THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONCEPT 2: THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN IS REGIONALLY SPECIALIZED
|
|
- Morgan Marvin Phillips
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONCEPT 2: THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN IS REGIONALLY SPECIALIZED Images of the human brain in popular culture almost always focus on the cerebrum, the part of the brain whose surface lies just beneath the skull. The cerebrum is responsible for many activities we commonly associate with the brain, such as calculation, contemplation, and memory. Underneath the cerebrum, however, are additional brain structures with important and diverse activities, including homeostasis coordination, and information transfer. In discussing brain organization, biologists often refer to subdivisions that are apparent at particular stages of embryonic development. In all vertebrates, three anterior bulges of the neural tube-the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain- become evident as the embryo develops. Three of these regions-those derived from the midbrain and hindbrain-give rise to the brainstem, a set of structures that form the lower part of the brain. The hindbrain also gives rise to a major brain center, the cerebellum, that is not part of the brainstem. The Development of the Human Brain 1
2 As embryogenesis proceeds, the most profound changes in the human brain occur in the telencephalon, the region of the forebrain that gives rise to the adult cerebrum. Rapid, expansive growth of the telencephalon during the 2nd and 3 rd months causes the outer portion of the cerebrum, called the cerebral cortex, to extend over and around much of the rest of the brain. Major centers that develop from the diencephalon are the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. REGIONS The forebrain is the largest part of the brain. It is includes the cerebrum, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. The midbrain is a relay center. The hindbrain includes the cerebellum, the pons and the medulla. Together, the midbrain and the hindbrain (excluding cerebellum) are called the brainstem. 2
3 A. FOREBRAIN Cerebrum This is the largest part of the human brain. It is divided into two separate halves, the cerebral hemispheres. The hemispheres are connected by a cluster of nerve tissue called the corpus callosum. The surface of the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex. This area of the brain is made up of many folds and fissures. The cerebral cortex contains the cell bodies of thousands of neurons. The neurons are not covered with myelin. They are unmyelinated. The cerebral cortex is vital for perception, voluntary movement, and learning. The cerebral cortex is divided into right and left sides. The left side receives information from, and controls the movement of, the right side of the body and vice versa. The inner region of the cerebrum is made up of myelinated axons. Myelin makes the axons a whitish colour and is called the brain s white matter. The outer region of the cerebrum is called grey matter. The cerebrum controls skeletal muscle contraction and is the center for learning, emotion, memory and perception. Humans have the largest cerebrum making us capable of language, reasoning, and personality. The cerebrum is divided into specific lobes: a) frontal lobe behind the forehead controls the movement of voluntary muscles (such as walking, speech) the center of intellectual activities (memory, speech) and personality b) parietal lobe found at the top and sides of the head interprets many skin sensations (touch, temperature awareness, taste, pain) controls some emotions controls some speech 3
4 c) occipital lobe at base of the head controls vision d) temporal lobe around the temples controls hearing, memory, and language Thalamus Thalamus is the main input senter for sensory information going to the cerebrum. It sorts and interprets incoming sensory information and acts to filter information and send information to the conscious part of the brain. Hypothalamus Hypothalamus contains the body s thermostat as well as the central biological clock. This area controls basic functions, such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, aggression, pleasure, blood pressure, and sleep. It also regulates the pituitary gland located slightly below and connected to it. B. MIDBRAIN This area is a relay center. Information going to and coming from the forebrain and hindbrain must pass through here. The midbrain controls some visual and auditory reflexes. C. HINDBRAIN Cerebellum Located at the back of the head. Like the cerebrum, it is divided into folds. It controls posture, balance and muscle tone. a. It coordinates movement and balance and helps in learning and remembering motor skills. b. It receives sensory information about the positions of the joints and the lengths of the muscles, as well as input from the auditory and visual systems. c. It monitors command issued by the cerebrum. It integrates this information as it carries coordination and error checking during motor and perceptual functions. 4
5 Hand-eye coordination is an example of cerebral control. If the cerebellum is damaged, the eyes can follow a moving object, but they will not stop at the same place as the object. Pons The name pons means bridge. It acts as a bridge between the areas above it and below it to control respiration. Medulla Oblongata It is located at the upper part of the neck level with the mouth. It controls vital reflexes like breathing rate, heart rate, diameter of blood vessels, swallowing, digesting, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing. Structure: THE BRAIN STEM Sometimes called the "lower brain;' it forms a stalk with cap-like swellings at the anterior end of the spinal cord. The adult brainstem consists of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata (commonly called the medulla). Functions: 1. The brainstem functions in homeostasis, coordination of movement, and conduction of information to and from higher brain centers. 2. The transfer of information between the PNS and the midbrain and forebrain is one of the most important functions of the medulla and pons. All axons 5
