BIOH111. o Cell Biology Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system
|
|
- Barnaby Rodgers
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 BIOH111 o Cell Biology Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 1
2 Textbook and required/recommended readings o Principles of anatomy and physiology. Tortora et al; 14 th edition: Chapter 3 Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 2
3 BIOH111 Cell Module o Session 1 (Lectures 1): Homeostasis and Cell organisation and function of specific organelles o Session 2 (Lectures 2 and 3): Central Dogma and plasma membrane organisation and function o Session 3 (Lectures 4): Cell communication (vesicular transport) and extracellular matrix o Session 4 (Lectures 5 and 6): Cell communication (signalling) and Cell division Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 3
4 BIOH111 Session 4: Lecture 5 and 6 Cell communication (signalling) and Cell division Department of Bioscience endeavour.edu.au
5 Preparation for this session o Complete any missing concepts and linking words from Session 3 o Bring the model of plasma membrane to Session 4 o Watch the video animation of cell signalling (see Activity 1, Session 4) and review what is a receptor Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 5
6 Lecture 5: Cell communication (signaling) Objectives Describe involved in process of cell signaling Understand how signaling leads to the outcome of cell division Lecture 6: Cell division Define differences between 2 types of cell division and relate these processes to their steps and function Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 6
7 Types of communication Transport (vesicular) o Physical movement of proteins and lipids within the cell Signalling o Transport of a specific signal received from outside to elicit a cellular response The two communication types work together and are NOT separate from each other! Trafficking will influence signalling and signalling will influence trafficking! Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 7
8 Signalling is linked to transport: specific molecules secreted from the cells act as signalling molecules Neurotransmitters secreted from neuron act on the downstream target muscle cell or another neuron Signalling molecules secreted from a signalling cell act locally on the target cell This is local signalling that ensures functioning of cells in very close proximity (e.g. within a tissue) Hormones secreted from endocrine cell act on the downstream target in a long-range manner where hormone is delivered to the target cell through circulation Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 8
9 Neurotransmitters, signalling molecules and hormones act on their target cells using plasma membrane receptors Signalling molecule can be: hormone or neuro transmitter or any other protein secreted by a cell Target cell and receptor will depend on the signalling molecule. E.g. acetylcholine will be secreted by motor neurons and target cell (muscle) will contain acetylcholine receptor. This confers specificity of response only target cells with the right receptor will respond to the signalling molecule. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 9
10 Once signalling molecule interacts with its receptor it starts cell signalling cascades Cell signalling is a process of converting extracellular signal (signalling molecule) into intracellular response (gene transcription) via transduction cascade initiated by signal+receptor engagement. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 10
11 Transduction cascades are sequentially mediated Transaction cascade is initiated by signal/receptor engagement and leads to amplification of this signal. This is done by firstly activating secondary messenger systems, then activation of protein phosphorylation cascade which activates specific target proteins. Therefore, 1 signal+receptor engagement can lead to activation of multiple genes and/or responses. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 11
12 Ligand (signal) engages receptor (on PM) activation of response inside the cell Secondary messenger systems: a) G-protein b) camp c) cgmp d) PLC Ca 2+ activation Protein phosphorylation cascades: a) AKT b) MAPK Overall response activation Target proteins: a) Transcription factors b) Enzymes c) Cytoskeletal proteins activation Cellular response: a) Gene expression regulation b) Metabolism alternation c) Cell motility and shape alteration Video showing process of signalling with gene expression as a cellular response Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 12
13 Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 13
14 Take home messages: 1. Transport of proteins and lipids responds to signalling event and signalling is initiated and propagated by trafficking. 2. Cells have evolved these complicated intracellular events in order to be able to communicate with each other and therefore exist in a multicellular environment. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 14
15 Lecture 5: Cell communication (signaling) Objectives Describe involved in process of cell signaling Understand how signaling leads to the outcome of cell division Lecture 6: Cell division Define differences between 2 types of cell division and relate these processes to their steps and function Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 15
