Knowledge and Attitude of Nursing Students Towards the Care of Patients Living With Hiv/aids: a Case Study

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1 Research Article IRJPH (2017) 1:6 Iteratioal Research Joural of Public Health (ISSN: X) Kowledge ad Attitude of Nursig Studets Towards the Care of Patiets Livig With Hiv/aids: a Case Study 1 Roselye Ejakhiaghe Esewe, MsN, MHPM, RN, RM, 2 Florece Oluyemisi Adeyemo, PhD, RN, RM,1Daiel Okechukwu Ikedimma, BsN (UNIBEN) 1 Dept. of Nursig Sciece, School of Basic Medical Scieces, College of Medical Scieces, Uiversity of Bei. 2 Dept. of Nursig Sciece, College of Health Scieces, Ladoke Akitola Uiversity of Techology, Nigeria. ABSTRACT The Huma Immue-deficiecy Virus (HIV) ad Acquired Immue Deficiecy Virus (AIDS) is oe of the most sigificat Public Health problems cofrotig the huma race. This study explored the kowledge ad attitude of ursig studets i a tertiary health istitutio towards the care of patiets who are livig with HIV/AIDS by employig a quatitative & descriptive desig. Purposive samplig techique was used to select 165 studets who have had cotact hours of lectures o the subject matter as well as bee exposed to care of patiets i the cliical areas. Results were aalyzed usig descriptive ad iferetial statistics at a df of Fidigs revealed that 147 (89.1) of the respodets have good kowledge of HIV/AIDS ad are aware of the uiversal safety precautios; 116 (70.3) feel protected usig the uiversal safety precautios. However, 107 (64.8) respodets strogly agree that beig exposed to HIV ifectio is a major source of cocer, while 85 (51.5) of the respodets strogly support the idea that patiets livig with HIV/AIDS should ot be admitted ito the same ward with patiets sufferig from other disease coditios. The study recommeds that all patiets should be regarded as potetial HIV carriers util prove otherwise due to the multifarious ature of the disease. Health workers are also remided to adhere strictly to the uiversal precautio ad the AIDS policy guidelies i the maagemet of HIV/AIDS patiets at all times. *Correspodece to Author: Prof. F.O Adeyemo. Dept. of Nursig Sciece, College of Health Scieces, Ladoke Akitola Uiversity of Techology, Nigeria.. doctoradeyemo@ yahoo.com How to cite this article: Roselye Ejakhiaghe Esewe et al.,. Kowledge ad Attitude of Nursig Studets Towards the Care of Patiets Livig With Hiv/aids: a Case Study. Iteratioal Research Joural of Public Health, 2017; 1:6. escipub LLC, Housto, TX USA. Website: Key words: Kowledge, Attitude, Nursig Studets, Health Istitutios, HIV/AIDS IRJPH:

2 Itroductio resources like Keya, Nigeria ad South The Huma Immue deficiecy Virus Africa (6-8). Health care providers (HIV) ad Acquired Immue Deficiecy Sydrome (AIDS) remai a complex ad icurable disease which cotiues to devastate lives of millios of people i commuities ad atios worldwide. HIV is regarded as oe of the greatest especially urses are cocered about beig ifected with HIV durig the provisio of care to HIV/AIDS patiets, Hepatitis B ad C because they are closest to the patiets whe carryig out their duty of care. Due to fear of threats to huma developmet (1). cotagio, urses sometimes became Accordig to Va Dyk, o oe is exempted because HIV/AIDS affects all either directly or otherwise especially people who live i Sub-Sahara Africa (2). Beig HIV positive exerts a tremedous reluctat or refuse to care for HIVifected patiets (9). It has also bee highlighted that health care workers did experiece axiety whe they were accidetally exposed to blood ad cited impact o the psychological, social, fear as the drivig force towards spiritual, ad ecoomic lives of HIV/AIDS egative attitudes (10-11). Uiversal ifected ad affected persos (3). It was estimated that 33.3 millio people were livig with HIV/ AIDS globally of which 68 was i sub-sahara Africa by the ed of 2009 (3). Ethiopia, South Africa, Zambia, Nigeria ad Zimbabwe were precautios (UP) are keys to prevetig HIV trasmissio to the health care workers. Some literatures asserted that ursig studets have cofidece i these uiversal precautios (12). Takig care of patiets ifected with HIV or leadig i the HIV/AIDS epidemic AIDS requires special ursig betwee 2001 ad 2009 (4). Worldwide, Nigeria has the secod highest umber of ew ifectios reported each year, kowledge ad skills. Nurses are the largest paramedical professioal group carig for patiets with AIDS (6). Studies ad a estimated 3.7 of the populatio that ivestigated their kowledge, is livig with HIV (5). Studies have foud that occupatioal risk associated with exposure to ifected body fluids is high i coutries with poor attitudes ad practices towards patiets with HIV/AIDS have bee maily i developed coutries, with some results idicatig egative ad discrimiatory IRJPH: 001

3 behaviors ad others showig more quality care however, they are supposed empathic ad positive attitudes (8,13). to be submissive to the health care Health professioals attitude has a tremedous impact o the physical ad emotioal welfare of People Livig with HIV (PLWH) as well as the vulerable oes such as childre, pregat wome ad the adolescet. Health workers ursig studets iclusive could grat or dey access to life-savig treatmets. These egative behaviors ca affect the providers ad cooperate with all the treatmet give to them. The studet urse o the other had is expected to make the PLWA feel like as importat with emotioal prefereces which must be respected. The attitude of studet urses i providig care was said to be coected with their views of beig at risk because of the level of axiety about view of health cosumers ad may cotractig HIV/AIDS (17). HIV/AIDS could be discouraged from accessig medical care which may otherwise prolog their lives (14). The eed for care ad treatmet of HIVrelated illesses is risig rapidly. Carig ifectio has bee reported to be high amog health workers dealig with patiets These ca be the cotributory factors for egative attitudes towards patiets with a diagosis of HIV/AID (14). for people dyig of AIDS ivolves may Similarly, studies have reported that otios of care, ot oly the physical but ursig studets who have ot bee also the emotioal ad spiritual eeds of provided with adequate iformatio, the idividual. For may of them, the kowledge ad exposure, ofte fear is that of dyig coupled with discrimiatio ad pai (15). I recet uderstad HIV care ad treatmet as ed of life care as they may ot have years, more emphasis has bee placed gaied sufficiet experiece to upo the studet urses developig the ability to provide ursig care to persos livig with HIV/AIDS i the various health facilities (16). Their traiig takes them from the traditioal classroom settig to the hospitals ad the various cliical sites. The PLWA are expected to receive uderstad that patiets livig with HIV/AIDS may require holistic support ad care log before the oset of the visible sigs of AIDS (18). Data o ewly diagosed HIV ifectios are ow beig used to track the HIV epidemic i Europe ad provide more IRJPH: 002