6 carrying sensory information to and motor instructions from higher brain regions pass through the brainstem. 3. The medulla and pons also help coordinate large-scale body movements, such as running and climbing. In carrying instructions about these movements from cell bodies in the midbrain and forebrain to synapses in the spinal cord, most axons cross in the medulla from one side of the CNS to the other. As a result, the right side of the brain controls much of the movement of the left side of the body, and vice versa. 4. The midbrain contains centers for receiving and integrating several types of sensory information. It also sends coded sensory information along neurons to specific regions of the forebrain. All sensory axons involved in hearing either terminate in the midbrain or pass through it on their way to the cerebrum. 5. The midbrain coordinates visual reflexes, such as the peripheral vision reflex: The head turns toward an object approaching from the side without the brain having formed an image of the object. 6. Signals from the brainstem affect attention, alertness, appetite, and motivation. The medulla contains centers that control several automatic, homeostatic functions, including breathing, heart and blood vessel activity, swallowing, vomiting, and digestion. The pons also participates in some of these activities; for example, it regulates the breathing centers in the medulla. These activities of the brainstem rely on axons that reach many areas of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, releasing neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine. AROUSAL AND SLEEP As anyone who has drifted off to sleep listening to a lecture (or reading a book) knows, attentiveness and mental alertness can change rapidly. Such transitions are regulated by the brainstem and cerebrum, which control both arousal and sleep. Arousal is a state of awareness of the external world. Sleep is a state in which external stimuli are received but not consciously perceived. The brainstem contains several centers for controlling arousal and sleep. One such regulator is the reticular formation, a diffuse network of neurons in the core of the brainstem. Acting as a sensory filter, the reticular formation determines which incoming information reaches the cerebral cortex. The more information the cortex receives, the more alert and aware a person is, although the brain often ignores certain stimuli while actively processing other inputs. 6
7 Sleep and wakefulness are also regulated by specific parts of the brainstem: 1. The pons and medulla contain centers that cause sleep when stimulated, and 2. The midbrain has a center that causes arousal. All birds and mammals show characteristic sleep/wake cycles. Melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal gland, appears to play an important role in these cycles. Peak melatonin secretion occurs at night. Melatonin has been promoted as a dietary supplement to treat sleep disturbances, such as those associated with jet lag, insomnia, seasonal affective disorder, and depression. Melatonin is synthesized from serotonin, which itself may be the neurotransmitter of the sleep-producing centers. Serotonin in turn is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. Although the protein in milk contains relatively high levels of tryptophan, it remains uncertain whether drinking milk at bedtime increases production of serotonin and melatonin, thus aiding sleep. Although we know very little about the function of sleep, it is clear that sleep is essential for survival. Sleep is an active state, at least for the brain. By placing electrodes at multiple sites on the scalp, we can record patterns of electrical activity called brain waves in an electroencephalogram (EEG). These recordings reveal that brain wave frequencies change as the brain progresses through distinct stages of sleep. 7
8 One hypothesis is that sleep and dreams are involved in consolidating learning and memory: Experiments show that regions of the brain activated during a learning task can become active again during sleep. BIOLOGICAL CLOCK REGULATION BY HYPOTHALAMUS Specialized nerve cells in the hypothalamus regulate circadian rhythms, daily cycles of biological activity. Such cycles occur in organisms ranging from bacteria to fungi, plants, insects, birds, and humans. As in other organisms, circadian rhythms in mammals rely on a biological clock, a molecular mechanism that directs periodic gene expression and cellular activity. Although biological clocks are typically synchronized to the cycles of light and dark in the environment, they can maintain a roughly 24-hour cycle even in the absence of environmental cues. For example, humans kept in a constant environment exhibit a cycle length of 24.2 hours, with very little variation among individuals. In mammals, circadian rhythms are coordinated by a group of neurons in the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, or SCN. (Certain clusters of neurons in the CNS are referred to as "nuclei.") In response to transmission of sensory information by the eyes, the SCN acts as a pacemaker, synchronizing the biological clock in cells throughout the body to the natural cycles of day length. EMOTIONS The generation and experience of emotions involve many regions of the brain. One such region, contains the limbic system (from the Latin limbus, border), a group of structures surrounding the brainstem in mammals. 8
