BASIC ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES. The Cerebrum

Transcription

1 BASIC ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES The Cerebrum

2 Development of the Cerebral Vesicles Primary Vesicle secondary Vesicles CNS structures Ventricle telencephalon Cerebral Hemispheres Lateral Ventricles Prosencephalon (forebrain) diencephalon Thalamus 3rd Ventricle hypothalamus Mesencephalon (midbrain) mesencephalon mid brain cerebral aqueduct Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) metencephalon pons cerebellum 4th Ventricle myelencephalon medulla oblongata

3 Nervous System

4 Cerebral Hemispheres The cerebrum is supported on the brainstem and forms the bulk of the brain. 대뇌는뇌간에의해지탱되고뇌의대부분을형성한다. Its surface, referred to as the cerebral cortex, is composed of grey matter 2-4 mm thick. 대뇌의표면은대뇌피질이라고명명되어지고 2-4mm 두께의회백질로구성되어있다. The term cortex (p. cortices) refers to a layer or sheet of nervous tissue made up of neuronal cell bodies. 피질이라는용어는신경세포체를구성하는신경조직의층또는막이라는뜻이다. In most areas of the cortex, there are six layers of nerve cell bodies. 피질대부분지역에서 6개층으로된신경세포체들이있다.

5 Six layers of nerve cell bodies Layer I (the "molecular layer") is the outermost layer. This layer contains relatively few nerve cell bodies. The odd name "molecular layer" derives from the fine texture of this layer, due to its composition largely of dendrites and fine axon terminals (and glia, of course). Layer 1( 분자층 ) 은가장바깥쪽의층이다. 이층은상대적으로적은수의신경세포체를가지고있다. 분자층 이라는특이한이름은이층의미세한질감에서기인한다. 이층의구성은대부분수상돌기와미세한축삭말단 ( 아교세포도포함 ) 으로되어있다 Layer II (the "outer granular layer"), typically contains many very small cells (granule cells). Layer II ( 바깥과립층 ) 은전형적으로많은매우작은세포 ( 과립세포 ) 를가지고있다. Layer III (the "outer pyramidal layer") contains cell bodies of small pyramidal cells. Axons from these cells typically project to the upper layers of neighboring cortical regions. Layer III ( 바깥피라미드세포층 ) 은작은피라미드세포의세포체로구성되어있다. 이세포들의축삭은전형적으로이웃한피질의상위층에투사된다.

6 Six layers of nerve cell bodies Layer IV (the "inner granular layer") contains axonal ramifications of afferent fibers, such as sensory axons from the thalamus. Axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (the visual relay of the thalamus) are so numerous that the primary visual cortex which receives these axons (Brodmann's area 17, at the occipetal pole of each hemisphere) is sometimes called "striate cortex", because these axons conspicuously divide the cortex into layers that are visible to gross inspection. Layer IV ( 안쪽과립층 ) 은시상으로부터감각축삭과같은구심성섬유의축삭지맥을포함하고있다. 측슬상핵 ( 시상의시각중계 ) 의수많은축삭이일차시각피질에연결되는데이것을선조피질 ( 줄무늬겉질 ) 라고한다. 이축삭들이눈에띄게맨눈으로보아도피질층을나눌수있기때문이다. Layer V (the "inner pyramidal layer") contains cell bodies of large pyramidal cells. Axons from these cells typically project to more distant cortical regions, to other parts of the brain, or to lower centers (such as spinal motor neurons). The larger size of these pyramidal cells (compared the smaller cells of layer III) is associated with the greater length of their axons. Layer V ( 안쪽피라미드층 ) 은큰피라미드세포체를포함하고있다. 이세포의축삭은주로더먼피질영역, 뇌의다른부분, 혹은더아래중추 ( 척수운동뉴런 ) 에투사된다. 이피라미드세포의큰사이즈 ( 제 3 층의작은세포와비교하여 ) 는축삭의길이와관련이있다.