4 relevat iformatio o the curret HIV situatio sice the widespread use of highly active atiretroviral. Africa, with just over 10 of the world s populatio, carries well above 75 of the burde of this epidemic (19). From all idicatios, HIV has cotiued to spread largely through uprotected sexual relatioships betwee me ad wome ad through mother-to-child trasmissio. With the 17 did ot kow the term, 24 were usure about uiversal precautios, ad a mere 35 felt cofidet eough to implemet precautios with fewer tha 25 always followig precautios (23). Oe would hope that ursig studets attitudes would improve with icreased kowledge about HIV/AIDS over the course of a ursig program. Although there is o cosesus about traditioal support systems i these ursig studets kowledge ad coutries already uder severe geeral attitudes about HIV/AIDS, a pressure, may exteded families are may soo will be overwhelmed with the umber of studies agree that kowledge is positively correlated with attitude (24). disease ad i great eed of exteral This study sought to explore the support ad protective safety ets (20). kowledge ad attitude of ursig The Natioal Agecy for the Cotrol of AIDS (NACA) i 2012 estimated that studets i Uiversity of Bei are toward patiets livig with HIV/AIDS. there are about 2.95 millio people livig with HIV (PLHIV) i Nigeria, rakig the Research Objectives coutry third amog coutries with the To assess HIV/AIDS related highest burde of HIV ifectio i the world, ext oly to Idia ad South Africa (21). kowledge ad attitude amog ursig studets i Uiversity of Bei. Studies show that studets have To determie the kowledge of cofidece i uiversal precautios ad are less axious carig for HIV/AIDS patiets oce they implemet uiversal precautios (12, 22) While some authors Uiversal safety precautio i the care of HIV/AIDS patiets by ursig studets i Uiversity of Bei. reported excessive precautios by studets, Sowde (1997) foud that Hypothesis IRJPH: 003

5 Ho: researchers was to accurately assess There is o sigificat relatioship the study populatio through this betwee the kowledge ad attitude of ursig studets i Uiversity of Bei ad their care of patiets livig with HIV/AIDS. sample. Validity ad Reliability: The tool was established by the use of pretested questioaires which was costructed based o extesive literature search o Methodology the objective of the study. Modificatios The study Populatio, Sample ad were made o the basis of Samplig Techique recommedatios ad suggestios from The populatio comprised all 218 experts i ursig educatio, a studets that cut across all the levels of ursig i the Uiversity of Bei, i.e. 100 to 500 Levels i the Departmet of Nursig Sciece i However, oly 165 of them who have bee exposed to the cliical areas ad have experiece i statisticia ad a physicia (Ocologist). I order to improve the tool, a pre-test of the istrumet was carried out amog te ursig studets of the school of ursig, Uiversity of Bei Teachig Hospital who were ot part of the study the care of patiets livig with HIV/AIDS by applyig the split-half method. participated i this study. A all iclusive Aalysis by the Crobach alpha formula purposive samplig techique was yielded a score 0.72, 0.8 ad 0.75 adopted to obtai data as the mai goal respectively which is regarded as high was to focus o peculiar characteristics before the fial versio of the of the populatio of iterest which will best eable the researcher aswer the research questios as the populatio size was small. questioaire was developed. Data Collectio ad Aalysis A structured questioaire was used to collect data. It icluded both ormative Research Desig ad Likert scale resposes which The study used a quatitative descriptive provided the respodets with a survey desig as the aim of the possibility to aswer freely. Questioaire was give to the studets IRJPH: 004

6 durig their break time, some were retured same day while the class represetative helped to collect the outstadig oes. It was divided ito four sectios with sectio A: requirig demographic data of the respodets, sectio B: kowledge about HIV/AIDS, sectio C: kowledge about the awareess ad the use of uiversal safety precautios, sectio D: attitude of the respodets toward patiets livig with HIV/AIDS. All data were cleaed ad aalyzed i descriptive ad iferetial statistics at a level 0.05 of sigificace usig Statistical Package for Social Scieces (SPSS) versio 21. Ethics statemet Approval for the study was obtaied from the School of Basic Medical Scieces Ethics Committee while the HOD of the ursig departmet gave her coset. The researchers explaied the details of the objectives of the research to the participats i order to gai their cooperatio ad participatio. After they had bee duly educated ad assured of aoymity ad cofidetiality ad the right to declie without ay adverse cosequece, they gave their writte coset. Roselye Ejakhiaghe Esewe et al., IRJPH, 2017; 1:6 Results A total of 218 questioaires were distributed to ursig studets i all levels amely: 200 to 500 level, but oly 165 were retrieved givig a respose rate of Majority of the studets 53 (32.1) were i their fial year while the least was 25 (15) i 300level. Fig 1.0: Graphic Percetage Distributio Accordig to Level of Study of Respodets Figure 1.0 show that 44 (26.7) studets from 200 Level participated i the study, 25 (15.2) from 300 Level, 43(26.1) from 400 Level ad 53 (32.1) studets from 500 Level. Table 1.0: Kowledge of HIV/AIDS (=165) Variable Respo (f) () se HIV/AIDS is huma Yes immue deficiecy No - - virus IRJPH: 005

