The Synthesis of [14c]Starch from [14~]~ucrose in Isolated Wheat Grains is Dependent upon the Activity of Soluble Starch Synthase
|
|
- Magnus Caldwell
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 1993, 20, The Synthesis of [14c]Starch from [14~]~ucrose in Isolated Wheat Grains is Dependent upon the Activity of Soluble Starch Synthase C. F. Jennerq K. SiwekA and J. S. HawkerB A Department of Plant Science, The University of Adelaide, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. Department of Botany, The University of Adelaide, GPO Box 498, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; died 9 March Abstract Soluble starch synthase activity decreased in isolated wheat grains heated in vials at temperatures between 31 and 40 C; a decrease of more than 50% occurred at 35'C within 30 min. Sucrose synthase activity was not significantly affected by heating and ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase decreased to a lesser extent and more slowly than soluble starch synthase. Wheat grains which were heated for 1 h at 35 C and allowed to recover at 20 C exhibited partial recovery of soluble starch synthase activity within 4 h. These responses in isolated grains to heating resembled effects reported elsewhere in intact ears. Isolated grains were exposed to a range of temperatures for 1 h prior to incubation in ['4C]sucrose at 20 C. Within the range C, the effect of pretreatment temperature on the activity of soluble starch synthase was highly correlated with the incorporation of I4c into starch. Control coefficients close to unity indicated that the activity of soluble starch synthase imposed a high degree of control on the rate of starch synthesis in this system. These results with isolated grains support a previous suggestion that the activity of soluble starch synthase at elevated temperature in wheat is an important factor limiting the accumulation of dry matter through effects on the synthesis of starch. Introduction Exposure of wheat ears to high temperature (in the range C) decreases the conversion of sucrose to starch in the developing wheat endosperm (Bhullar and Jenner 1986). More recent work suggests that this effect is due to a reduction in the amount of soluble starch synthase activity in the endosperm at elevated temperature (Hawker and Jenner 1993). Heating ears for 1 day at 35 C reduced the activity of soluble starch synthase by almost 50%. Additional heating for 3-9 days reduced activity a little more, to about 40% of the values recorded for unheated (21 C) ears. In ears that had been heated for 2, 4, or 7 days and then returned to lower temperature, soluble starch synthase activity nearly recovered to levels observed in ears that had not been heated. Although the experimentally imposed environmental conditions in the work described above (Hawker and Jenner 1993) reflect those prevailing in the field, the heating procedure is not convenient for investigating the effects of temperature on starch synthesis at the physiological and biochemical levels. Temperature of the grain itself is difficult to measure in situ and precise control of temperature is not easily achievable. Accordingly, a system of heating grains after isolating them from the ear was developed, and this system has been used for comparing the effects of temperature on the rates of incorporation of 14c from [14~]sucrose into starch with soluble starch synthase activity. The results provide further support for the view that elevated temperature reduces starch synthesis through its effects on soluble starch synthase activity, and implicate this enzyme as a cardinal factor controlling starch accumulation in developing wheat endosperm /93/030329$05.00
2 C. F. Jenner et al Materials and Methods Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cw. Sun 9E, Trigo 1 and Lyallpur) was grown as described by Jenner (1991). Sucrose synthase (EC ) and ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (EC ) were assayed as described by Hawker and Jenner (1993). Soluble starch synthase (EC ) was assayed using the anion exchange procedure for removing unreacted [14~]~~~glucose, and granule bound starch synthase was assayed using the methanol-kc1 method; both methods are described by Hawker and Jenner (1993). Heating Isolated Grains Five wheat grains (16-23 days after anthesis) were removed from the two most proximal florets of spikelets in the middle of the ear and incubated intact in 5 ml scintillation vials lined with moist Whatman No. 1 filter paper and capped with non-absorbent cotton wool. The vials were placed in water baths at temperatures between 20" and 40 C. In recovery experiments, vials were held at 3S C and then returned to a water bath at 20 C for specified periods. At intervals grains were removed, blotted with absorbent paper, peeled by removing the outer pericarp, the tissues of the furrow and the embryo, and the endosperm was homogenised for assay of enzyme activities. Comparison of Incorporation into Starch and Soluble Starch Synthase Activity Grains of wheat (17 to 18 days after anthesis) were heated in vials at 20, 31, 35 and 38 C as described above. After 1 h the grains were peeled and transferred to two sets of 25 ml conical flasks containing 2.5 ml of 146 mm sucrose solution. The flasks were loosely plugged with non-absorbent cotton wool and gently shaken for 2 or 4 h at 20 C. One set also contained 1 pci of [14~]sucrose per flask. The grains from this set were washed with 20 ml of H20 on a small strainer, blotted and heated at 80 C in 80% ethanol for 15 min. The radioactivity in the starch and in the soluble sugar was determined as described by Bhutlar and Jenner (1986). The amount of starch synthesised was calculated using the specific radioactivity of the sucrose supplied. Grains from the non-radioactive set were extracted and assayed for soluble starch synthase. Replication The results shown in Figs 1-4 are means of three replicate ears. Those in Figs 5 and 6 are means of five experiments. Vertical bars shown on the figures are 1.s.d.s (PGO.05). Results Heating isolated but otherwise intact grains in vials in a humid atmosphere for 1 h at 31 C and above caused a decrease in soluble starch synthase activity (Fig. 1). At 40 C there was a drop in activity of almost 70%. Compared with grains assayed immediately upon Fig. 1. The activity of soluble starch synthase in wheat grains of cv. Sun 9E removed from the ear 23 days after anthesis and heated for 1 h in vials in a moist atmosphere. Data are expressed as % of the activity in grains kept at 20 C which was 3.6 nmol (grain min)-i. The vertical bars in this and subsequent figures are 1.s.d.s (PGO.05). Pretreatment temperature ( OC)