7 Six layers of nerve cell bodies Layer VI (the "layer of pleomorphic cells) typically contains few large pyramidal neurons and many small spindle-like pyramidal and multiform neurons. layer VI sends efferent fibers to the thalamus, establishing a very precise reciprocal interconnection between the cortex and the thalamus. These connections are both excitatory and inhibitory. Neurons send excitatory fibers to neurons in the thalamus and also from collateral to them ones via the thalamic reticular nucleus that inhibit these thalamus neurons or ones adjacent to them. Layer VI( 다형성세포층 ) 은주로적은수의큰피라미드뉴런과많은작은방추형피라미드와다양한형태의뉴런으로구성되어있다. Layer VI 는시상에원심성섬유를보내어피질과시상사이의정교한상호연결을형성한다. 이러한연결은흥분성및억제성모두를가지고있다. 뉴런은시상에있는뉴런에흥분성섬유를보내고곁섬유에서시상의망상핵을통해시상뉴런이나그주위의핵을억제한다.

8 White Matter Beneath the cortex (stained purple) lies the cerebral white matter. 피질아래에는대뇌백질이있다. Nuclei and cortices are interconnected by the axons of projection neurons which are the white matter (tracts) of the CNS. 핵과피질은투사뉴런의축락에의해서로연결되어있다. 이것이중추신경계의백질 ( 로 ) 이다.

9 Convolutions and Fissures During embryonic development, there is a rapid increase in brain size. 배아발달동안뇌의크기는아주빠르게증가한다. The grey matter of the cortex enlarges out of proportion to the underlying white matter, causing it to roll and fold in upon itself. 피질의회백질은아래백질에비해더큰데이는대뇌피질사에서골과이랑으로접히기때문이다. The folds are called gyri (s. gyrus) if they are small or convolutions if there are big. 접힘이작은것을이랑이고접힘이큰것을융기라한다. Fissures are deep grooves between the folds, whereas sulci (s. sulcus) are shallow grooves between the folds. 열은접힘사이의깊은골인반면고랑은접힘사이의낮은골이다.

10 Cerebral Landmarks Renaissance anatomists found that the most prominent infoldings were invariant from one human brain to the next, so they used these features as landmarks to separate the brain into distinct regions. 르네상스시대의해부학자들은가장눈에띄는접힘이사람들간에변화가없기때문에뇌영역을나누는표식혹은특징으로사용했다. The most prominent landmark of the cerebrum is median longitudinal fissure. 대뇌의가장두드려진표식은중앙대뇌종렬이다. It separates the cerebrum along the midline into two fairly symmetrical halves. 이것은대뇌를중앙선을따라두개의대칭반구로나눈다.

11 Cerebral Hemispheres These two halves are referred to as the cerebral hemispheres. 이두개의반구는대뇌반구라고한다. They are connected internally by a large bundle of transverse white matter fibers called the corpus callosum. 이두반구는뇌량이라는회백질섬유의큰다발에의해내부적으로연결되어있다.

12 Central Sulcus A cleft called the central sulcus (aka Rolandic fissure) separates the cerebral hemisphere into anterior and posterior portion. 중심구로명명되는열은대뇌반구를앞과뒷부분으로나눈다. The anterior portion is known as the frontal lobe (pink), the posterior portion as the parietal lobe (blue). 앞부분은전두엽, 뒷부분은두정엽이라고한다. All lobes are named for the overlying bones of the skull. 모든엽들은그위에위치한두개골뼈의이름따서지었다.

13 Landmark Gyri Within each one of these lobes are important gyri, that also serve as landmarks for important processing regions of the lobes. 중요한이랑들은이엽들의각영역내에위치한다. 이것들은그엽들의중요한정보처리영역이중요한표식으로작용한다. Immediately anterior to the central sulcus is the precentral gyrus, the primary motor area (M1) of the cerebral cortex of the frontal lobe. 중심구의바로앞은중심앞이랑이고, 전두엽의대니피질의일차운동역 (M1) 이다.