7 Do you thik HIV/AIDS is oe of the most dagerous sexually Roselye Ejakhiaghe Esewe et al., IRJPH, 2017; 1:6 Yes kowledge of these No - - kow precautios at all times? No trasmitted disease? Do you kow the sigs ad symptoms of HIV/AIDS Have you ever cared for HIV/AIDS patiets? Yes No Yes No Do you feel protected usig applyig this kowledge i the care of PLWH? Are you ecouraged to use these uiversal Yes No Yes safety precautios i Table 1 show that all ursig studets 165 (100) have kowledge of what HIV is ad they all also kow that HIV/AIDS is oe of the most dagerous sexually trasmitted disease. Oe hudred ad sixty-three (98.2) of the respodets the care of HIV/AIDS patiets? Do you thik these uiversal safety precautios decrease the risk of ifectio? No Yes No have the kowledge of the sigs ad symptoms of HIV/AIDS while 140 (84.8) of them have cared for HIV/AIDS patiets; oly 25 (15.2) have ot. Table 2: Kowledge about ad Use of Uiversal Precautios (=165) Variables Are you aware of the uiversal safety Respo se (f) () Yes Table 2 shows respodets kowledge of the uiversal safety precautio. Oe hudred ad forty seve (89.1) are aware of uiversal safety precautios while 136 (82.4) respodets apply these safety precautios; 29 (17.6) respodets do ot. The respodets who feel protected usig the uiversal precautios i the care of HIV/AIDS patiets are 116 (70.3), 49(29.7) precautios as recommeded by WHO i the care of PLWH? Do you apply the No Yes respodets do ot feel protected. Those ecouraged to make use of the uiversal safety precautios are 131(79.4) while 34(20.6) respodets are ot ecouraged. IRJPH: 006

8 However, 134 (81.2) respodets thik the risk of ifectio while 31 (31) uiversal safety precautios decrease respodets do ot share this opiio. Table 3: Attitude towards Patiets with HIV/AIDS (-165) Variables () Strogly Agree Agree Disagree Strogly Disagree Beig exposed to HIV ifectio is a major source of cocer for me My care of HIV/AIDS patiets will likely expose my family ad frieds to HIV ifectio There is possibility of acquirig AIDS from patiets durig my cliical practice HIV/AIDS patiets eed compassio, uderstadig ad moral support from people Patiets livig with HIV/AIDS should ot be admitted ito the hospital bed, but rather they should be set home ad cared for by their relatios Patiets livig with HIV/AIDS should ot be admitted ito the same ward with other patiets sufferig from other disease coditios All patiets should be tested for HIV upo admissio to ay health care agecy. HIV/AIDS patiets should be treated irrespective of their status Table 3 shows that 107(64.8) respodets across strogly agree that beig exposed to HIV ifectio is a major source of cocer. Sixty (36.4) respodets strogly agree that care of HIV/AIDS patiets will likely expose their families ad frieds to HIV ifectio, but, 17 (10.3) disagreed. Sevety-eight (47.3) respodets strogly agree that there is possibility of acquirig AIDS IRJPH: 007