3 Starch Synthesis and Soluble Starch Synthase in Wheat removal from the ear, grains maintained at 20 C for 1 h did not lose any of their soluble starch synthase activity. Granule bound starch synthase activity was not significantly affected by these heating treatments. In one experiment (grains isolated on day 18 after anthesis), the value for granule bound activity after 1 h of heating at 35 C was 97'70 of the value observed at 21 C (mean of four replicates). A time course of heating at 35 C showed that heating for only 30 min caused considerable reduction of soluble starch synthase activity. Further heating caused a greater reduction (Fig. 2), but the effects of heating diminished with time. After 2 h, ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase activity had decreased significantly, but the rate of decrease over this period was much less than that of soluble starch synthase. Sucrose synthase activity dropped by only lo%, a non-significant effect, in 4 h. Fig. 2. The activities of three enzymes in wheat grains of cv. Sun 9E, removed from the ear 16 days after anthesis, which had been heated at 35'C in vials for up to 4 h; data are expressed as % of the initial activity. Initial activities of sucrose synthase (e), ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (m) and soluble starch synthase (0) were 62, 69 and 7.8 nmol (grain rnh- ' respectively Time of heating (h) In a recovery experiment, grains were heated for 1 h at 35 C and then transferred to a temperature of 20 C for up to 4 h. Soluble starch synthase activity decreased after 1 h at 35 C to less than 50% of the original value, but transfer to 20 C arrested the decline in activity and some recovery was observed after 4 h (Fig. 3b). Heating for 1 h had little effect on ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase activity, and there was no change in activity after transfer to 20 C (Fig. 3a). Responses to heating were compared in two other cultivars: Trigo 1 and Lyallpur (Fig. 4). Based on their grain-filling responses to temperature (Wardlaw et al. 1989), Trigo 1 appears more tolerant of high temperature than Lyallpur. Soluble starch synthase activity was decreased by heating in both cultivars, a greater effect being observed at 38 C than at 32 C (Fig. 4). ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase and sucrose synthase showed only minor or no changes in activity, and there were no significant differences between the two cultivars. Evidently, differences between these two cultivars in their sensitivity to high temperature are not due to differential responses to temperature in the activity of these enzymes under these conditions. In experiments designed to evaluate the relationships between the rate of starch synthesis and soluble starch synthase activity, grains were pre-treated for 1 h in vials at different temperatures and the subsequent incorporation of 14c from [ 1 4 ~ ] ~ into ~ starch ~ r ~ at ~ 20 C e was compared with the activity of soluble starch synthase. Similar amounts of radioactivity were extracted in hot ethanol from the cultured grains pre-treated at all temperatures (results not shown) indicating that the uptake of [14~]sucrose was not affected by the temperature of the pre-treatment. Over 4 h the rate of incorporation of 14c into starch at 20 C was
4 C. F. Jenner et al. E d C I (a) =.- (b) I I, Time after excision (h) Time after excision (h) Fig. 3. Effect of transferring wheat grains to a temperature of 20 C after heating them in vials for 1 h at 35OC on the activities of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (a) and soluble starch synthase (b). Data are expressed as % of initial values which were (a) 63 and (b) 5.3 nmol (grain min)-l. Grains were removed from the ear of cv. Sun 9E 16 days after anthesis. Grains were maintained at 20 C throughout (0) or heated for 1 h (0) and then transferred to 20 C for 1 to 4 h. There were no significant differences in (a). Fig. 4. The activities of sucrose synthase (0) ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (0) and soluble starch synthase (B) in grains of cv. Trigo 1 (-) and cv. Lyallpur (------) which had been heated in vials for 100 min. Grains were removed from the ear at 16 days after anthesis. Data are expressed as % of the activity in grains kept at 20 C. At 20 C, average values for the three enzymes and two cvv. respectively were 51 and 61, 65 and 60, 6.9 and 6.1 nmol (grain min)-'. Only starch synthase activities were significantly affected by temperature Pretreatment temperature ("C) essentially linear with time, but incorporation was lower at 35OC and at 38 C (Fig. 5). The rates of starch synthesis over the 2 to 4 h period showed dependence on pretreatment temperature as did the means of the soluble starch synthase activities assayed at 2 and 4 h (Fig. 6). The activity of soluble starch synthase, which was assayed at 30 C, was more than 3-fold greater than the calculated rates (2 to 4 h) of starch synthesis which were measured at a temperature of 20 C. Sufficient sucrose (non-radioactive) was present in the endosperm at the beginning of the incubation to support starch synthesis for just over 3 h (Ugalde and Jenner 1990). Uptake of [14~]sucrose during the incubation would have maintained the size of this pool (see Jenner and Rathjen 1977). After 4 h of incubation, the specific radioactivity of sucrose in the endosperm would have been about 75% (Jenner 1974) of the value of the sucrose supplied. Moreover, the amount of radioactivity in the soluble sugars did not change between 2 and 4 h of incubation implying that the pool of sucrose had reached near constant specific activity before 2 h. If the temperature difference (referred to above) and
5 Starch Synthesis and Soluble Starch Synthase in Wheat Fig. 5. The accumulation of radioactive starch produced from ['4~]sucrose by isolated grains of cv. Sun 9E (sampled 17 days after anthesis), which had been pre-treated by heating for 1 h in vials at the temperatures indicated, prior to incubation at 20 C with [14~]sucrose. Time (h) Fig. 6. Effects of pre-treatment temperature on (a) rates of starch synthesis between 2 and 4 h after the beginning of incubation in [14~]sucrose, and (b) means of the 2 and 4 h values of the activities of soluble starch synthase. Further details are in the legend to Fig. 5. dilution (to 75%) of the supplied ['4~]sucrose are taken into account, the actual rate of starch synthesis was probably much closer to the activity of soluble starch synthase than the measured values suggest. Discussion The results of this paper confirm the conclusion reached in earlier work that the activity of soluble starch synthase in wheat grains is very sensitive to heat treatment. Whether the grains are heated in situ (Hawker and Jenner 1993) or in vitro (this paper), the decrease in soluble starch synthase is accompanied by a similar decrease in dry matter accumulation or in starch synthasis as measured by incorporation of 14c from supplied [14~]sucrose. The current results generally are in accordance with the earlier finding of Rijven (1986) that soluble starch synthase activity was decreased in heat treated wheat grains. However, the use of an assay method for soluble starch synthase (Hawker and Jenner 1993) that provides reliable estimates of maximum catalytic activity in wheat endosperm, has focused attention on the closeness of the association between starch synthesis and soluble starch synthase activity in the developing grain. Responses to heating of grains isolated from the ear show several features in common with effects of heating in other experimental systems. For example, Rijven (1986) observed