9 The limbic system, which includes the amygdala, the hippocampus, and parts of the thalamus, is not dedicated to a single function. Instead, structures within the limbic system have diverse functions, including emotion, motivation, olfaction, behavior, and memory. Furthermore, parts of the brain outside the limbic system also participate in generating and experiencing emotion. For example, emotions that manifest themselves in behaviors such as laughing and crying involve an interaction of parts of the limbic system with sensory areas of the cerebrum. Structures in the forebrain also attach emotional "feelings" to basic, survivalrelated functions controlled by the brainstem, including aggression, feeding, and sexuality. Emotional experiences are often stored as memories that can be recalled by similar circumstances. In the case of fear, emotional memory is stored separately from the memory system that supports explicit recall of events. The focus of emotional memory is the amygdala, which is located in the temporal lobe To study the function of the human amygdala, researchers sometimes present adult subjects with an image, followed by an unpleasant experience, such as a mild electrical shock. After several trials, study participants experience autonomic arousal-as measured by increased heart rate or sweating-if they see the image again. People with brain damage confined to the amygdala can recall the image, because their explicit memory is intact, but do not exhibit autonomic arousal. 9
10 CONCEPT CHECK 1. When you wave your right hand, what part of your brain initiates the action? 2. When a police officer stops a driver for driving erratically and suspects that the person is intoxicated, the officer may ask the driver to close his or her eyes and touch his or her nose. What can you deduce from this test about alcohol's effect on a particular part of the brain? Resources: BIOLOGY 8 th Edition, Campbell and Reece 10
Basic Brain Structure
The Human Brain Basic Brain Structure Composed of 100 billion cells Makes up 2% of bodies weight Contains 15% of bodies blood supply Uses 20% of bodies oxygen and glucose Brain Protection Surrounded by
More information14 - Central Nervous System. The Brain Taft College Human Physiology
14 - Central Nervous System The Brain Taft College Human Physiology Development of the Brain The brain begins as a simple tube, a neural tube. The tube or chamber (ventricle) is filled with cerebrospinal
More informationForebrain Brain Structures Limbic System. Brain Stem Midbrain Basil Ganglia. Cerebellum Reticular Formation Medulla oblongata
Brain structures (1) Cut out the following cards (2) Identify the three major divisions of the brain (as defined by your book). Initially, try this without any form of aid such as your textbook. (3) Organize
More informationTHE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The Brain & Spinal Cord
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The Brain & Spinal Cord Review: Nervous System Parallel Distributed Processing Composition of the CNS Nuclei: Clusters of neurons in the CNS ( neighborhoods ) Fiber Tracts/Pathways:
More informationThe Nervous System and the Endocrine System
The Nervous System and the Endocrine System Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System Nervous System The electrochemical communication system of the body Sends messages from the brain to the
More informationCHAPTER 48: NERVOUS SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 48: NERVOUS SYSTEMS Name I. AN OVERVIEW OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS A. Nervous systems perform the three overlapping functions of sensory input, integration, and motor output B. Networks of neurons with
More informationParts of the Brain. Hindbrain. Controls autonomic functions Breathing, Heartbeat, Blood pressure, Swallowing, Vomiting, etc. Upper part of hindbrain
Parts of the Brain The human brain is made up of three main parts: 1) Hindbrain (or brainstem) Which is made up of: Myelencephalon Metencephalon 2) Midbrain Which is made up of: Mesencephalon 3) Forebrain
More informationNervous System - PNS and CNS. Bio 105
Nervous System - PNS and CNS Bio 105 Outline I. Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System II. Peripheral Nervous System A. Autonomic Nervous Systems B. Somatic Nervous Systems III. Autonomic
More informationbiological psychology, p. 40 The study of the nervous system, especially the brain. neuroscience, p. 40
biological psychology, p. 40 The specialized branch of psychology that studies the relationship between behavior and bodily processes and system; also called biopsychology or psychobiology. neuroscience,
More information3/15/17. Outline. Nervous System - PNS and CNS. Two Parts of the Nervous System
Nervous System - PNS and CNS Bio 105 Outline I. Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System II. Peripheral Nervous System A. Autonomic Nervous Systems B. Somatic Nervous Systems III. Autonomic
More informationThe Human Brain. I Think Therefore I am
The Human Brain I Think Therefore I am The Beginning The simplest creatures have very simple nervous systems made up of nothing but a bunch of nerve cells They have neural nets, individual neurons linked
More informationCephalization. Nervous Systems Chapter 49 11/10/2013. Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells
Nervous Systems Chapter 49 Cephalization Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells Nervous system organization usually correlates with lifestyle Organization of the vertebrate
More informationLesson 14. The Nervous System. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1
Lesson 14 The Nervous System Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Structures and Functions of Nerve Cells The nervous system has two principal cell types: Neurons (nerve cells) Glia The functions
More informationThe Nervous System PART B
7 The Nervous System PART B PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB The Reflex Arc Reflex
More informationThe CNS and PNS: How is our Nervous System Organized?