16 DNA CHROMOSOMES - revision Reproductive cells have 23 chromosomes. Why? How? Non-dividing cell DNA condensation (histones) Human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. Dividing cell Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 16
17 CELL DIVISION Definition: Cell division is the process by which cells reproduce themselves. It consists of nuclear division (mitosis and meiosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). o Cell division that results in an increase in body cells is called somatic cell division and involves a nuclear division called mitosis, plus cytokinesis. o Cell division that results in the production of sperm and eggs is called reproductive cell division and consists of a nuclear division called meiosis, plus cytokinesis. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 17
18 COMPARISON OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS From your knowledge of chromosomes (lecture 1): what number is n? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 18
19 HOW DO WE GET 2n CELL (starting cell for both division types)? o Cell division is initiated by duplication of its genetic material o This is done in interphase of cell division which consists of 3 phases: G1, S and G2 phase. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 19
20 INTERPHASE STAGE o G1 phase cell metabolic rate increases o S phase DNA replication and chromosome condensing o G2 phase conclusion of metabolic increase o End result double of everything in the cell why? DNA replication details: session 17 BIOB111 Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 20
21 Entry point into mitotic (nuclear) division followed by cytokinesis (cytoplasmic) division Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 21
22 MITOTIC PHASE Definition: Mitosis is the movement of two sets of chromosomes - one set into each of two separate nuclei. Mitosis stages: o Prophase o Metaphase o Anaphase o Telophase Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 22
23 S phase: DNA replication details: session 17 BIOB111 PROPHASE Early prophase: Chromosome condensation: Lecture 1 BIOH111 Early prophase: Chromatin condenses and shortens into visible chromosomes Pair of identical chromatids held together by a centromere Late prophase: Nucleolus & nuclear envelope disappear Each Centrosome starts to move towards opposite ends of cell via mitotic spindle Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 23
24 METAPHASE The centromeres line up at the exact center of the mitotic spindle, a region called the metaphase plate Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 24
25 ANAPHASE Anaphase is characterized by the splitting and separation of centromeres (early) and the movement of the two sister, V-shaped chromatids of each pair toward opposite poles of the cell (late) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 25
26 Telophase begins as soon as chromatid movement stops then: TELOPHASE - the identical sets of chromosomes at opposite poles of the cell uncoil and revert to their threadlike chromatin form - microtubules disappear or change form and mitotic spindle breaks up - new nuclear envelope forms and new nucleoli appear Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 26
27 CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION: Definition: Cytokinesis is the division of a parent cell s cytoplasm and organelles. The process begins in late anaphase or early telophase with the formation of a cleavage furrow. When cytokinesis is complete, interphase begins, but only if needed why? CYTOKINESIS Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 27
28 CONTROL OF CELL DESTINY The four possible destinies of a cell are: 1. Survival without further division 2. Division 3. Differentiation (progenitor cell (e.g. common myeloid progenitor cell) differentiates into a terminal cellular phenotype (e.g. RBC or mast cell)) 4. Death (apoptosis and necrosis) Can you: 1. Think of a cellular process that would be able to control the cell s destiny? 2. Name situations where each of these cellular destinies are important for maintaining health? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 28
29 REPRODUCTIVE CELL DIVISION o Meiosis results in the production of haploid cells that contain only 23 chromosomes. o During meiosis, a single round of DNA replication is followed by 2 successive cycles of cell divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II. o In meiosis I homologous chromosomes are segregated and meiosis II is similar to mitosis o So, process of meiosis starts with a cell that has just finished interphase. How many chromosomes does this cell have? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 29
30 MEIOSIS I Meiosis I consists of four phases: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I Segregation of homologous chromosomes is achieved in prophase I by: 1. Formation of tetrads (process called synapsis) 2. Crossing over (process called homologous recombination) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 30
31 PROPHASE I TETRAD FORMATION Definition: Synapsis is a process where homologous chromosomes are associated with each other via a proteinbased complex to form a tetrad (2 chromosomes; 4 chromatids) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 31
32 PROPHASE I CROSSING OVER Definition: Homologous recombination is a process where chromosomes are cleaved and the fragments rejoined to give new combinations. Can you give a reason why this is good in meiosis and really bad in mitosis? OF CHROMOSOMES Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 32