14 Primary motor area

15 Primary motor area

16 Landmark Gyri Immediately posterior to the central sulcus is the postcentral gyrus, the primary sensory area (S1) of the cerebral cortex of the parietal lobe. 중심구바로뒤는중심뒷이랑이다. 두정엽의대뇌피질로일차감각영역 (S1) 이라고한다.

17 Primary sensory area

18 Primary sensory area

19 Lateral Sulcus Another consistent cleft within each cerebral hemisphere divides the hemisphere into upper and lower portion. 각대뇌반구내다른열은반구를위와아래영역으로나눈다. This cleft is termed the lateral sulcus (aka Sylvian Fissure). 이열은외측구 (Sylvian Fissure) 라고한다. The temporal lobe lies beneath the lateral sulcus. 측두엽은외측구아래에위치한다.

20 Heschl s Gyrus Heschl s gyrus is located on the superior temporal gyrus, and extends into the lateral sulcus. 헤슬이랑은상측두이랑위에위치하고상측두이랑을속으로확장되어있다. It is the site of the primary auditory area (A1). 헤슬자이러스는일차청각영역이다.

21 Parietal Gyri Within the parietal lobe are two other prominent gyri. 두정엽에는또다른두개의이랑이있다. Curving above the end of the lateral sulcus is the supramarginal gyrus (SmG). 외측구의끝부분위에서구부러짐은모서리위이랑 (SmG) 이다. Curving off the end of the lateral sulcus is the angular gyrus (AnG). 외측구의끝부분에서떨어진구부러짐은각이랑 (AnG) 이다. Both of these gyri, because of their location, where sensory, auditory, and visual information come together, have important roles in multimodal processing tasks, such as reading, writing, arithmetic, and construction. 이두이랑은감각, 청각, 시각정보가함께지나가는위치에있기때문에읽기, 쓰기, 수학, 구성등과같은다중양식처리과제에서중요한역할을한다.

22 Occipital Lobe On the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere, there is no clear landmark demarcating the occipital lobe. 대뇌반구의측표면에서후두엽을표시하는명확한표식이없다. However, it is the most posterior lobe that can be visualized on the lateral surface of the cerebrum. 하지만, 가장뒷쪽에있는엽이고대뇌의측표면에서보인다. The primary visual area (V1) covers the entire occipital pole. 일차시각영역 (V1) 은전체후두꼭지를차지한다.

23 Cerebrum: 4 lobes

24 Gyrus

25 Brodmann map Brodmann areas 1, 2 and 3 are the primary somatosensory cortex; Brodmann area 4 is the primary motor cortex. Brodmann area 17 is the primary visual cortex. Brodmann areas 41 and 42 correspond closely to primary auditory cortex. left Brodmann areas 44 and 45 is the Broca's speech and language area Higher order functions of the association cortical areas are also consistently localized to the same Brodmann areas by neurophysiological, functional imaging, and other methods

26 Superior colliculus visual pathway 1. temporal and nasal retina 2. optic nerve 3. optic chiasm 4. optic tract 5. pulvinar nucleus 6. lateral geniculate body 7. superior colliculus 8. optic radiation 9. primary visual cortex

27 Hemianopsia The word Hemianopsia is from Greek origins, where: "Hemi" means "half", "an" means "without", "opsia" means "seeing".

28 Hemianopsia Hemianopsia is the decreased vision or blindness takes place in half the visual field of one or both eyes. 반맹증은감소된시각이나맹이시야나양쪽눈의반에서발생한다. In most cases, the visual field loss respects the vertical midline. 대부분의경우시야손상은수직중앙에서일어난다. The most common causes of this damage include stroke, brain tumor, and trauma 반뱅의가장일반적원인은뇌졸중, 뇌종양, 외상성뇌손상이다.