Honors Biology Guided Notes Chapter 28 Nervous System Name 28.10 28.19 The CNS and PNS: How is our Nervous System Organized? ANIMAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS Define Cephalization and Centralization. What type of
More informationE) A, B, and C Answer: D Topic: Concept 49.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Chapter 49 Nervous Systems Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is (are) characteristic of a simple nervous system? A) a nerve net such as is found in cnidarians B) nerve cell ganglia C)
More information8.3 The Central Nervous System. SBI4U Ms. Ho-Lau
8.3 The Central Nervous System SBI4U Ms. Ho-Lau The Central Nervous System the structural and functional centre for the entire nervous system the site of neural integration and processing The Central
More informationThe Nervous System. Divisions of the Nervous System. Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System. Central versus Peripheral
The Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System Central versus Peripheral Central Brain and spinal cord Peripheral Everything else Somatic versus Autonomic Somatic Nerves serving conscious sensations
More informationFunctional Organization of the Central Nervous System
Functional Organization of the Central Nervous System Hierarchical orgnization CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord The brain analyzes and interprets the information Response messages are
More informationWHAT ARE the COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
The Nervous System WHAT ARE the COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM? The nervous system is made of: the brain & the spinal cord the nerves the senses There are lots of proteins and chemicals in your body
More informationCNS composed of: Grey matter Unmyelinated axons Dendrites and cell bodies White matter Myelinated axon tracts
CNS composed of: Grey matter Unmyelinated axons Dendrites and cell bodies White matter Myelinated axon tracts The Brain: A Quick Tour Frontal Lobe Control of skeletal muscles Personality Concentration
More informationSomatic Nervous Systems. III. Autonomic Nervous System. Parasympathetic Nervous System. Sympathetic Nervous Systems
7/21/2014 Outline Nervous System - PNS and CNS I. II. Two Parts of the Nervous System Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System A. B. Brain and Spinal Cord III. Autonomic
More information1. Processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron to function; contains the cell's nucleus; also called the soma.
1. Base of brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing 2. tissue destruction; a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue 3. A thick band of axons that connects the
More informationBiology 3201 Nervous System #2- Anatomy. Components of a Nervous System
Biology 3201 Nervous System #2- Anatomy Components of a Nervous System In any nervous system, there are 4 main components: (1) sensors: gather information from the external environment (sense organs) (2)
More informationChapter 6 Section 1. The Nervous System: The Basic Structure
Chapter 6 Section 1 The Nervous System: The Basic Structure Essential Question: How does studying the biology of the brain give us an understanding of our behavior? Draw or type 2 things you already know
More informationThe neurvous system senses, interprets, and responds to changes in the environment. Two types of cells makes this possible:
NERVOUS SYSTEM The neurvous system senses, interprets, and responds to changes in the environment. Two types of cells makes this possible: the neuron and the supporting cells ("glial cells"). Neuron Neurons
More informationNervous System C H A P T E R 2
Nervous System C H A P T E R 2 Input Output Neuron 3 Nerve cell Allows information to travel throughout the body to various destinations Receptive Segment Cell Body Dendrites: receive message Myelin sheath
More informationHuman Nervous System. The nervous system has three functions
Chapter 37 Human Nervous System The nervous system has three functions 1) Receive sensory input from both external and internal stimuli 2) Perform integration. (Coordinating all of the various inputs of
More informationNervous System. Oct 15 10:00 AM
Nervous System Oct 15 10:00 AM 1 Nerve net = series of interconnected nerve cells Nerve = axons of many nerve cells Oct 15 10:10 AM 2 bilateral organisms exhibit cephalization (evolutionary trend towards
More informationCNS Tour (Lecture 12)
A. Introduction CNS Tour (Lecture 12) There are to a chemical pathways in the nervous system. These pathways also form different neurological structures B. Spinal Cord Receives sensory neurons from skin
More informationPsychology in Your Life
Sarah Grison Todd Heatherton Michael Gazzaniga Psychology in Your Life SECOND EDITION Chapter 2 The Role of Biology in Psychology 1 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2.1 How Do Our Nervous Systems Affect
More informationOrganization of the nervous system. The withdrawal reflex. The central nervous system. Structure of a neuron. Overview
Overview The nervous system- central and peripheral The brain: The source of mind and self Neurons Neuron Communication Chemical messengers Inside the brain Parts of the brain Split Brain Patients Organization