33 MEIOSIS I Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 33
34 MEIOSIS II o Meiosis II consists of prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II o These phases are similar to those in mitosis, but result in four haploid cells. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 34
35 Ligand (signal) engages receptor (on PM) activation of response inside the cell Secondary messenger systems: a) G-protein b) camp c) cgmp d) PLC Ca 2+ activation Protein phosphorylation cascades: a) AKT b) MAPK Overall response activation Target proteins: a) Transcription factors b) Enzymes c) Cytoskeletal proteins activation Cellular response: a) Gene expression regulation b) Metabolism alternation c) Cell motility and shape alteration Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 35
36 Cells die in 2 different ways o Necrosis: uncontrolled cell death that is usually caused by external factors (e.g. physical injury, ischemia or nutrient depravation) cells appear to explode in a manner that does not have any identifiable sequence defence mechanism of cells but can lead to local injury and/or inflammation o Apoptosis programmed cell death that is initiated by the extracellular signal and undergoes a series of intracellular enzymatic reactions that break down everything inside the cell including DNA cells show plasma membrane blebbing and sequential fragmentation of cytoplasm and plasma membrane normal process of cell replacement Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 36
37 Recap of Session 4 Using Activity 1 in Tutorial describe process of cell signalling List the differences between the meiosis and mitosis and outline why these differences exist and why are they important.. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 37
38 Preparation for next session o Complete any missing concepts and linking words from Session 4 o Revise the following from Sessions 1, 2 and 3: different types of integral membrane proteins different types of cytoskeleton constitutive exocytosis Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 39
39 Examples when things go wrong o Cell aging o Cancer o Down syndrome Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 40
40 Review videos o Meiosis o Mitosis Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 41
Chapter 8: Cellular Reproduction
Chapter 8: Cellular Reproduction 1. The Cell Cycle 2. Mitosis 3. Meiosis 2 Types of Cell Division 2n 1n Mitosis: occurs in somatic cells (almost all cells of the body) generates cells identical to original
More informationThe Cell Cycle CHAPTER 12
The Cell Cycle CHAPTER 12 The Key Roles of Cell Division cell division = reproduction of cells All cells come from pre-exisiting cells Omnis cellula e cellula Unicellular organisms division of 1 cell reproduces
More informationGenetics and Cellular Function
Genetics and Cellular Function DNA replication and the cell cycle Mitosis Mitosis Mitosis: division of cells that results in daughter cells with the same the genetic information that the original cell
More informationMitosis. AND Cell DiVISION
Mitosis AND Cell DiVISION Cell Division Characteristic of living things: ability to reproduce their own kind. Cell division purpose: When unicellular organisms such as amoeba divide to form offspring reproduction
More informationWhy do cells divide? Cells divide in order to make more cells they multiply in order to create a larger surface to volume ratio!!!
Why do cells divide? Cells divide in order to make more cells they multiply in order to create a larger surface to volume ratio!!! Chromosomes Are made of chromatin: a mass of genetic material composed
More informationChapter 2. Mitosis and Meiosis
Chapter 2. Mitosis and Meiosis Chromosome Theory of Heredity What structures within cells correspond to genes? The development of genetics took a major step forward by accepting the notion that the genes
More informationCell Cycle and Mitosis
Cell Cycle and Mitosis Name Period A# THE CELL CYCLE The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a eukaryotic cell between its formation and the moment it replicates
More informationChromosomes & Cell Division
Chromosomes & Cell Division Cell Division The growth and splitting of cells into two new, identical cells called daughter cells. Mitosis Meiosis DNA replicates Parent cell Chromosomes separate Cell division
More informationPloidy and Human Cell Types. Cell Cycle and Mitosis. DNA and Chromosomes. Where It All Began 11/19/2014. Chapter 12 Pg
Ploidy and Human Cell Types Cell Cycle and Mitosis Chapter 12 Pg. 228 245 Cell Types Somatic cells (body cells) have 46 chromosomes, which is the diploid chromosome number. A diploid cell is a cell with
More informationMitosis & Meiosis. Diploid cells- (2n)- a cell that has 2 of each chromosome - 1 from mom, 1 from dad = 1 pair
Mitosis & Meiosis Diploid cells- (2n)- a cell that has 2 of each chromosome - 1 from mom, 1 from dad = 1 pair The pair is called homologous chromosomes The homologous chromosomes contain the same gene
More informationMitosis and Cytokinesis
B-2.6 Summarize the characteristics of the cell cycle: interphase (called G1, S, G2); the phases of mitosis (called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase); and plant and animal cytokinesis. The
More information10-2 Cell Division. Chromosomes
Cell Division In eukaryotes, cell division occurs in two major stages. The first stage, division of the cell nucleus, is called mitosis. The second stage, division of the cell cytoplasm, is called cytokinesis.