29 Calcarine Fissure On the mesial surface of the hemisphere, however, the primary visual cortex is visible on the banks of the calcarine fissure. 대뇌반구의안쪽표면에서일차시각피질은새발톱고랑 ( 조거열 ) 의둑이보인다.

30 Insula An additional area of the cerebral cortex became buried in the depths of the lateral sulcus during development of the telecephalon. 대뇌피질의추가적영역은종뇌가발달하는동안외측구의깊숙한곳에묻혔다. This cortex, called the insula, can be revealed by prying open the lateral sulcus. 뇌섬이라고하는이피질은외측구를열어서엿봄으로써볼수있다. The portions of the frontal (5), parietal (6), and temporal (7) cortices that cover the insula are referred to as the operculum (lid). 뇌섬엽을덮고있는전두, 두정, 측두피질부분을덮개 ( 뚜껑 ) 이라고한다. The insula as well as the frontal-parietal operculum constitute the gustatory (aste) cortex. 전두-두정덮개와뇌섬엽은미각피질을구성한다.

31 Function of Insula The insula is believed to be involved in consciousness and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body's homeostasis 뇌섬엽은의식과관련이있고정서혹은몸의항상성유지와관련이있는다양한기능에중요한역할을한다. These functions include perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, and interpersonal experience. 이기능들은지각, 운동통제, 자각, 인지기능, 대인관계를포함한다. In relation to these, it is involved in psychopathology. 이것과관련하여정신병리학도포함한다.

32 White Matter The white matter underlying the cortex consists of myelinated axons running in three principle directions. 피질아래백질은주로세개의방향으로나뉘는수초화된축삭으로구성되어있다. association fibers 연합섬유 projection fibers 투사섬유 commissural fibers 교련섬유 diffusion tensor imaging

33 Association Fibers Association fibers connect and transmit nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere. 연함섬유는같은반구내에이랑간신경자극을연결하고전달한다. The arcuate fasciculus is an important bundle of association fibers that links the temporal lobe with the frontal lobe, through the parietal lobe. 궁상섬유속은연합섬유의가장중요한섬유다발이다. 이는측두엽에서두정엽을지나전두엽과연결한다. It has been implicated in some of the expressive output difficulties of individuals with aphasia. 실어증자의표현력장애를야기할수있다.

34 Conduction Aphasia Damage to this pathway can cause a form of conduction aphasia 이섬유의손상은전도성실어증을야기할수있다. Auditory comprehension and speech articulation are preserved 청각적이해력과말조음은보존되어있다. but people find it difficult to repeat heard speech. 하지만사람들은따라말하기에어려움을보인다. Due to Stroke 뇌졸중때문에발생한다 Patients will display frequent errors during spontaneous speech, substituting or transposing sounds. They will also be aware of their errors, and will show significant difficulty correcting them 환자들은자발화하는동안소리를대치혹은바꿈으로써빈번한오류를보인다. 그들은자신의오류를인지하고그오류를고치는데상당한어려움을보인다. Classical View: disconnection b/w Broca & Wernicke 고전적관점 : 브로카영역과베르니케영역의단절 Recent research: lesions in the supramarginal gyrus or deep parietal matter. 최근연구 : 상모서리이랑혹은깊은두정엽에서의병변

35 Commissural Fibers Commissural fibers transmit impulses from the gyri in one hemisphere to the corresponding gyri in the opposite cerebral hemisphere. 교련섬유는좌반구의한이랑에서우반구의같은이랑에신경자극을전달한다. Examples of commissural fibers include the corpus callosum, the anterior commissure, and the posterior commissure. 교련섬유의예는뇌량, 전교련, 후교련을포함한다.

36 Corpus Callosum The corpus callosum consists of cables of tissue that connect the two hemispheres. 뇌량은두반구를연결하는섬유조직케이블로구성되어있다. It is composed of some two hundred million fibers that link the two brain halves from the forehead to the back of the head. 뇌량은 2 억개의신경섬유로구성되어있고전뇌와후뇌로부터두반구를연결한다.

