulation of sleep-wake dynamics
Piecewise smooth maps for the circadian modulation of sleep-wake dynamics Victoria Booth, Depts of Mathematics and Anesthesiology University of Michigan Cecilia Diniz Behn, Dept of Applied Mathematics
More informationCOGS 107B. Week 7 Section IA: Ryan Szeto OH: Wednesday CSB Kitchen
COGS 107B Week 7 Section IA: Ryan Szeto OH: Wednesday 1PM @ CSB Kitchen MT2: Tomorrow Question 1 NE: Locus coeruleus HA: Posterior hypothalamus ACh: Two pockets- located in pons and basal forebrain DA:
More informationCHAPTER 16 LECTURE OUTLINE
CHAPTER 16 LECTURE OUTLINE I. INTRODUCTION A. The components of the brain interact to receive sensory input, integrate and store the information, and transmit motor responses. B. To accomplish the primary
More informationHypothalamus is related to most area of the brain especially the subcortical and limbic system.
بسم هللا الرحمن الر حيم Hypothalamus &Sleep: Homeostasis: keeping the internal environment within the normal range and this is the main function of the hypothalamus. Two regulatory systems that work on
More informationDag Stenberg Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki, Finland
SLEEP Dag Stenberg Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki, Finland Keywords: Adenosine, insomnia, learning and memory, sleep center, sleep stages, REM sleep, transmitters, wakefulness
More informationLESSON 4.5 WORKBOOK How do circuits regulate their output?
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS Homeostasis tendency to relatively stable equilibrium. Feed-forward inhibition control mechanism whereby the output of one pathway inhibits the activity of another pathway. Negative
More informationFunctions and Mechanisms of Sleep
Functions and Mechanisms of Sleep The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Published Version Accessed Citable
More information2/22/2012. Cerebrum CNS
Chapter 8 outline CNS: Consists of???? Structural organization of the brain Cerebrum Diencephalon Midbrain and hindbrain Spinal cord tracts Cranial and spinal nerves Receives input from???? neurons Directs
More informationThe Nervous System. Divisions of the Nervous System. Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System. Central versus Peripheral
The Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System Central versus Peripheral Central Brain and spinal cord Peripheral Everything else Somatic versus Autonomic Somatic Nerves serving conscious sensations
More informationThe Science of Wellness: Why Your Doctor Continues to Insist You Sleep and Exercise to be Well. Nicole Rausch, DO
The Science of Wellness: Why Your Doctor Continues to Insist You Sleep and Exercise to be Well Nicole Rausch, DO Sleep Cycle O Spend 1/3 of our time in sleep O Two types of Sleep O Non-rapid eye movement
More informationCephalization. Nervous Systems Chapter 49 11/10/2013. Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells
Nervous Systems Chapter 49 Cephalization Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells Nervous system organization usually correlates with lifestyle Organization of the vertebrate
More informationE) A, B, and C Answer: D Topic: Concept 49.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Chapter 49 Nervous Systems Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is (are) characteristic of a simple nervous system? A) a nerve net such as is found in cnidarians B) nerve cell ganglia C)
More informationCNS part 2 & Intro to Sensory Systems
CNS part 2 & Intro to Sensory Systems Brain Function Important Concepts Functional areas of the cerebral cortex Sensory, Motor, Association Cerebral lateralization each hemisphere has functions not shared
More informationIII. Studying The Brain and Other Structures
III. Studying The Brain and Other Structures 1. Accidents (case study) In 1848, a railroad worker named Phineas Gage was involved in an accident that damaged the front part of his brain. Gage s doctor
More information392 Index. HPG axis, see Hypothalamic-pituitarygonadal
Index 389 INDEX A Acetylcholine, acetylcholinergic inputs to orexin neurons, 66, 67 brainstem cholinergic nuclei arousal circuits activated by orexins, 144 vigilance control by cholinergic neurons, 182
More informationOrganization of the nervous system. The withdrawal reflex. The central nervous system. Structure of a neuron. Overview
Overview The nervous system- central and peripheral The brain: The source of mind and self Neurons Neuron Communication Chemical messengers Inside the brain Parts of the brain Split Brain Patients Organization
More informationfmri (functional MRI)
Lesion fmri (functional MRI) Electroencephalogram (EEG) Brainstem CT (computed tomography) Scan Medulla PET (positron emission tomography) Scan Reticular Formation MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) Thalamus
More informationIndex SLEEP MEDICINE CLINICS. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis, for Kleine-Levin syndrome,
165 SLEEP MEDICINE CLINICS Index Sleep Med Clin 1 (2006) 165 170 Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Academic performance, effects of sleepiness in children on, 112 Accidents,
More informationEmbryological origin of thalamus
diencephalon Embryological origin of thalamus The diencephalon gives rise to the: Thalamus Epithalamus (pineal gland, habenula, paraventricular n.) Hypothalamus Subthalamus (Subthalamic nuclei) The Thalamus:
More informationChapter 17. Nervous System Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands. !
Chapter 17 Sensory receptor Sensory input Integration Nervous System Motor output Brain and spinal cord Effector cells Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS) 28.1 Nervous systems
More informationParts of the Brain. Hindbrain. Controls autonomic functions Breathing, Heartbeat, Blood pressure, Swallowing, Vomiting, etc. Upper part of hindbrain
Parts of the Brain The human brain is made up of three main parts: 1) Hindbrain (or brainstem) Which is made up of: Myelencephalon Metencephalon 2) Midbrain Which is made up of: Mesencephalon 3) Forebrain
More informationThis brief animation illustrates the EEG patterns of the different stages of sleep, including NREM and REM sleep.