More informationMitosis: cell division that forms identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell (duplicate and divide)
Mitosis: cell division that forms identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell (duplicate and divide) Meiosis: cell division that forms daughter cells with half the number
More informationCell Division Mitosis Notes
Cell Division Mitosis Notes Cell Division process by which a cell divides into 2 new cells Why do cells need to divide? 1.Living things grow by producing more cells, NOT because each cell increases in
More informationCellular Reproduction, Part 2: Meiosis Lecture 10 Fall 2008
Mitosis & 1 Cellular Reproduction, Part 2: Lecture 10 Fall 2008 Mitosis Form of cell division that leads to identical daughter cells with the full complement of DNA Occurs in somatic cells Cells of body
More informationOrganisms that reproduce Sexually are made up of two different types of cells.
MEIOSIS Organisms that reproduce Sexually are made up of two different types of cells. 1. Somatic Cells are body cells and contain the normal number of chromosomes.called the Diploid number (the symbol
More informationThe Process of Cell Division
Lesson Overview 10.2 The Process of Cell Division THINK ABOUT IT What role does cell division play in your life? Does cell division stop when you are finished growing? Chromosomes What is the role of chromosomes
More informationMitosis and Cellular Division. EQ: How do the cells in our body divide?
Mitosis and Cellular Division EQ: How do the cells in our body divide? Cell division is the process by which cellular material is divided between two new daughter cells. 1 Mother Cell 2 Daughter cells.
More informationChapter 10. Cell Cycle - Mitosis
Chapter 10 Cell Cycle - Mitosis WHAT CELL REPRODUCTION ACCOMPLISHES Cell division plays important roles in the lives of organisms. Cell division replaces damaged or lost cells permits growth allows for
More informationThe Cell Cycle. Biology
The Cell Cycle Biology Standards you are responsible for mastering. SB1a: Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis
More informationThe Cell Cycle. Dr. SARRAY Sameh, Ph.D
The Cell Cycle Dr. SARRAY Sameh, Ph.D Overview When an organism requires additional cells (either for growth or replacement of lost cells), new cells are produced by cell division (mitosis) Somatic cells
More information10-2 Cell Division mitosis. cytokinesis. Chromosomes chromosomes Slide 1 of 38
In eukaryotes, cell division occurs in two major stages. The first stage, division of the cell nucleus, is called mitosis. The second stage, division of the cell cytoplasm, is called cytokinesis. Chromosomes
More informationChapter 10 Cell Growth and Division
Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division 10 1 Cell Growth 2 Limits to Cell Growth The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, the cell has more trouble moving enough
More information10-2 Cell Division. Slide 1 of 38. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
1 of 38 Cell Division In eukaryotes, cell division occurs in two major stages. The first stage, division of the cell nucleus, is called mitosis. The second stage, division of the cell cytoplasm, is called
More informationCell Division Mitosis Notes
Cell Division Mitosis Notes Cell Division process by which a cell divides into 2 new cells Why do cells need to divide? 1.Living things grow by producing more cells, NOT because each cell increases in
More informationMitosis/Meiosis Simulation Activities
Mitosis/Meiosis Simulation Activities In this simulation, you will demonstrate an understanding of mitosis, meiosis, segregation, independent assortment, and crossing over, all processes involved with
More information10-2 Cell Division. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10-2 Cell Division Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cell Growth and Division In multicellular organisms, cell division makes new cells To replace old or damaged ones So organisms can grow In single-celled
More informationUnit 4 Student Notes Cell Cycle
Name Date Unit 4 Student Notes Cell Cycle B-2.6 Summarize the characteristics of the cell cycle: interphase (called G1, S, G2); the phases of mitosis (called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase);
More informationPrentice Hall Biology Slide 1 of 38
Prentice Hall Biology 1 of 38 2 of 38 In eukaryotes, cell division occurs in two major stages. The first stage, division of the cell nucleus, is called mitosis. The second stage, division of the cell cytoplasm,
More informationThe Cell Cycle. Packet #9. Thursday, August 20, 2015
1 The Cell Cycle Packet #9 2 Introduction Cell Cycle An ordered sequence of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell and is a cellular asexual reproduction. The contents of the parent s cell nucleus
More informationThe Cell Cycle. Biology
The Cell Cycle Biology Standards you are responsible for mastering. SB1a: Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis
More informationCELL CYCLE INTRODUCTION PART I ANIMAL CELL CYCLE INTERPHASE
CELL CYCLE INTRODUCTION The nuclei in cells of eukaryotic organisms contain chromosomes with clusters of genes, discrete units of hereditary information consisting of double-stranded DNA. Structural proteins
More informationBIOLOGY 4/6/2015. Cell Cycle - Mitosis. Outline. Overview: The Key Roles of Cell Division. identical daughter cells. I. Overview II.