37 Anterior Commissure At least one section of the corpus callosum is somewhat thicker in women than in men. 적어도뇌량의한부분이남자보다여자에게서좀더두껍다. The anterior commissure is the second tissue bridge connecting brain hemispheres. 전교련은뇌를잇는두번째조직다리이다. It is 12% larger in women than in men. 남성보다여성이 12% 더크다. These thicker connections are believed to allow for greater communication between the two brain hemispheres. 이두꺼운연결은두뇌반구간더많은의사소통을가능하게한다.

38 Anterior Commissure In males, the two brain halves are less in touch; each side operates more independently. 남성에게서두뇌반구간의사소통은여성보다적다 ; 각뇌반구는더독립적으로작동한다. Because the male brain is more lateralized, with each hemisphere more rigidly dedicated to doing one task or another, this set up may enable men to focus their attention more intensely than women. 남성의뇌가더편측화되어각반구는더욱더한가지과제에집중하기때문에, 이러한현상은남자들이여자보다더집중할수있게한다. Women s well-connected brains may facilitate their ability to gather, integrate, and analyze more diverse kinds of information an aspect of web thinking. 여성의잘연결된뇌는더다양한정보를모으고, 해석하고, 분석할수있는능력을갖게한다. Women s less lateralized, more left/right integrated brain probably helps then to embrace the larger view. 덜편측화되어오른쪽과왼쪽을더잘통합하는여성의뇌는더큰관점을가지도록하는데도움이된다. They don t see things as cut and dried, the way that men do (Schultz, cited in Fisher, 1999). 여성들은남성들이하는고집불통을보이지않는다.

39 Book to read Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus: A Practical Guide for Improving Communication and Getting What You Want in Your Relationships John Gray

40 Projection Fibers Projection fibers form ascending and descending tracts that transmit impulses from the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord. 투사섬유는상행및하행로를형성한다. 이는대뇌로부터신경충동을뇌의다른부분과척수로전달한다. corticospinal tract 피질척수로 corticopontine tract 피질교뇌로 corticobulbar tract 피질연수로 These diffuse tracts form the corona radiata (#1). 이렇게산재한신경로는대뇌부챗살을형성한다.

41 Basal Ganglia The basal ganglia consist of several large subcortical masses of grey matter (nuclei) buried deep within the subcortical white matter. 기저핵은여러개의큰피질하회백질덩어리로구성되어있고피질하백질안깊숙한곳에위치한다. They include the caudate nucleus and the lenticular (lentiform) nucleus. 기저핵은꼬리핵과렌즈핵을포함한다.

42 Caudate Nucleus The caudate nucleus is a C-shaped structure with an anteriorly located head deep in the frontal lobe. 꼬리핵은전두엽에핵의머리가위치한 C자모양의구조물이다. Its body stretches in a superior and posterior direction following the lateral ventricle around. 꼬리핵의몸통은위쪽과뒤쪽방향으로뻗어있고바깥쪽아래로에두른다. Its inferiorly directed tail ends in the temporal lobe, with the amygdala attached. 아래쪽으로뻗은꼬리는측두엽에위치하고편도핵에붙어있다. The caudate nucleus is an important part of the brain's learning and memory system 꼬리핵은뇌의학습과기억계에중요한부분이다.

43 Lenticular Nucleus The lenticular(lens-shaped) nucleus is comprised of the putamen and globus pallidus. 레즈핵 ( 렌즈모양 ) 은조가비핵과청백핵으로구성되어있다. The lenticular nucleus is separated from the caudate nucleus by the internal capsule. 레즈핵은속섬유막에의해꼬리핵과분리되어있다. The internal capsule is a compact bundle of fibers through which most of the neural traffic to and from the cortex passes. 속섬유막은피질에연결된대부분의신경로로단단하게묶여있는신경섬유이다.