6 C. F. Jenner et al. that soluble starch synthase activity was reduced substantially by 1 h prior exposure of slices of grain to temperatures above 30 C. In whole isolated grains (Fig. 2) the response to heating at 35 C is clearly evident after 0.5 h. Although no significant reduction in soluble starch synthase activity was detected in grains taken from ears which had been heated at 35 C for 4 h (results not shown), Rijven (1986) reported that soluble starch synthase activity was reduced by about 60% 0.5 h after intact plants were transferred from 21 to 37 C. Recovery, or partial recovery, of soluble starch synthase activity is observable in isolated grains (Fig. 3b) after they had been transferred from 35 to 20 C, and also after ears (Hawker and Jenner 1993) or whole plants (Rijven 1986) were transferred from warm to cool conditions. Finally, the time course of loss of activity at high temperature does not follow first order kinetics in isolated grains (Fig. 2) or in grain slices (Rijven 1986), or in heated ears (Hawker and Jenner 1993) or intact plants transferred to high temperature (Rijven 1986). Instead, an initial rapid decline in activity is followed by a more gradual loss implying more than one action of heat and/or multiple forms of soluble starch synthase differing in their sensitivity to high temperature. Thus, the responses observed in the isolated grain system appears to resemble closely effects of heat on starch accumulation and enzyme activity in vivo as well as in other in vitro systems. Heating intact ears had little effect on the activity of granule bound starch synthase and no significant effects were observed on the activity of branching enzyme, or on amylase activity (Hawker and Jenner 1993). There was a negligible effect of heating isolated grains on the activity of granule bound starch synthase, sucrose synthase, and ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase activity was not affected at all (Fig. 3a), or was reduced after 1 h of heating at 35 C by only 9.7% (Fig. 2). Moreover, maximum catalytic activity of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase was approximately 10-fold greater than the observed rate of starch synthesis. It is reasonable to conclude, therefore, that the reduction in soluble starch synthase activity alone can explain the reduction in the synthesis of I4c starch (Fig. 6). Plotting the fractional change in the rate of starch synthesis against the fractional change in activity of soluble starch synthase (a flux-control plot, see Kacser and Burns 1973) indicates a near-linear relationship (Fig. 7), with a slope of unity. Alternatively, assuming a hyperbolic relationship, where the slope becomes steeper as the activity of the enzyme decreases, the flux control coefficient can be estimated (e.g. Neuhaus and Stitt 1990) using the equations developed by Torres et al. (1986). Taking the data for 20 and 31 C, and for 20 and 3S C, these estimates are 0.88 and 1.22 respectively which values also imply that the true value of the flux control coefficient is unity or not far removed from unity. The simplest interpretation of these results is that the activity of soluble starch synthase imposes a high degree of control over the synthesis of starch at the mid grain filling stage Fig. 7. Control plot of the effects of heating wheat grains on starch synthesis and soluble starch synthase activity. Data are calculated from Fig. 6. I Starch synthase actlvity (% of 20'~ grains)
7 Starch Synthesis and Soluble Starch Synthase in Wheat of development in this isolated grain system. In light of the proposal (Hawker and Jenner 1993) that lowered dry matter accumulation at elevated temperature is primarily due to a reduction in the activity of soluble starch synthase, the present findings support the view that, of all of the enzymes in the sucrose-to-starch pathway considered in this work, it is the activity of soluble starch synthase which is the most important in limiting starch accumulation (in the grain) and thus the yield of wheat. Whether or not other enzymes contribute significantly to control at other stages of development remains to be established. Acknowledgments This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Research Council. Helpful comments by Dr K. Denyer were appreciated. The technical assistance of Mr R. Batt and the assistance of Ms J. Guerin and Ms H. Weston with the preparation of this manuscript are gratefully acknowledged. References Bhullar, S. S., and Jenner, C. F. (1986). Effects of temperature on the conversion of sucrose to starch in the developing wheat endosperm. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 13, Hawker, J. S., and Jenner, C. F. (1993). High temperature affects the activity of enzymes in the committed pathway of starch synthesis in developing wheat endosperm. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 20, Jenner, C. F. (1974). An investigation of the association between the hydrolysis of sucrose and its absorption by grains of wheat. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 1, Jenner, C. F. (1991). Effects of exposure of wheat ears to high temperature on dry matter accumulation and carbohydrate metabolism in the grain of two cultivars. I. Immediate responses. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 18, Jenner, C. F., and Rathjen, A. J. (1977). Supply of sucrose and its metabolism in developing grains of wheat. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 4, Kacser, H., and Burns, J. A. (1973). The control of flux. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 27, Neuhaus, H. E., and Stitt, M. (1990). Control analysis of photosynthate partitioning. Impact of reduced activity of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase or plastid phosphoglucomutase on the fluxes to starch and sucrose in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Planta 182, Rijven, A. H. G. C. (1986). Heat inactivation of starch synthase in wheat endosperm tissue. Plant Physiology 81, Torres, N. U., Mateo, F., Melendez-Hevia, E., and Kacser, H. (1986). Kinetics of metabolic pathways. A system in vivo to study the control of flux. Biochemical Journal 234, Ugalde, T. D., and Jenner, C. F. (1990). Substrate gradients and regional patterns of dry matter deposition within developing wheat endosperm. I. Carbohydrates. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 17, Wardlaw, I. F., Dawson, I. A., and Munibi, P. (1989). The tolerance of wheat to high temperatures during reproductive growth. 11. Grain development. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, Manuscript received 21 December 1992, accepted 12 March 1993
Supplementary Material
10.1071/FP15384_AC CSIRO 2016 Supplementary Material: Functional Plant Biology, 2016, 43(10), 919 930. Supplementary Material Truncation of grain filling in wheat (Triticum aestivum) triggered by brief
More informationLab 6: Cellular Respiration
Lab 6: Cellular Respiration Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism. These reactions can be catabolic or anabolic. Anabolic reactions use up energy to actually build complex
More informationTHE SUGAR CONTENT OF CELL WALLS AND INTERCELLULAR SPACES IN SUGAR-CANE STEMS AND ITS RELATION TO SUGAR TRANSPORT By J. S. HAWKER*
THE SUGAR CONTENT OF CELL WALLS AND INTERCELLULAR SPACES IN SUGAR-CANE STEMS AND ITS RELATION TO SUGAR TRANSPORT By J. S. HAWKER* [Manuscript received May 3, 1965] Summary In sugar-cane stems which contain
More informationUser s Manual and Instructions
User s Manual and Instructions Mitochondria Activity Assay (Cytochrome C Oxidase Activity Assay) Kit Catalog Number: KC310100 Introduction Mitochondria are the eukaryotic subcellular organelles that contain
More informationBiology 2180 Laboratory #3. Enzyme Kinetics and Quantitative Analysis
Biology 2180 Laboratory #3 Name Introduction Enzyme Kinetics and Quantitative Analysis Catalysts are agents that speed up chemical processes and the catalysts produced by living cells are called enzymes.