2 Cell Cycle - Mitosis CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Outline I. Overview II. Mitotic Phase I. Prophase II. III. Telophase IV. Cytokinesis III. Binary fission
More informationBIOLOGY. Cell Cycle - Mitosis. Outline. Overview: The Key Roles of Cell Division. identical daughter cells. I. Overview II.
2 Cell Cycle - Mitosis CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Outline I. Overview II. Mitotic Phase I. Prophase II. III. Telophase IV. Cytokinesis III. Binary fission
More informationMitosis: Cell Division
Do Now: What process do you think this cartoon is describing? Mitosis: Cell Division Key Points On Cell Division Species must reproduce in order to survive from generation to generation. All living things
More informationOutline Interphase Mitotic Stage Cell Cycle Control Apoptosis Mitosis Mitosis in Animal Cells Cytokinesis Cancer Prokaryotic Cell Division
The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Outline Interphase Mitotic Stage Cell Cycle Control Apoptosis Mitosis Mitosis in Animal Cells Cytokinesis Cancer Prokaryotic Cell Division 1 2 Interphase
More informationCell Division. The Process of Cell Division Section Section 10.2: The Process of Cell Division 12/8/2010
The Process of Cell Division Section 10.2 Biology B Section 10.2: The Process of Cell Division The student will investigate and understand common mechanisms of inheritance and protein synthesis. Key concepts
More informationGenetics. Instructor: Dr. Jihad Abdallah Lecture 2 The cell cycle and Cell Division
Genetics Instructor: Dr. Jihad Abdallah Lecture 2 The cell cycle and Cell Division 1 The cell cycle Living cells go through a series of stages known as the cell cycle. They undergo a continuous alternation
More informationChromosomes and Cell Cycle
Chromosomes and Cell Cycle Cell Basics There are trillions of cells in your body Cells are microscopic Cells have DNA inside a structure called the nucleus The nucleus is enclosed by a structure called
More informationOmnis cellula e cellula
Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle Omnis cellula e cellula 1855- Rudolf Virchow German scientist all cells arise from a previous cell Every cell from a cell In order for this to be true, cells must have the ability
More informationPre-Test. 4. Inside of cells, nearly all the genes are located on special structures known as microtubules.
1 Pre-Test Directions: Answer each question TRUE OR FALSE. 1. Cells in the bodies of multicelled creatures, such as humans, are reproduced in a way that is very similar to the method used by most protozoa.
More informationCell Division Mitosis Notes
Cell Division Mitosis Notes Cell Division process by which a cell divides into 2 new cells Why do cells need to divide? 1.Living things grow by producing more cells, NOT because each cell increases in
More informationCell cycle and apoptosis
Cell cycle and apoptosis Cell cycle Definition Stages and steps Cell cycle Interphase (G1/G0, S, and G2) Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, karyokinesis, cytokinesis) Control checkpoints
More informationCell Cycle. Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, and Cancer
Cell Cycle Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, and Cancer Cell Division One cell divides into 2 new identical daughter cells. Chromosomes carry the genetic information (traits) of the cell How many Chromosomes
More informationUnit 4: Cell Division Guided Notes
Unit 4: Cell Division Guided Notes 1 Chromosomes are structures that contain material When Eukaryotes are not dividing, DNA and Proteins are in a mass called: When the cell divides, it condenses and becomes
More informationSection Cell Growth. A. Limits to Cell Growth 1. DNA Overload 2. Exchanging Materials 3. Ratio of Surface Area to Volume 4.