More informationPage 1. Neurons Transmit Signal via Action Potentials: neuron At rest, neurons maintain an electrical difference across
Chapter 33: The Nervous System and the Senses Neurons: Specialized excitable cells that allow for communication throughout the body via electrical impulses Neuron Anatomy / Function: 1) Dendrites: Receive
More informationNervous System: Part IV The Central Nervous System The Brain
Nervous System: Part IV The Central Nervous System The Brain Can you survive when part of your brain is destroyed? 2 Essential Knowledge 3.D.2 2. Cells communicate with each other through direct contact
More informationNervous Systems. Brain Development
Nervous Systems Brain Development 2007-2008 Nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Brain Spinal cord Sensory pathways Motor pathways Sympathetic arousal & energy production fight
More informationNervous System and Brain Review. Bio 3201
Nervous System and Brain Review Bio 3201 Dont worry about: glial cells Oligodendrocytes Satelite cells etc Nervous System - Vital to maintaining homeostasis in organisms - Comprised of : brain, spinal
More informationChapter 6. Body and Behavior
Chapter 6 Body and Behavior Section 1 The Nervous System: The Basic Structure How the nervous system works Central nervous system (CNS)- the brain and spinal cord Spinal cord- nerves that run up and down
More informationBRAIN PART I (A & B): VENTRICLES & MENINGES
BRAIN PART I (A & B): VENTRICLES & MENINGES Cranial Meninges Cranial meninges are continuous with spinal meninges Dura mater: inner layer (meningeal layer) outer layer (endosteal layer) fused to periosteum
More informationfmri (functional MRI)
Lesion fmri (functional MRI) Electroencephalogram (EEG) Brainstem CT (computed tomography) Scan Medulla PET (positron emission tomography) Scan Reticular Formation MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) Thalamus
More informationBiology 3201 Unit 1: Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium II
Biology 3201 Unit 1: Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium II Ch. 12 The Nervous System (Introduction and Anatomy) The Nervous System - Introduction Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems must maintain a biological
More informationVisualizing Psychology
Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar
More informationBRAIN: CONTROL CENTER
BRAIN: CONTROL CENTER ORCHESTRA Scientists now believe the brain functions much like an orchestra, where different instruments each play a different part. Scans show that the brain divides different aspects
More informationThe Nervous System 7PART B. PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Nervous System 7PART B What is a reflex? What is a reflex? What is meant by the statement that
More informationIII. Studying The Brain and Other Structures
III. Studying The Brain and Other Structures 1. Accidents (case study) In 1848, a railroad worker named Phineas Gage was involved in an accident that damaged the front part of his brain. Gage s doctor
More informationBrain Structures. Some scientists divide the brain up into three parts. Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain
The Brain Phineas Gage Play The Frontal Lobes and Behavior: The Story of Phineas Gage (12:03) Module #25 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2 nd edition). http://www.learner.org/resources/series1 42.html
More information49a A&P: Nervous System -! Synaptic Transmission and Central Nervous System
49a A&P: Nervous System -! Synaptic Transmission and Central Nervous System 49a A&P: Nervous System -! Synaptic Transmission and Central Nervous System! Class Outline" 5 minutes" "Attendance, Breath of
More informationBrain Architecture and Function Parts Size and Cognition
Brain Architecture and Function Parts Size and Cognition Q: In what way has paedomorphosis been important in human evolution? Brain Architecture F F F F H H 3 Q. How d we get to this point? Evolutionary
More informationPhysiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
Physiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR In Physiology Today What the Brain Does The nervous system determines states of consciousness and produces complex behaviors Any given neuron may
More informationUnit 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour
Unit 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour Section 1: Communication in the Nervous System Section 2: Organization in the Nervous System Section 3: Researching the Brain Section 4: The Brain Section 5: Cerebral
More informationThe Nervous System. Biological School. Neuroanatomy. How does a Neuron fire? Acetylcholine (ACH) TYPES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Biological School The Nervous System It is all about the body!!!! It starts with an individual nerve cell called a NEURON. Synapse Neuroanatomy Neurotransmitters (chemicals held in terminal buttons that
More informationNervous system, integration: Overview, and peripheral nervous system:
Nervous system, integration: Overview, and peripheral nervous system: Some review & misc. parts [Fig. 28.11B, p. 573]: - white matter --> looks white due to the myelinated sheaths, which are quite fatty.