More informationMost of the ethanol that is used as a biofuel in this country is produced from corn.
Chem 251 Ethanol from Corn Most of the ethanol that is used as a biofuel in this country is produced from corn. In this experiment you will make ethanol from frozen corn kernels using a process similar
More information6 The chemistry of living organisms
Living organisms are composed of about 22 different chemical elements. These are combined to form a great variety of compounds. Six major elements make up almost 99% of the mass of the human body, as shown
More informationCore practical 14: Investigate the effect of gibberellin on the production of amylase in germinating cereals using a starch agar assay
Core practical 14 Teacher sheet Core practical 14: Investigate the effect of gibberellin on the production of amylase in germinating cereals using a starch agar assay Objectives To investigate the effect
More informationThe performance of Microdot Test Strips has been evaluated both in laboratory and in clinical tests.
Chemical Composition Each Microdot strip contains the enzyme glucose dehydrogenase (Bacillus Sp.) = 1 IU and other ingredients (mediator, NAD, lysing agents etc.) = 200 µg. Test Strips When blood is added
More informationPeter Geigenberger*, Michael Geiger, and Mark Stitt Botanisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, D Heidelberg, Germany
Plant Physiol. (1998) 117: 1307 1316 High-Temperature Perturbation of Starch Synthesis Is Attributable to Inhibition of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase by Decreased Levels of Glycerate-3-Phosphate in Growing
More informationLAB 5 - Enzymes BACKGROUND INFORMATION
LAB 5 - Enzymes BACKGROUND INFORMATION Chemical Reactions The cells of organisms, from bacteria to plants to animals, carry out hundreds to thousands of chemical reactions that must be properly coordinated
More informationPotassium Uptake by Avocado Roots
Proc. of Second World Avocado Congress 1992 pp. 221-225 Potassium Uptake by Avocado Roots M. Zilberstaine Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel A. Eshel and Y. Waisel
More informationMay 23, Germinated Grains. Germination Phases. Germination Benefits. Starch Hydrolysates from Germinated Brown Rice
Fresh weight (g)/1 seeds May 3, 18 Hydrolyzed Starch Products and Applications Starch Hydrolysates from Germinated Brown Rice Ana Gonzalez, Emily Wong, and Ya-Jane Wang Commercial Production of Starch
More informationΒ-FRUCTOFURANOSIDASE ENZYME
KINETICS ANALYSIS OF Β-FRUCTOFURANOSIDASE ENZYME 2-The effects of enzyme concentration on the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction. Systematic names and numbers β-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26) Reactions
More informationIn this study, effect of different high-boiling-organic solvent (ethanolamine, diethylene glycol and
ISESCO JOURNAL of Science and Technology Vol. 12 No 21 High Boiling Solvent Pre-treatment of Hazelnut Shells for Enzymatic Hydrolysis Emir Zafer Hoşgün, Berrin Bozan Anadolu University, Engineering Faculty,
More informationSEEDS. Physiology of Development and Germination. J. Derek Bewley
SEEDS Physiology of Development and Germination J. Derek Bewley Plant Physiology Research Group Department of Biology University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada and Michael Black Department of Biology
More informationProject Title: Development of GEM line starch to improve nutritional value and biofuel production
Project Title: Development of GEM line starch to improve nutritional value and biofuel production Prepared by Jay-lin Jane and Hanyu Yangcheng, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State
More informationMono and Bi-Cationic Effect on the Concentration of Carbohydrates in Maize Plant (Zea mays L.) Incubated Seedlings
International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG ISSN : 0974-4290 Vol.6, No.5, pp 3107-3115, Aug-Sept 2014 Mono and Bi-Cationic Effect on the Concentration of Carbohydrates in Maize Plant
More informationIndex of Root Carbohydrates Contents for Salt Tolerance in Alfalfa
2013 International Conference on Sustainable Environment and Agriculture IPCBEE vol.57 (2013) (2013) IACSIT Press, Singapore DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE. 2013. V57. 9 Index of Root Carbohydrates Contents for Salt
More informationTHE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, ACIDIC RAINS, ALUMINIUM CONTAINING PACKAGING ON THE GROWTH OF WHEAT
Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Fascicula Protecţia Mediului Vol. XXV, 2015 THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, ACIDIC RAINS, ALUMINIUM CONTAINING PACKAGING ON THE GROWTH OF WHEAT Szabó-Nagy Andrea*,
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY NOTES PT. 3 FOUR MAIN TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT MAKE UP LIVING THINGS
BIOCHEMISTRY NOTES PT. 3 FOUR MAIN TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT MAKE UP LIVING THINGS 1. 2. 3. 4. CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS (fats) PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS We call these four main types of carbon- based molecules
More informationDIFFUSON AND OSMOSIS INTRODUCTION diffusion concentration gradient. net osmosis water potential active transport
DIFFUSON AND OSMOSIS NAME DATE INTRODUCTION The life of a cell is dependent on efficiently moving material into and out of the cell across the cell membrane. Raw materials such as oxygen and sugars needed