9 from patiets durig cliical practice. oly 10 (6.1) respodets strogly Also 85 (51.5) of the respodets disagreed to this. However, more tha strogly agreed that patiets livig with half of the respodets 100 (60.6) HIV/AIDS should ot be admitted ito strogly agreed that all patiets should the same ward with other patiets be tested for HIV upo admissio to ay sufferig from other disease coditios; health care agecy. Table 4: Test of the Relatioship betwee the Kowledge of Nursig Studets o HIV/AIDS ad their Attitude towards the Care of Patiets Livig with HIV/AIDS Variables Sum of Squares df Mea Square F Sig. My care of HIV/AIDS patiets will likely expose my family ad frieds to HIV ifectio Beig exposed to HIV ifectio is a major source of cocer for me HIV/AIDS patiets eed compassio, uderstadig ad moral support from people. Betwee Groups Withi Groups Total Betwee Groups Withi Groups Total Betwee Groups Withi Groups Total Table 4 show the aalysis of variace to cocer to the respodets (Fig = test the relatioship betwee the ad Sig. = 0.200); HIV/AIDS patiets kowledge of ursig studets o eed compassio, uderstadig ad HIV/AIDS ad their attitude towards the care of patiets livig with HIV/AIDS at moral support from people Fig = ad Sig. = The table shows that 0.05 level of sigificace. Results all the figures are greater tha the p- highlight that respodets care of value of HIV/AIDS patiets will likely expose family ad frieds to HIV ifectio, (Fig = Discussio ad Sig.= 0.510). Beig exposed to HIV ifectio was a major source of IRJPH: 008

10 The study explored the kowledge of ursig studets cocerig HIV/AIDS ifectio. Fidigs show that the ursig iteractio with these types patiets at all. This calls for the eed for early exposure ad moitorig of the studets studets had a good kowledge whe they go for their cliical postigs. cocerig the disease as all the respodets were aware that HIV/AIDS O kowledge about uiversal safety precautio, majority of the respodets is oe of the dagerous sexually are aware of it ad report that they apply trasmitted disease. However, this did ot erase the fear of cotractig the disease which ca affect their frieds or it. This cotradicts the fidigs by Va der Berg ad Daiels, i South Africa who established that there was ideed a family. This results were similar to the lack of kowledge regardig the previous studies cocerig the uiversal precautio amog ursig kowledge of ursig studets i Turkey studets ad that the studets selfreported ad America by Jemmott et al (1992) practice of the uiversal ad Beklas (2007) o the Predictig AIDS patiet care itetios amog precautio was poor (25) ; but agrees with the study by Corelius i Virgiia i USA ursig studets (25-26) ad that of which revealed that ursig studets Lohrmma et al (2003) i Germay who who cared for HIV patiets felt ivestigated ursig studets ostracized by their peers, ad a lack of kowledge of ad attitudes to HIV ad kowledge hidered the ursig AIDS (27). The study results idicated that the ursig studets had a rather high kowledge level cocerig AIDS but had gaps i kowledge regardig AIDS immue-pathology or the symptoms of the disease. studets' deliverace of compassioate ursig care (28). The attitude ad geeral feeligs of the respodets towards HIV/AIDS patiets were positive. This is a major fidig i this study as it shows that there is a Similarly, this study foud that a good sigificat relatioship betwee the umber of ursig studets have cared for HIV/AIDS patiets while some of them have ot had ay professioal studets kowledge ad how they deal with the patiets; this is a compoet of attitude formatio. This is i lie with the study by Lohrma et al (2003) i IRJPH: 009