More informationCell body of sensory neuron in dorsal root ganglion. Hamstring. muscle
The nervous system In vertebrates The CNS (central nervous system) is composed of the brain and spinal cord The PNS (peripheral nervous system is composed of nerves and ganglia The spinal cord conveys
More informationAnatomy of the Human Brain
Anatomy of the Human Brain Overview Lobes of the brain (Forebrain) Midbrain/Hindbrain Protection and Blood supply Structure and Function of a neuron Synaptic Transmission Neurotransmitters The brain Most
More informationChapter 8. The Nervous System
Chapter 8 The Nervous System The Nervous System Consists of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Principle Parts of Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Components: brain and spinal cord
More informationPhysiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
Physiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR What the Brain Does The nervous system determines states of consciousness and produces complex behaviors Any given neuron may have as many as 200,000
More informationNervous Systems. Chapter 49. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 49 Nervous Systems PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Concept
More informationsynapse neurotransmitters Extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons, muscles, or glands
neuron synapse The junction between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dendrite of a receiving neuron Building block of the nervous system; nerve cell Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic
More informationThe Nervous System. Lab Exercise 29. Objectives. Introduction
Lab Exercise The Nervous System Objectives -You should be able to recognize a neuron and identify its components. - Be able to identify the principal components of the brain and be able to name at least
More informationBiology. Slide 1 of 37. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology 1 of 37 35-3 Divisions of the Nervous 2 of 37 The Nervous The human nervous system has two major divisions: central nervous system peripheral nervous system 3 of 37 The Central Nervous The Central
More informationMyers Psychology for AP*
Myers Psychology for AP* David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2010 *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which
More informationCHAPTER 13&14: The Central Nervous System. Anatomy of the CNS
CHAPTER 13&14: The Central Nervous System Anatomy of the CNS in human consists of brain and spinal cord as stated earlier neurons have little support from their extracellular matrix and depend on glial
More information1. NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. FUNCTION The major function of the nervous system can be summarized as follows (Figure 1-1).
1. NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION The major function of the nervous system can be summarized as follows (Figure 1-1). Sensory input. Multiple signals from both, internal and external environment are detected
More informationOverview of Brain Structures
First Overview of Brain Structures Psychology 470 Introduction to Chemical Additions Steven E. Meier, Ph.D. All parts are interrelated. You need all parts to function normally. Neurons = Nerve cells Listen
More information3/20/13. :: Slide 1 :: :: Slide 39 :: How Is the Nervous System Organized? Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System and Endocrine System
:: Slide 1 :: :: Slide 39 :: How Is the Nervous System Organized? Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System and Endocrine System The nervous system is organized into several major branches, each
More informationHuman Nervous System
Human Nervous System A network of interconnected parts that controls behavior & connects us to the world Central Nervous System consists of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System consists
More informationNeurology study of the nervous system. nervous & endocrine systems work together to maintain homeostasis
Nervous System Neurology study of the nervous system nervous & endocrine systems work together to maintain homeostasis Nervous System works very fast Uses electrical signals called nerve impulses Short-lived
More informationPsychology Unit II: The Brain and Biology
Psychology Unit II: The Brain and Biology NATURE or NURTURE What are the effects of biochemistry on behavior? VOCABULARY Central Nervous System (CNS): The central nervous system is the part of the nervous
More informationNervous Systems: Part IV The organiza8on and func8on of major parts of the nervous system.