Getting Through Materials move through cells by diffusion. Oxygen and food move into cells, while waste products move out of cells. How does the size of a cell affect how efficiently materials get to all
More informationChapter 8 The Cell Cycle
What molecule stores your genetic information or determines everything about you? DNA a nucleic acid How are DNA molecules arranged in the nucleus? As you can see DNA is: Chapter 8 The Cell Cycle 1. Arranged
More informationName: Date: Block: 10-2 Cell Division Worksheet
10-2 Cell Division Worksheet W hat do you think would happen if a cell were simple to split into two, without any advance preparation? Would each daughter cell have everything it needed to survive? Because
More informationMitosis THE CELL CYCLE. In unicellular organisms, division of one cell reproduces the entire organism Multicellular organisms use cell division for..
Mitosis THE CELL CYCLE In unicellular organisms, division of one cell reproduces the entire organism Multicellular organisms use cell division for.. Development from a fertilized cell Growth Repair Cell
More information8.4 The cell cycle multiplies cells. 8.4 The cell cycle multiplies cells
8.4 The cell cycle multiplies cells! Cell division is a highly orchestrated process! The cell cycle is an ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent
More informationCell Cycle/Mitosis -Notes-
Cell Cycle/Mitosis -Notes- LIMITS TO CELL GROWTH The a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on DNA. Additionally, the cell has more trouble moving enough and wastes across the cell membrane.
More informationThe Cell Cycle. Chapter 12. Biology. Edited by Shawn Lester. Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle Edited by Shawn Lester PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationThe Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance
Chapter 8 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance PowerPoint Lectures for! Biology: Concepts and Connections, Fifth Edition! Campbell, Reece, Taylor, and Simon Lectures by Chris Romero Objective:
More informationCellular Reproduction, Part 1: Mitosis Lecture 10 Fall 2008
Cell Theory 1 Cellular Reproduction, Part 1: Mitosis Lecture 10 Fall 2008 Cell theory: All organisms are made of cells All cells arise from preexisting cells How do new cells arise? Cell division the reproduction
More informationWhy do cells reproduce?
Outline Cell Reproduction 1. Overview of Cell Reproduction 2. Cell Reproduction in Prokaryotes 3. Cell Reproduction in Eukaryotes 1. Chromosomes 2. Cell Cycle 3. Mitosis and Cytokinesis Examples of Cell
More informationCell Division. Chromosome structure. Made of chromatin (mix of DNA and protein) Only visible during cell division
Chromosome structure Made of chromatin (mix of DNA and protein) Only visible during cell division Chromosome structure The DNA in a cell is packed into an elaborate, multilevel system of coiling and folding.
More informationChapter 10 Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction
Chapter 10 Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosomes Organisms grow by dividing of cells Binary Fission form of asexual reproduction that produces identical offspring (Bacteria) Eukaryotes have two
More informationChapter 8. The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance. Lecture by Mary C. Colavito
Chapter 8 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,
More informationCHAPTER 8 CELL REPRODUCTION
CHAPTER 8 CELL REPRODUCTION CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE Structures in the nucleus that carry genetic information Composed of DNA coiled around proteins called histones Consists of 2 identical parts called sister
More informationChapter 10. Cell Growth and Division
Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division Cell Growth A. Limits to Cell Growth 1. Two main reasons why cells divide: a. Demands on DNA as the cell get too large Cell Growth b. Moving nutrients and waste across
More informationThe Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Content Vocabulary Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly replaces the underlined words in each sentence. NOTE: You may need to change a term to its plural form. cell
More information-The cell s hereditary endowment of DNA -Usually packaged into chromosomes for manageability
Binary Fission-Bacterial Cell Division -Asexual reproduction of prokaryotes -No mitosis -Circular DNA and organelles replicate, the copies migrate to opposite sides of the elongating cell, and the cell
More informationNOTES- CHAPTER 6 CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION
NOTES- CHAPTER 6 CHROMOSOMES AND CELL REPRODUCTION Section I Chromosomes Formation of New Cells by Cell Division New cells are formed when old cells divide. 1. Cell division is the same as cell reproduction.
More informationChapter 12. The Cell Cycle
Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle The Key Roles of Cell Division The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind is the one characteristic that best distinguishes living things from nonliving things.