Brain wave frequency and amplitude This brief animation illustrates the EEG patterns of the different stages of sleep, including NREM and REM sleep. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u WYwMnMMEoU&feature=related
More informationTHE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The Brain & Spinal Cord
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The Brain & Spinal Cord Review: Nervous System Parallel Distributed Processing Composition of the CNS Nuclei: Clusters of neurons in the CNS ( neighborhoods ) Fiber Tracts/Pathways:
More informationNeuroscience Optional Lecture. The limbic system the emotional brain. Emotion, behaviour, motivation, long-term memory, olfaction
Neuroscience Optional Lecture The limbic system the emotional brain Emotion, behaviour, motivation, long-term memory, olfaction Emotion Conscious experience intense mental activity and a certain degree
More informationSingle Genes can modify behavior: Worms; Flies; Mice: Humans
Single Genes can modify behavior: Worms; Flies; Mice: Humans Social Behavior in C. elegans. Mutation in a neuropeptide-y-like protein; the NPR-1 receptor. In mammals, important for feeding. Clumping is
More informationSingle Genes can modify behavior: Worms; Flies; Mice: Humans
Single Genes can modify behavior: Worms; Flies; Mice: Humans Social Behavior in C. elegans. Mutation in a neuropeptide-y-like protein; the NPR-1 receptor. In mammals, important for feeding. Clumping is
More informationSleep stages. Awake Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Rapid eye movement sleep (REM) Slow wave sleep (NREM)
Sleep stages Awake Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Rapid eye movement sleep (REM) Slow wave sleep (NREM) EEG waves EEG Electrode Placement Classifying EEG brain waves Frequency: the number of oscillations/waves
More information25 Things To Know. Sleep
25 Things To Know Sleep Limbic System Hypothalamus Basal ganglia Thalamus Pituitary Pineal Gland Pineal Gland Also called pineal body epiphysis cerebri epiphysis third eye Pineal Gland Endocrine gland
More informationFunctional Overview of the Nervous System. Dr. Ersin Koylu EÜ Tıp Fakültesi Fizyoloji AD
Functional Overview of the Nervous System Dr. Ersin Koylu EÜ Tıp Fakültesi Fizyoloji AD Autonomic System Sympathetic System Motor System Cental Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System NERVOUS SYSTEM?
More informationSleep and Dreaming. Sleep Deprivation Trivia
Sleep and Dreaming Sleep Deprivation Trivia Peter Tripp stayed awake for 201 hours in 1959. Guinness Book of Records record is 18 days, 21 hours, 40 minutes. Sleep deprivation implicated in Three Mile
More informationMechanisms of Sleep-Wake Cycle and Genetics of Sleep Disorders. A Review.
Mechanisms of Sleep-Wake Cycle and Genetics of Sleep Disorders. A Review. Robel Abay Lecturer of Physiology Unit of Physiology, BMI, CHS, Mekelle University, Ethiopia Email: robelpt@gmail.com Abstract
More informationCNS Tour (Lecture 12)
A. Introduction CNS Tour (Lecture 12) There are to a chemical pathways in the nervous system. These pathways also form different neurological structures B. Spinal Cord Receives sensory neurons from skin
More informationThe Central Nervous System I. Chapter 12
The Central Nervous System I Chapter 12 The Central Nervous System The Brain and Spinal Cord Contained within the Axial Skeleton Brain Regions and Organization Medical Scheme (4 regions) 1. Cerebral Hemispheres
More informationNeural Basis of Motor Control
Neural Basis of Motor Control Central Nervous System Skeletal muscles are controlled by the CNS which consists of the brain and spinal cord. Determines which muscles will contract When How fast To what
More informationHow (and why) the immune system makes us sleep
Sleep How (and why) the immune system makes us sleep Luca Imeri* and Mark R. Opp Abstract Good sleep is necessary for physical and mental health. For example, sleep loss impairs immune function, and sleep
More informationCURRICULUM VITAE. Danielle M. Cusmano. Degree and date to be conferred: Doctor of Philosophy, Drew University
CURRICULUM VITAE Name: Email: Danielle M. Cusmano dcusmano225@gmail.com Degree and date to be conferred: Doctor of Philosophy, 2014 Collegiate Institutions Attended: 2004-2008 Drew University Bachelor
More informationSTRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN The central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, receives input from sensory neurons and directs
More informationCentral Neurocircuitry Functioning during the Wake-Sleep Cycle
Chapter 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Central Neurocircuitry Functioning during the Wake-Sleep Cycle The
More informationAuthor Manuscript Faculty of Biology and Medicine Publication
Serveur Académique Lausannois SERVAL serval.unil.ch Author Manuscript Faculty of Biology and Medicine Publication This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections
More informationOrganization of the nervous system 2
Organization of the nervous system 2 Raghav Rajan Bio 334 Neurobiology I August 22nd 2013 1 Orienting within the brain absolute axes and relative axes SUPERIOR (above) ANTERIOR (in front) Anterior/Posterior,
More informationBIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY I (2012 sec 003) MIDTERM EXAM 3A (Thursday, Nov. 12, 2009)
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY I (2012 sec 003) MIDTERM EXAM 3A (Thursday, Nov. 12, 2009) Mark the ONE BEST letter choice (either A, B, C, D, or E) on the computer-graded sheet in NUMBER TWO PENCIL. If you need
More informationCHAPTER 48: NERVOUS SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 48: NERVOUS SYSTEMS Name I. AN OVERVIEW OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS A. Nervous systems perform the three overlapping functions of sensory input, integration, and motor output B. Networks of neurons with
More informationCurricular Requirement 3: Biological Bases of Behavior
Curricular Requirement 3: Biological Bases of Behavior Name: Period: Due Key Terms for CR 3: Biological Bases of Behavior Key Term Definition Application Acetylcholine (Ach) Action potential Adrenal glands
More information