Nervous Systems: Part IV The organiza8on and func8on of major parts of the nervous system. KP1: The Peripheral Nervous System handles inputs/outputs while the Central Nervous System makes decisions/processes
More informationThe brain: Diencephalon
The brain: Diencephalon Hypothalamus helps maintain homeostasis (hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature and water balance) and controls pituitary gland Thalamus 2 masses of gray matter that receive all
More informationBIO 210 CHAPTER 13. The Central Nervous System SUPPLEMENT 2. PowerPoint by John McGill Supplemental Notes by Beth Wyatt CEREBELLUM
BIO 210 CHAPTER 13 The Central Nervous System SUPPLEMENT 2 PowerPoint by John McGill Supplemental Notes by Beth Wyatt CEREBELLUM Second Largest Division of the Brain Lies Below the Posterior Portion of
More informationmeninges Outermost layer of the meninge dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater membranes located between bone and soft tissue of the nervous system
membranes located between bone and soft tissue of the nervous system meninges Outermost layer of the meninge dura mater middle layer of the meninges, contains no blood vessels arachnoid mater Innermost
More informationNeural Communication. Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System. Communication in the Nervous System. 4 Common Components of a Neuron
Neural Communication Overview of CNS / PNS Electrical Signaling Chemical Signaling Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic = sensory & motor Autonomic = arousal state Parasympathetic =
More informationPrinciples of Anatomy and Physiology
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14 th Edition CHAPTER 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves Introduction The purpose of the chapter is to: 1. Understand how the brain is organized, protected, and supplied
More informationFig Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 48.1 Fig. 48.2 Axon endings are called synaptic terminals. They contain neurotransmitters which conduct a signal across a synapse. A synapse is the junction between a presynaptic and postsynaptic
More informationAcetylcholine (ACh) Action potential. Agonists. Drugs that enhance the actions of neurotransmitters.
Acetylcholine (ACh) The neurotransmitter responsible for motor control at the junction between nerves and muscles; also involved in mental processes such as learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming. (See
More informationTABLE OF CONTINENTS. PSYC1002 Notes. Neuroscience.2. Cognitive Processes Learning and Motivation. 37. Perception Mental Abilities..
TABLE OF CONTINENTS Neuroscience.2 Cognitive Processes...21 Learning and Motivation. 37 Perception.....54 Mental Abilities.. 83 Abnormal Psychology....103 1 Topic 1: Neuroscience Outline 1. Gross anatomy
More informationTo understand AD, it is important to
To understand AD, it is important to know a bit about the brain. This part of Unraveling the Mystery gives an inside view of the normal brain, how it works, and what happens during aging. The brain is
More informationBiological Bases of the Brain Unit 2, Part 1
Biological Bases of the Brain Unit 2, Part 1 Phineas Gage Phineas Gage was a railroad worker who had an iron bar go into his brain He survived but his personality was changed The Brain Lesion tissue destruction
More information2) All of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviour can be traced to the activity of the a. neurons. b. ganglia. c. genes. d. nerve fibres.
Chapter 2 Biology and Behaviour 1) The specialized cell that transmits signals throughout the nervous system is called the a. neuron. b. glial cell. c. myelin. d. neurotransmitter. Correct: The neuron
More information2/22/2012. Cerebrum CNS
Chapter 8 outline CNS: Consists of???? Structural organization of the brain Cerebrum Diencephalon Midbrain and hindbrain Spinal cord tracts Cranial and spinal nerves Receives input from???? neurons Directs
More informationChapter 17. Nervous System Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands. !
Chapter 17 Sensory receptor Sensory input Integration Nervous System Motor output Brain and spinal cord Effector cells Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS) 28.1 Nervous systems
More informationNeural Basis of Motor Control
Neural Basis of Motor Control Central Nervous System Skeletal muscles are controlled by the CNS which consists of the brain and spinal cord. Determines which muscles will contract When How fast To what
More informationBio11: The Nervous System. Body control systems. The human brain. The human brain. The Cerebrum. What parts of your brain are you using right now?
Bio11: The Nervous System Body control systems Nervous system Quick Sends message directly to target organ Endocrine system Sends a hormone as a messenger to the target organ Can target several organs
More informationUnit Three. The brain includes: cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, & cerebellum. The brain lies within the cranial cavity of the skull.