More informationA STUDY OF THE CONCENTRATION AND PROPERTIES OF TWO AMYLASES OF BARLEY MALT
A STUDY OF THE CONCENTRATION AND PROPERTIES OF TWO AMYLASES OF BARLEY MALT BY M. L. CALDWELL AND S. E. DOEBBELING (From the Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York) (Received for publication,
More informationProblem: What would happen to enzyme activity if enzymes are placed outside their normal conditions? Hypothesis:
Name: Date: Period: Honors Biology: Enzyme Lab Background information What would happen to your cells if they made a poisonous chemical? You might think that they would die. In fact, your cells are always
More informationInfluence of heat shocks on the kinetics of chilling-induced ion leakage from tomato pericarp discs
Postharvest Biology and Technology 36 (2005) 87 92 Influence of heat shocks on the kinetics of chilling-induced ion leakage from tomato pericarp discs Mikal E. Saltveit Mann Laboratory, Department of Vegetable
More informationGB Translated English of Chinese Standard: GB NATIONAL STANDARD OF
Translated English of Chinese Standard: GB5009.4-2016 www.chinesestandard.net Sales@ChineseStandard.net NATIONAL STANDARD OF GB THE PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GB 5009.4-2016 National Food Safety Standard
More informationVitrification of mouse embryos in straw
Vitrification of mouse embryos in straw Based on a method originally published by Nakagata et al (1997) 1. Materials 1.1. Media and solutions 1.1.1. PB1 as basic solution 1.1.2. 1M DMSO solution in PB1.
More informationKULLEĠĠ SAN BENEDITTU Secondary School, Kirkop
KULLEĠĠ SAN BENEDITTU Secondary School, Kirkop Mark HALF YEARLY EXAMINATION 2014/2015 Trk 3 FORM 4 BIOLOGY TIME: 1h 30min 4 5 Global Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 Mark Max. Mark 6 7 5 12 8 7 10 15 15 15
More information9. At about 0 C., most enzymes are (1.) inactive (2.) active (3.) destroyed (4.) replicated
Study Guide 1. Which of the following enzymes would digest a fat? (1.) sucrase (2.) fatase (3.) protease (4.) lipase 2. At high temperatures, the rate of enzyme action decreases because the increased heat
More informationThe diagram below shows the parts of the body that digest and absorb food.
The diagram below shows the parts of the body that digest and absorb food. It also shows some details about the structure of the stomach. (a) Complete the table to show whether each structure is an organ,
More informationMIXED -GLUCANASE AND XYLANASE FROM DISPOROTRICHUM DIMORPHOSPORUM (TENTATIVE)
MIXED -GLUCANASE AND XYLANASE FROM DISPOROTRICHUM DIMORPHOSPORUM (TENTATIVE) New tentative specifications prepared at the 80th JECFA (2015) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 17 (2015). An ADI not specified
More informationCell Respiration. Anaerobic & Aerobic Respiration
Cell Respiration Anaerobic & Aerobic Respiration Understandings/Objectives 2.8.U1: Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP. Define cell respiration State
More informationGAA Activity Assay Kit (Colorimetric)
GAA Activity Assay Kit (Colorimetric) Catalog Number KA3959 100 assays Version: 02 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Intended Use... 3 Background... 3 General
More informationHEMICELLULASE from ASPERGILLUS NIGER, var.
HEMICELLULASE from ASPERGILLUS NIGER, var. Prepared at the 55th JECFA (2000) and published in FNP 52 Add 8 (2000), superseding tentative specifications prepared at the 31st JECFA (1987) and published in
More informationExperiment 1. Isolation of Glycogen from rat Liver
Experiment 1 Isolation of Glycogen from rat Liver Figure 35: FIG-2, Liver, PAS, 100x. Note the presence of a few scattered glycogen granules (GG). Objective To illustrate the method for isolating glycogen.
More informationEffects of Weak Light on Starch Accumulation and Starch Synthesis Enzyme Activities in Rice at the Grain Filling Stage
Rice Science, 2006, 13(1): 51-58 51 http://www.ricescience.org Effects of Weak Light on Starch Accumulation and Starch Synthesis Enzyme Activities in Rice at the Grain Filling Stage LI Tian 1, Ryu OHSUGI
More informationTHE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO METHODS FOR EVALUATING FIVE-CARBON SUGARS IN EUCALYPTUS EXTRACTION LIQUOR
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO METHODS FOR EVALUATING FIVE-CARBON SUGARS IN EUCALYPTUS EXTRACTION LIQUOR Congcong Chi, a,b* Zeng Zhang, a Weiwei Ge, a and Hasan Jameel b Alkaline pre-extraction and hydrothermal
More informationTHE following account of the carbohydrate metabolism constitutes one phase
[ 133 ] THE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF GERMINATING BARLEY BY A. L. JAMES Department of Botany, Oxford (With 3 figures in the text) INTRODUCTION THE following account of the carbohydrate metabolism constitutes
More informationCoQ10(Coenzyme Q10) ELISA Kit
CoQ10(Coenzyme Q10) ELISA Kit Catalogue No.: EU0196 Size: 48T/96T Reactivity: Universal Detection Range: 0.781-50ng/ml Sensitivity:
More informationCopyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere
More informationOrganic Molecule Composition of Milk: Lab Investigation
Name: Organic Molecule Composition of Milk: Lab Investigation Introduction & Background Milk & milk products have been a major food source from earliest recorded history. Milk is a natural, nutritionally
More informationImpressions of Dampening Conditions on Milling Performance and Flour Quality. Hüsamettin Ali ÇAĞLAR GENC DEGIRMEN A.S.