More informationThe Cell Cycle. Chapter 10
The Cell Cycle Chapter 10 Why Do Cells Divide? Unicellular 1. Reproduction Multicellular 1. Grow 2. Repair 3. Development/reproduction Types of Division Prokaryotic cells Binary fission = asexual reproduction
More informationMultiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Biology Mo Test: Q3 Mr. Rellinger Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which event occurs during interphase? The cell carries
More informationCell plate Carcinogen Oncogenes. Haploid cell Diploid cell Chromosome. Telophase Keywords Mitosis
Cell Division Cell plate Carcinogen Oncogenes Haploid cell Diploid cell Chromosome Gene Interphase Anaphase Metaphase Telophase Keywords Mitosis Meiosis Centromere Cleavage furrow Middle lamella What is
More informationThe form of cell division by which gametes, with half the number of chromosomes, are produced. Chromosomes
& Karyotypes The form of cell division by which gametes, with half the number of chromosomes, are produced. Homologous Chromosomes Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are similar in shape,
More information5/25/2015. Replication fork. Replication fork. Replication fork. Replication fork
Mutations Chapter 5 Cellular Functions Lecture 3: and Cell Division Most DNA mutations alter the protein product May Make it function better (rarely) Change its function Reduce its function Make it non-functional
More informationThe Cell Cycle. Chapter 12. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp 1
More informationmeiosis asexual reproduction CHAPTER 9 & 10 The Cell Cycle, Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles Sexual reproduction mitosis
meiosis asexual reproduction CHAPTER 9 & 10 The Cell Cycle, Meiosis & Sexual Sexual reproduction Life Cycles mitosis Chromosomes Consists of a long DNA molecule (represents thousands of genes) Also consists
More informationCell Division and Mitosis
Chromatin-Uncoiled DNA during interphase Cell Division and Mitosis Chromosomes-Tightly coiled DNA Chromatid-One half of a duplicated chromosome. Each is identical and called sister chromatids Centromere-The
More informationUnduplicated. Chromosomes. Telophase
10-2 Cell Division The Cell Cycle Interphase Mitosis Prophase Cytokinesis G 1 S G 2 Chromatin in Parent Nucleus & Daughter Cells Chromatin Daughter Nuclei Telophase Mitotic Anaphase Metaphase Use what
More information3/19/17. Chromosomes. Chromosome Structure. Chromosome Structure. Chromosome Structure. Chapter 10: Cell Growth & Division
Chapter 10: Cell Growth & Division Section 2: The Process of Cell Division Chromosomes DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) a molecule that stores genetic information, which controls the development and functioning
More informationBiology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division
Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division 2007-2008 The Cell Cycle: Cell Growth, Cell Division Ch. 10 Where it all began You started as a cell smaller than a period
More informationScience 9- Mr. Klasz
Science 9- Mr. Klasz Asexual reproduction requires only one parent. The offspring produced are identical to the parent. Asexual reproduction occurs in our somatic cells. This means all of our cells except
More informationFig. 1. Simple columnar epithelial cells lining the small intestine.
Mitosis Prelab Reading Fig. 1. Simple columnar epithelial cells lining the small intestine. The tall cells pictured in Fig. 1 form the lining of the small intestine in humans and other animals. These cells
More informationName Date Class. Interphase. (1) The. grows. DNA is duplicated.
Concept Mapping The Cell Cycle Complete the cycle map about the cell cycle. These terms may be used more than once: cell, cytoplasm, metaphase, nuclear membrane, nucleoli, poles. (1) The Interphase grows.
More informationBIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 9: The Links in Life s Chain Genetics and Cell Division
BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 9: The Links in Life s Chain Genetics and Cell Division The Links in Life s Chain: Genetics and Cell Division 9.1 An Introduction to Genetics 9.2 An Introduction to Cell Division 9.3
More informationThe Cell Cycle 4/10/12. Chapter 12. Overview: The Key Roles of Cell Division
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle Lectures by Erin
More informationBIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.12 - CELL DIVISION.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: CELL DIVISION Cell division is the process by which one cell splits into two or more daughter cells. Cell division generally requires that cells produce enough materials,
More informationCELL CYCLE INTRODUCTION PART I ANIMAL CELL CYCLE INTERPHASE EVOLUTION/HEREDITY UNIT. Activity #3
AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION/HEREDITY UNIT Unit 1 Part 3 Chapter 12 Activity #3 INTRODUCTION CELL CYCLE NAME DATE PERIOD The nuclei in cells of eukaryotic organisms contain chromosomes with clusters of genes,
More informationBiology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division
Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division The Cell Cycle: Cell Growth, Cell Division 2007-2008 2007-2008 Getting from there to here Going from egg to baby. the original
More informationBiology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division
The Cell Cycle Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division Why do cells divide? For reproduction asexual reproduction For growth one-celled organisms from fertilized
More informationCell Growth and Division *
OpenStax-CNX module: m46034 1 Cell Growth and Division * OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section, you will
More informationThe Cell Life Cycle. S DNA replication, INTERPHASE. G 2 Protein. G 1 Normal THE CELL CYCLE. Indefinite period. synthesis. of histones.