11 Germay ad Stewart (1999) which foud that ursig studets had positive patiets as see displayed by their istructors ad ward maagers. attitudes about carig for HIV/AIDS 3 I view of the multifarious ature of patiets although they reported a HIV ifectio it is deemed wise to sigificatly greater prejudice towards assume that most patiets are AIDS (28). Majority of respodets potetial HIV carriers. Therefore, strogly agreed that HIV/AIDS patiets cliicias, studet urses ad eed compassio, uderstadig ad other health care workers must moral support from people while 37.0 strictly implemet the AIDS policy merely agreed to this. This is similar to guidelies o the maagemet of the study by Hurley ad McGrif (29) which cocluded that may studets have HIV/AIDS patiets. geuie compassio for HIV/AIDS 4 The Heads of Nursig Departmet patiets, majority of the studets of each Uiversity should esure believed that their preparatio to care for AIDS patiets was excellet or good. that adequate cliical experieces are plaed ad followed through for the studets to eable them Recommedatios acquire the competeces i 1. The hospital authorities should ecourage traiig programmes o providig quality care to patiets. 5. Nurse Maagers should esure HIV/AIDS for health workers that proper supervisio is doe i icludig ursig persoel ad all category of studet. their uits ad wards by the applicatio of the correct stadards 2 The preceptors ad cliical ad procedure. All health workers, istructors at the various ursig departmets should itesify their irrespective of their status ad job schedule should strictly implemet supervisio durig the studets the policy guidelies o the cliical postig as this will go a step further to help the studets maagemet of HIV/AIDS patiets. This will i o small measure develop positive attitudes towards IRJPH:

12 3. Stover J, Bertozzi S, Gutierrez J-P, Walker N, reduce the discrimiatio the sufferers curretly experiece. Coclusio The eed for care ad treatmet of HIVrelated illesses is risig rapidly. I recet years, more emphasis has bee placed upo the studet urses developig the ability to provide ursig care to persos livig with HIV/AIDS i the various health facilities (40). Without these kowledge ad preparatio urses ofte rely o their religious ad socializatio backgroud as referets for dealig with the HIV patiet ad this may ot be adequate sice it ca hider their attitude ad perceptios of People Livig with HIV. It is the duty of those i charge of traiig these urses to esure that they are give the right platform to develop positive attitude to their patiets plights, as this is the hallmark of the ursig professio. Refereces 1. Yu G, Wall MM, Chiasso MA, Hirshfield S. Complex drug use patters ad associated HIV trasmissio risk behaviors i a Iteret sample of US me who have sex with me. Archives of sexual behavior. 2015;44(2): Va Dyk AC. HIVAIDS Care & cousellig: Pearso South Africa; Staecki KA, Greeer R, et al. The global impact of scalig up HIV/AIDS prevetio programs i low-ad middle-icome coutries. Sciece. 2006;311(5766): Peigto S. Global Competitiveess: A comparism. Johaesburg: South Africa:The Good News; Ouzoui C, Nakakis K. HIV/AIDS kowledge, attitudes ad behaviours of studet urses. Health Sciece Joural Taegtmeyer M, Sucklig R, Nguku P, Meredith C, Kibaru J, Chakaya JM, et al. Workig with risk: occupatioal safety issues amog healthcare workers i Keya. AIDS care. 2008;20(3): Zugu LI, Segae M, Setswe KG. Kowledge ad experieces of eedle prick ijuries (NPI) amog ursig studets at a uiversity i Gauteg, South Africa. South Africa Family Practice. 2008;50(5): Pickles D, Kig L, Bela I. Attitudes of ursig studets towards carig for people with HIV/AIDS: thematic literature review. Joural of advaced ursig. 2009;65(11): Delobelle P, Rawliso JL, Ntuli S, Malatsi I, Decock R, Depoorter AM. HIV/AIDS kowledge, attitudes, practices ad perceptios of rural urses i South Africa. Joural of advaced ursig. 2009;65(5): Rissi M, Machado A, Figueieredo M. Profissioais de saúde e aids: um estudo diferecial sobre creças e afetos associados à experiêcia de exposição acidetal a material biológico potecialmete cotamiado. Caderos de Saúde Pública. 2005;21(1): Hodgso I. Empathy, iclusio ad eclaves: the culture of care of people with HIV/AIDS ad ursig implicatios. Joural of advaced ursig. 2006;55(3): Wiley K, Edwards J, Smillie P, Heath L, Ackli M. HIV/AIDS Nursig care: Istrumet for IRJPH:

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