Impressions of Dampening Conditions on Milling Performance and Flour Quality Hüsamettin Ali ÇAĞLAR GENC DEGIRMEN A.S. WHEAT DAMPENING What factors are affect the wheat moisture absorption rate? Dampening
More informationCELLULASE from PENICILLIUM FUNICULOSUM
CELLULASE from PENICILLIUM FUNICULOSUM Prepared at the 55th JECFA (2000) and published in FNP 52 Add 8 (2000), superseding tentative specifications prepared at the 31st JECFA (1987) and published in FNP
More informationMulticellular. Organisms
Multicellular Organisms Part 4 Maintaining Stable Body Conditions 1 Maintaining Stable Body Conditions LI To identify the parts of the Nervous System and their function LI To understand the mechanisms
More informationMiSP ENZYME ACTION Teacher Guide, L1 - L3. Introduction
MiSP ENZYME ACTION Teacher Guide, L1 - L3 Introduction The subject of this unit, enzymes, is typically a high school topic and is studied in depth in Advanced Placement Biology. Even so, it can be successfully
More informationBIO- DEGRADABLE COMPOSITE MADE FROM STARCH AND COCONUT FIBER : MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND BIODEGRATION CHRACTERSTICS
BIO- DEGRADABLE COMPOSITE MADE FROM STARCH AND COCONUT FIBER : MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND BIODEGRATION CHRACTERSTICS 55 Rahul Sen*, N.C.Upadhayay**, Upender Pandel*** *Research Scholar **Associate Professor
More informationHydroxypropyl Starch (Tentative)
Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 82 nd meeting 2016 Hydroxypropyl Starch (Tentative) This monograph was also published in: Compendium
More informationAMYLOGLUCOSIDASE from ASPERGILLUS NIGER, var.
AMYLOGLUCOSIDASE from ASPERGILLUS NIGER, var. SYNONYMS INS No. 1100 Prepared at the 59 th JECFA (2002) and published in FNP 52 Add 10 (2002), superseding tentative specifications prepared at the 55 th
More informationHigher Biology. Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration. Page 1 of 25
Higher Biology Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration Page 1 of 25 Sub Topic: Respiration I can state that: All living cells carry out respiration. ATP is the energy currency of the cell
More informationDynamics of potassium fractions in a calcareous Vertic Haplustepts under AICRP-LTFE soils
An Asian Journal of Soil Science, (June, 2010) Vol. 5 No. 1 : 55-59 Research Paper : Dynamics of potassium fractions in a calcareous Vertic Haplustepts under AICRP-LTFE soils Accepted : February, 2010
More informationOsmotic adjustment increases water uptake, remobilization of assimilates and maintains photosynthesis in chickpea under drought
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 45, March 2007, pp. 261-267 Osmotic adjustment increases water uptake, remobilization of assimilates and maintains photosynthesis in chickpea under drought P
More informationPROCTOR VERSION. 2.9 B: Movement of Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Water Quiz
1. A person s blood glucose level is affected by the sugars contained in food. Blood glucose levels are controlled by the hormone insulin via a homeostatic feedback mechanism. A person eats a meal containing
More informationTHE UPTAKE OF PHOSPHATE BY EXCISED MYCORRHIZAL ROOTS OF THE BEECH
THE UPTAKE OF PHOSPHATE BY EXCISED MYCORRHIZAL ROOTS OF THE BEECH IX. THE NATURE OE THE PHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS PASSING INTO THE HOST BY J. L. HARLEY AND B. C. LOUGHMAN Department of Agriculture, Oxford [Received
More informationRASAMSONIA EMERSONII (TENTATIVE)
MIXED β-glucanase, CELLULASE AND XYLANASE FROM RASAMSONIA EMERSONII (TENTATIVE) New tentative specifications prepared at the 80th JECFA (2015) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 17 (2015). An ADI not
More informationHAGEDORN AND JENSEN TO THE DETER- REDUCING SUGARS. MINATION OF LARGER QUANTITIES OF XIV. AN APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF
XIV. AN APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF HAGEDORN AND JENSEN TO THE DETER- MINATION OF LARGER QUANTITIES OF REDUCING SUGARS. By CHARLES SAMUEL HANES (Junior Scholar of the Exhibition of 1851). From the Botany
More informationDIASTASE ACTIVITY IN HONEY ASSAY PROCEDURE K-AMZHY 04/05
DIASTASE ACTIVITY (α-amylase) IN HONEY ASSAY PROCEDURE K-AMZHY 04/05 Megazyme International Ireland Limited 2004 INTRODUCTION: The traditional method for the measurement of diastase activity in honey isthe
More informationChapter 2 Transport Systems
Chapter 2 Transport Systems The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier between the cell and the extracellular environment. It permeability properties ensure that essential molecules such as
More informationTHERMALLY OXIDIZED SOYA BEAN OIL
THERMALLY OXIDIZED SOYA BEAN OIL Prepared at the 39th JECFA (1992), published in FNP 52 Add 1 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 55th JECFA (2000). An ADI of 0-3 mg/kg bw was established
More informationINTERMEDIATE 1 1 Food and Diet. These elements are present in compounds - not as free elements.
INTERMEDIATE 1 1 Food and Diet FOOD AND DIET The main elements present in the human body are: Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon These elements are present in compounds - not as free elements. Unlike plants,
More informationAccelerating Embryonic Growth During Incubation Following Prolonged Egg Storage 2. Embryonic Growth and Metabolism 1
Accelerating Embryonic Growth During Incubation Following Prolonged Egg Storage 2. Embryonic Growth and Metabolism 1 V. L. Christensen, 2 J. L. Grimes, M. J. Wineland, and G. S. Davis Department of Poultry
More informationAP Biology Cells: Chapters 4 & 5
AP Biology Cells: Chapters 4 & 5 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The was the first unifying principle of biology. a. spontaneous generation
More informationFROM SOIL ELEMENTS TO FOOD NUTRIENTS: Joyce Kinabo Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Sokoine University, Tanzania
FROM SOIL ELEMENTS TO FOOD NUTRIENTS: Joyce Kinabo Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Sokoine University, Tanzania All forms of life are directly dependent on plants for food Plant foods contain almost
More informationPFK Activity Assay Kit (Colorimetric)
PFK Activity Assay Kit (Colorimetric) Catalog Number KA3761 100 assays Version: 02 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Background... 3 General Information...