Mitosis & Meiosis The Cell Life Cycle INTERPHASE G 1 Normal cell functions plus cell growth, duplication of organelles, protein synthesis S DNA replication, synthesis of histones THE CELL CYCLE M G 2 Protein
More informationLECTURE PRESENTATIONS
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle Lectures by Erin
More informationUnit 6: Study Guide Cell Division. diploid gene allele interphase (G1, S, G2) prophase metaphase anaphase
Unit 6: Study Guide Cell Division 1. Define: chromatin chromosome chromatid pair (sister chromatid) centromere spindle fibers haploid diploid gene allele interphase (G1, S, G2) prophase metaphase anaphase
More informationCell Growth and Division. Chapter 10
Cell Growth and Division Chapter 10 Cell Division Before a cell becomes too large, it undergoes cell division, in which the cell divides and becomes 2 daughter cells. Before cell division occurs, the cell
More informationPart II The Cell Cell Division, Chapter 2 Outline of class notes
Part II The Cell Cell Division, Chapter 2 Outline of class notes 1 Cellular Division Overview Types of Cell Division Chromosomal Number The Cell Cycle Mitoses Cancer Cells In Vitro Fertilization Infertility
More informationBIOLOGY LTF DIAGNOSTIC TEST CELL CYCLE & MITOSIS
Biology Multiple Choice 016044 BIOLOGY LTF DIAGNOSTIC TEST CELL CYCLE & MITOSIS TEST CODE: 016044 Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers
More informationChapter 14 Cellular Reproduction
Chapter 14 Cellular Reproduction Biology 3201 Introduction One of the important life functions of living things is their ability to reproduce. Reproduction depends on the cell. Cells reproduce in order
More informationCELL GROWTH & DIVISION 10-1 & 10-2
Image from: http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.jpg CELL GROWTH & DIVISION 10-1 & 10-2 Image by Riedell 2 Reasons why cells divide 1. DNA OVERLOAD As cell grows bigger demand on DNA
More informationNOTES: Cell Growth and Division. centriole spindle prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis
NOTES: 10.1 10.2 Cell Growth and Division centriole spindle prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis How big do you think the largest cell is? Yolk of ostrich egg ~8 cm in diameter Average cell
More informationBiology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division
Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division 2007-2008 The Cell Cycle: Cell Growth, Cell Division 2007-2008 Getting from there to here Going from egg to baby. the original
More informationGeneral Biology. Overview: The Key Roles of Cell Division The continuity of life is based upon the reproduction of cells, or cell division
General Biology Course No: BNG2003" Credits: 3.00 " " " 8. The Cell Cycle Prof. Dr. Klaus Heese Overview: The Key Roles of Cell Division The continuity of life is based upon the reproduction of cells,
More informationMitosis Flap Book Excludes Prometaphase
Mitosis Flap Book Excludes Prometaphase TEACHER S INSTRUCTIONS 1) Choose one of the foldables from the choices below. Three Color Choices Black & White Cells without Chromosomes Choose this option if you
More informationGeneral Biology. Overview: The Key Roles of Cell Division. Unicellular organisms
General Biology Course No: BNG2003 Credits: 3.00 8. The Cell Cycle Prof. Dr. Klaus Heese Overview: The Key Roles of Cell Division The continuity of life is based upon the reproduction of cells, or cell
More informationCELL GROWTH & DIVISION
CELL GROWTH & DIVISION 2 Reasons why cells divide 1. DNA OVERLOAD As cell grows bigger demand on DNA genetic library becomes too great Ex: Small town library has 1000 books. As town grows and more people
More informationBiology 218 Human Anatomy
Chapter 2 Adapted from Tortora 10 th ed LECTURE OUTLINE A. A Generalized Cell (p. 25) 1. A human cell consists of three major parts (see Table 2.2 on p. 42): a. Plasma membrane b. Cytoplasm which includes
More information