Human Anatomy & Physiology 11 Divisions of the Nervous System Karen W. Smith, Instructor Unit Three BRAIN & SPINAL CORD Refer to the following URLs. Be sure to study these along with your book. http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/nervous.html
More informationFacts on the Brain. Weighs around 3 pounds. Resembles a wrinkled grey cantaloupe Has the consistency of jelly Would be useless without the spinal cord
The Brain Facts on the Brain Weighs around 3 pounds About 1/60 th of our body weight Resembles a wrinkled grey cantaloupe Has the consistency of jelly Would be useless without the spinal cord Functions
More informationChapter 18: The Brain & Cranial Nerves. Origin of the Brain
Chapter 18: The Brain & Cranial Nerves BIO 218 Fall 2015 Origin of the Brain The brain originates from a structure called the neural tube, which arises during a developmental stage called neurulation.
More informationChapter 12 Nervous System Written Assignment KEY
Chapter 12 Nervous System Written Assignment KEY 1. Describe, in correct order, the events that occur during the transmission of a nerve impulse (action potential) as it travels from point X to point Y.
More informationOkami Study Guide: Chapter 2 1
Okami Study Guide: Chapter 2 1 Chapter in Review 1. The human nervous system is a complex biological system designed for nearly instantaneous communication among billions of neurons throughout the body.
More informationPrimary Functions. Monitor changes. Integrate input. Initiate a response. External / internal. Process, interpret, make decisions, store information
NERVOUS SYSTEM Monitor changes External / internal Integrate input Primary Functions Process, interpret, make decisions, store information Initiate a response E.g., movement, hormone release, stimulate/inhibit
More informationChapter 3. Biological Processes
Biological Processes Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne What s It For? Biological Solutions Communicating internally Initiating and coordinating behavior Regulating growth and other internal functions
More informationClass X: Biology. Chapter 2: Control and coordination.
Class X: Biology Chapter 2: Control and coordination. Chapter Notes Key learnings: 1) A system of control and coordination is essential in living organisms so that the different body parts can function
More informationCurricular Requirement 3: Biological Bases of Behavior
Curricular Requirement 3: Biological Bases of Behavior Name: Period: Due Key Terms for CR 3: Biological Bases of Behavior Key Term Definition Application Acetylcholine (Ach) Action potential Adrenal glands
More informationChapter 3. Structure and Function of the Nervous System. Copyright (c) Allyn and Bacon 2004
Chapter 3 Structure and Function of the Nervous System 1 Basic Features of the Nervous System Neuraxis: An imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the central nervous system, from the
More informationThe Brain Studying & Structures. Unit 3
The Brain Studying & Structures Unit 3 Modified PowerPoint from: Aneeq Ahmad -- Henderson State University. Worth Publishers 2007 Learning Objectives Describe the nervous system and its subdivisions and
More informationGeneral Psychology Biology & Behavior: The Brain
General Psychology Biology & Behavior: The Brain These are general notes designed to assist students who are regularly attending class and reading assigned material: they are supplemental rather than exhaustive
More informationCh 13: Central Nervous System Part 1: The Brain p 374
Ch 13: Central Nervous System Part 1: The Brain p 374 Discuss the organization of the brain, including the major structures and how they relate to one another! Review the meninges of the spinal cord and
More informationLecture - Chapter 13: Central Nervous System
Lecture - Chapter 13: Central Nervous System 1. Describe the following structures of the brain, what is the general function of each: a. Cerebrum b. Diencephalon c. Brain Stem d. Cerebellum 2. What structures
More informationWays we Study the Brain. Accidents Lesions CAT Scan PET Scan MRI Functional MRI
The Brain Ways we Study the Brain Accidents Lesions CAT Scan PET Scan MRI Functional MRI Accidents Phineas Gage Story Personality changed after the accident. What this this tell us? That different part
More informationWarm-up. Warm-up. Warm-up. Chapter 48. Why do animals need a nervous system? 3/9/2012. Nervous System
Warm-up Objective: Explain how membrane potentials arise from differences in ion concentrations between cells' content and the extracellular fluid. Warm-up: Cells from this structure migrate to other parts
More informationNERVOUS SYSTEM C H A P T E R 2 8
NERVOUS SYSTEM C H A P T E R 2 8 CAN AN INJURED SPINAL CORD BE FIXED? Injuries to the spinal cord disrupt communication between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body
More information