More informationInt. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 14(2), 2012; nᵒ 22, COMPARATIVE CARBOHYDRATES STATUS IN LEAF DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF CLEOME SPECIES
Research Article COMPARATIVE CARBOHYDRATES STATUS IN LEAF DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF CLEOME SPECIES Vishal T. Aparadh*, B. A. Karadge. Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. (M.S.) India. 416
More informationTakahiro Noda National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region (NARCH), JAPAN Workshop Japan-New Zealand (JST), 11 October 2010, Tokyo.
National Agriculture and Food Research Organization The enzymatic digestibility and phosphate content in potato starches Takahiro Noda National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region (NARCH),
More informationEXTRACTION OF THERMO-STABLE ALPHA AMYLASE FROM FERMENTED WHEAT BRAN
BIOLOGIA 2001, 47 (1&2), PP 47 52 ISSN 0006 3096 EXTRACTION OF THERMO-STABLE ALPHA AMYLASE FROM FERMENTED WHEAT BRAN *HAMAD ASHRAF, IKRAM UL HAQ, AND JAVED IQBAL Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department
More informationEXPERIMENT 3 ENZYMATIC QUANTITATION OF GLUCOSE
EXPERIMENT 3 ENZYMATIC QUANTITATION OF GLUCOSE This is a team experiment. Each team will prepare one set of reagents; each person will do an individual unknown and each team will submit a single report.
More informationSimultaneous Determination of Halobetasol and Salicylic Acid Related Substances by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method
Asian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 22, No. 5 (2010), 3369-3375 Simultaneous Determination of Halobetasol and Salicylic Acid Related Substances by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method
More informationSPINE ROAD HIGH SCHOOL
SPINE ROAD HIGH SCHOOL VIA AD SUCCESSORUM LIFE SCIENCES GRADE 11 CONTROL TEST 1-2017 TIME: 1½ hours MARKS: 80 INSTRUCTIONS: Read the following instructions carefully before answering the questions. 1.
More informationBIOL 305L Laboratory Four
Please print Full name clearly: BIOL 305L Laboratory Four An investigation of biochemical changes to tomato fruit when it ripens Introduction According to an old country song by John Denver, the only two
More informationG/LITRE 5.0 g KOH g 0.5 g 0.05 g 0.01 g MgS047H20 NaCl CaCl2
A P P E N D IX -V III COMPOSITION OF USED MEDIA AND CHEMICAL REAGENTS 1. NITROGEN FREE BROMOTHYMOL BLUE (NFB) MEDIUM Dobereiner et al (1976) Same media was also used to check the effect of temperature
More informationThe Effect of Heat Treatment of Forages on Degradation Kinetics and Escape Protein Concentration
The Effect of Heat Treatment of Forages on Degradation Kinetics and Escape Protein Concentration A. S. Leaflet R1547 M. A. Karsli, graduate research assistant, and J. R. Russell, professor of animal science.
More informationApplication Note Ginseng for Ginsenosides by HPLC. Botanical Name: Common Names:
Application Note 0048 - Ginseng for Ginsenosides by PLC As published in The andbook of Analytical Methods for Dietary Supplements Botanical Name: Common Names: Panax ginseng; Panax quinquefolium American
More informationChapter 5Membrane Structure and. Function
Chapter 5Membrane Structure and Function Cell (plasma) membrane Cells need an inside & an outside separate cell from its environment ability to discriminate chemical exchanges Phospholipid Bilayer A membrane
More informationAmylase: a sample enzyme
Amylase: a sample enzyme Objectives: After completion of this laboratory exercise you will be able to: 1. Explain the importance of enzymes in biology. 2. Explain the basic properties of an enzyme as a
More informationDRAFT MONOGRAPH FOR THE INTERNATIONAL PHARMACOPOEIA PAEDIATRIC RETINOL ORAL SOLUTION (August 2010)
August 2010 RESTRICTED DRAFT MONOGRAPH FOR THE INTERNATIONAL PHARMACOPOEIA PAEDIATRIC RETINOL ORAL SOLUTION (August 2010) DRAFT FOR COMMENT This document was provided by a quality control expert and was
More informationGlucCell TM SYSTEM USER S GUIDE ver 2.3 CELL CULTURE GLUCOSE METER. Important Information. Intended Use. Caution. About the System
GlucCell TM SYSTEM USER S GUIDE ver 2.3 Intended Use The GlucCell TM Cell Culture Glucose Monitoring System (The GlucCell TM System) is designed to quantitatively measure the concentration of glucose during
More informationBiology BLY3H Unit Biology B3 Written Paper Thursday 14 January am to 9.45 am For this paper you must have: Time allowed Instructions all
Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials Question Mark General Certificate of Secondary Education Higher Tier January 2010 1 2 Biology
More informationOptimization of saccharification conditions of prebiotic extracted jackfruit seeds
Paper Code: fb005 TIChE International Conference 0 November 0, 0 at Hatyai, Songkhla THAILAND Optimization of saccharification conditions of prebiotic extracted jackfruit seeds Sininart Chongkhong *, Bancha
More informationExpression constructs
Gene expressed in bebe3 ZmBEa Expression constructs 35S ZmBEa Pnos:Hygromycin r 35S Pnos:Hygromycin r 35S ctp YFP Pnos:Hygromycin r B -1 Chl YFP- Merge Supplemental Figure S1: Constructs Used for the Expression
More informationEXPERIMENT 4 DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS, TOTAL REDUCING SUGARS, SUCROSE AND STARCH
Practical Manual Food Chemistry and Physiology EXPERIMENT 4 DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS, TOTAL REDUCING SUGARS, SUCROSE AND STARCH Structure 4.1 Introduction Objectives 4.2 Experiment 4a: Reducing
More informationUnit C: Poultry Management. Lesson 1: Nutrients for Maintenance, Growth and Reproduction
Unit C: Poultry Management Lesson 1: Nutrients for Maintenance, Growth and Reproduction 1 1 Carbohydrates Fats Minerals Nutrients Proteins Vitamins Water Terms 2 2 I. Nutrients are the chemical substances
More informationLecture 2 Carbohydrates
Lecture 2 Carbohydrates Sources of CHOs Wholegrains major dietary intake Vegetables, legumes ad fruit contain dietary fibre Milk products provide lactose essential for infants Glycogen is a storage carbohydrate,
More informationMany people suffer from stomach ulcers caused by a species of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori.