44 Basal Ganglia The caudate and putamen (Striatum) receive most of their input from the cerebral cortex. 꼬리핵과조가비핵 ( 선조체 / 줄무늬체 ) 은대뇌피질로부터대부분의정보를받는다. In this sense they are the doorway into the basal ganglia. 이러한점에서이둘은기저핵으로가는출입구이다. The medial caudate receives its input from frontal cortex and limbic areas, and is implicated more in thinking and schizophrenia than in moving and motion disorders. 중앙의꼬리부분은전두엽과변연영역에서정보를받아들이고움직임과운동장에보다사고나정신분열병에더관련이있다. Indeed, the body and tail of the caudate become particularly active in the brain s reward system the mind s network for general arousal, sensations of pleasure, and the motivation to acquire rewards. 미상핵의몸통과꼬리는뇌의보상시스템에서특히활성화된다. 보상을요하는일반적각성, 기쁨, 동기를위한마음의네트워크이다.

45 Basal Ganglia The caudate helps us detect and perceive a reward, discriminate between rewards, prefer a particular reward, anticipate a reward, and expect a reward. 미상핵은보상을찾고지각하고보상들사이를구분하도록한다. 또한특정한보상을좋아하게하고보상을예상하게하고보상을기대하게한다. It produces motivation to acquire a reward and plans specific movements to obtain a reward. 미상핵은보상을필요로하는동기를유발하고그보상을얻기위해특정한운동을계획한다. We will talk about the motivation and reward system in romantic love when we explore the reticular networks! 망상체를탐구할때우리는로맨틱한사랑에서동기와보상시스템에관해이야기할것이다. The caudate is also associated with the acts of paying attention and learning. 미상핵은주의력과학습활동과연관되어있다.

46 Basal Ganglia The caudate and putamen (Striatum) are reciprocally interconnected with the substantia nigra, but send most of their output to the globus pallidus. 미상핵과조가비핵 ( 선조체 ) 는흑질과서로연결되어있지만대부분의정보의출력은청백핵으로보낸다. Although there are many different neurotransmitters used within the basal ganglia, the overall effect of the basal ganglia is inhibitory. 비록기저핵내에서사용되는수많은신경전달물질이존재하지만, 기저핵의효과는모두억제하는것이다.

47 Brake Hypothesis The function of the basal ganglia is often described in terms of a "brake hypothesis. 기저핵의기능은 브레이크 ( 정지 ) 가설 이라고묘사된다. To sit still, you must put the brakes on all movements except those reflexes that maintain an upright posture. 앉아서가만히있기위해, 당신은바른자세를유지하기위한반사들을제외한모든움직임을멈추어야한다. To move, you must apply a brake to some postural reflexes, and release the brake on voluntary movement. 움직이기위해서, 당신은몇몇자세반사에멈춤을적용하고수의적움직임에가해졌던멈춤을놓아야한다. In such a complicated system, it is apparent that small disturbances can throw the whole system out of whack, often in unpredictable ways. 이러한복잡한시스템에서작은방해만으로도알수없는방법으로전체체계를망칠수있다.

48 Basal Ganglia Defects The deficits resulting from damage or malfunction of the basal ganglia tend to fall into one of two categories: the presence of extraneous unwanted movements or an absence or difficulty with intended movements. 기저핵의손상이나기능장애에의한장애는다음의두가지유형중하나로귀결된다 : 관련없는 / 원하지않은임직임의출현이나의도한움직임의부재나어려움 Huntington's disease, or chorea, is a hereditary disease of unwanted movements. 헌팅톤병이나무도병은원하지않는움직임을야기하는유전병이다. It results from degeneration of the caudate and putamen, and produces continuous dance-like movements of the face and limbs. 이병은미상핵이나조가비핵의퇴화로발생하고, 얼굴과사지에지속적인춤추는듯한움직임을일으킨다.