The diagram below shows the human digestive system. (a) (b) Label the stomach and pancreas on the diagram. Many people suffer from stomach ulcers caused by a species of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori.
More informationSupplemental Figure S1.
53 kda- WT TPS29.2 (ethanol) TPS29.2 (water) Supplemental Figure S1. Inducible expression of E. coli otsa (TPS) in Arabidopsis. Immunoblot of leaf proteins (20 µg per lane) extracted from: (i) WT Col-0,
More informationTHERMALLY OXIDIZED SOYA BEAN OIL interacted with MONO- and DIGLYCERIDES of FATTY ACIDS
THERMALLY OXIDIZED SOYA BEAN OIL interacted with MONO- and DIGLYCERIDES of FATTY ACIDS Prepared at the 39th JECFA (1992), published in FNP 52 Add 1 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at
More informationAMPK Assay. Require: Sigma (1L, $18.30) A4206 Aluminum foil
AMPK Assay Require: Acetone Sigma (1L, $18.30) A4206 Aluminum foil Ammonium sulfate Fisher BP212R-1 AMP Sigma A1752 ATP Sigma A6144 (alt. use A7699) Beta-mercaptoethanol Sigma M6250 (alt. use M7154) Bio-Rad
More informationHiPer Carbohydrates Estimation Teaching Kit (Quantitative)
HiPer Carbohydrates Estimation Teaching Kit (Quantitative) Product Code: HTBC003 Number of experiments that can be performed: 10 Duration of Experiment Protocol DNSA Method :1 hour Phenol Sulphuric Acid
More informationSupplemental Data. Methods- Different concentrations of substrate solutions (final concentrations during incubation- 10, 3,
Supplemental Data Michaelis-Menten Kinetics Methods- Different concentrations of substrate solutions (final concentrations during incubation- 10, 3, 1, 0.3 and 0.1 mmol/l) were used and enzymatic analysis
More informationLOCATION AND POSSIBLE ROLE OF ESTERIFIED PHOSPHORUS IN STARCH FRACTIONS 1
LOCATION AND POSSIBLE ROLE OF ESTERIFIED PHOSPHORUS IN STARCH FRACTIONS 1 ABSTRACT Phosphorus determinations were made on various amelose and pectin fractions by a modified technique. Results were reproducible
More informationLecture 15 Sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum ) (2n = 80) Selfing Crossing Hybridization methods Coimbatore method lantern
Lecture 15 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) (2n = 80) Cross pollination is the rule in sugarcane. Self male and female sterility, protogyny and hanging down of anthers away from the stigma at the time
More informationExperiment 9. NATURE OF α-amylase ACTIVITY ON STARCH
Experiment 9 NATURE OF α-amylase ACTIVITY ON STARC In Experiment 1 we described the action of α-amylase on starch as that of catalyzing the hydrolysis of α-1,4-glucosidic bonds at random in the interior
More informationMetabolism. Metabolic pathways. BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways
BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways http://compbio.uchsc.edu/hunter/bio5099 Larry.Hunter@uchsc.edu Metabolism Metabolism is the chemical change of
More informationBIOL 305L Spring 2019 Laboratory Six
Please print Full name clearly: BIOL 305L Spring 2019 Laboratory Six Osmosis in potato and carrot samples Introduction Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
More informationKinetics analysis of β-fructofuranosidase enzyme. 1-Effect of Time Incubation On The Rate Of An Enzymatic Reaction
Kinetics analysis of β-fructofuranosidase enzyme 1-Effect of Time Incubation On The Rate Of An Enzymatic Reaction Enzyme kinetics It is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes.
More informationThe Influence of Protein and Protein Blending on Modification and Malt Specifications
The Influence of Protein and Protein Blending on Modification and Malt Specifications P. M. Tansing, S. J. Logue, S. Roumeliotis, R. Kaczmarek, and A. R. Barr Adelaide University, Dept. of Plant Science,
More informationGram Research Laboratory. Winnipeg. Manitoba, m ^^^ ^ ^p,^ harvest ripeness
Vol. 79, 1973] 471 CHANGES IN THE FREE SUGAR CONTENT OF BARLEY KERNELS DURING MATURATION By D. E. LaBerge, A. W. MacGregor and W. 0. S. Meredith (Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba) Received
More informationARABINAN
www.megazyme.com ARABINAN ASSAY PROCEDURE K-ARAB 08/18 (100 Assays per Kit) Megazyme 2018 INTRODUCTION: In the processing of apples and pears, the yield of juice can be dramatically improved by using enzymes
More informationEXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS Q7 P1 (a) Explain why the body temperature of a healthy human being must rise up to 39 0 C on a humid day.
NAME SCHOOL INDEX NUMBER DATE EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS 1. 1990 Q7 P1 (a) Explain why the body temperature of a healthy human being must rise up to 39 0 C on a humid day. (b) In an experiment a piece of
More informationab ATP Synthase Enzyme Activity Microplate Assay Kit
ab109714 ATP Synthase Enzyme Activity Microplate Assay Kit Instructions for Use For the quantitative measurement of ATP Synthase activity in samples from Human, Rat and Cow This product is for research
More information