Facing Challenges Old, New, & Emerging Diseases Hawaii Island. Lisa Keith USDA/ARS, Hilo, HI Tropical Fruit Growers Conference 2017
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1 Facing Challenges Old, New, & Emerging Diseases Hawaii Island Lisa Keith USDA/ARS, Hilo, HI Tropical Fruit Growers Conference 2017
2 Outline: 1) Diagnosed pathogens 2) Mysteries of the past 3) New mysteries 4) ROD
3 Lionel Sugiyama Nicholle Konanui Tracie Matsumoto Russell Kai Carol Mayo Riley Tsuyoshi Tsumura Claire Arakawa Jason Okamoto Amy Strauss Darsen Aoki Donna Ota Ryan Domingo Teamwork! The Growers Wade Heller Blaine Luiz Marc Hughes Eva Brill Cortney Dougherty Flint Hughes J.B. Friday Brian Bushe Roxana Myers Cathy Mello Jon Suzuki Jonathan Horrell
4 Old, New, & Emerging Diseases Hawaii Island 1) Diagnosed pathogens 2) Mysteries of the past 3) New mysteries 4) ROD
5 Rambutan Corky Bark Dolabra sp.
6 Pathogenicity Tests No wound Wound by scalpel Wound by cork borer
7 Langsat Corky Bark Dolabra sp. Conidia Isolate on PDA Fungal Fruiting Body
8 Stem Canker/Corky Bark Disease Dolabra nepheliae Originally described from Malaysia Also known on pulasan in Australia, lychee and rambutan in Puerto Rico Classified by FAO as a minor disease Potential damage of this disease Mechanisms of control
9 Fungal Diseases of Longan Pestalotiopsis sp. Phomopsis sp. Colletotrichum sp.
10 Biew Kiew Disease Incidence Fruit fly damage 30.0% Pestalotiopsis 46.7% Phomopsis % Colletotrichum - 3.3% Lasmenia 3.3% Egami Fruit fly damage % Pestalotiopsis % Phomopsis %
11 In Vitro Fungicide Assays, % Inhibition Trilogy Pestalotiopsis, 26% Phomopsis, 14% Abound Pestalotiopsis, 44% Phomopsis, 30% Serenade 100% effective at all concentrations tested
12 Scab Disease of Guava Pestalotiopsis spp.
13 Leaf Blight of Mangosteen
14 Macadamia Quick Decline Prove Pathogenicity: Symptoms and Signs Strategies for controlling MQD Nectria sp. Ambrosia beetle frass Phytophthora tropicalis Sap bleeding
15 MQD Treatment Methods: Lab % decrease in leaf spot size of 69.5%
16 MQD Treatment Methods: Field Arborjet System
17 Old, New, & Emerging Diseases Hawaii Island 1) Diagnosed pathogens 2) Mysteries of the past 3) New mysteries 4) ROD
18 Ambrosia beetle damage Rambutan Quick Decline Rapid/quick decline of tree Lateral branch X-section w/ discoloration Fusarium sp. recovered from two discolored areas (blue arrows) Phytophthora sp. isolated from soil
19 Pulasan Quick Decline Quick decline, rapid browning of leaves and Ambrosia beetle damage X-section with discoloration (lower section) Fusarium sp. recovered from discolored area
20 Longan Slow Decline Fusarium sp. & Phytophthora sp. were recovered Moderate to severe leaf chlorosis, necrosis, leaf twisting, and leaf drop
21 Old, New, & Emerging Diseases Hawaii Island 1) Diagnosed pathogens 2) Mysteries of the past 3) New mysteries 1) Guava Wilt 2) Longan Dieback 3) Lychee Dieback 4) Macadamia Quick Decline II 4) ROD
22 Guava Wilt Leafspot, wilting of lower branches, and defoliation HPSI 67 'Rica'
23 Guava Wilt Greyish brown leafspot, expanding to entire leaf and defoliation; Isolation of Colletotrichum sp. (pathogenicity testing in progress)
24 Guava Wilt Wilting of lower branch and leaves Question: pathogen related, herbicide overspray, or a combination of both?
25 Longan Dieback Complex (?) Tree 1 Chlorotic leaves and leaf drop 6 months later 100% leaf browning with 70% defoliation
26 Longan Dieback Complex (?) Discoloring of sapwood in upper limb; limb above and left of uprooted stump Bark removed, exposing discolored hardwood; Beetle tunneling evident Recovered: Lasiodiplodia theobromae Prove pathogenicity
27 Longan Dieback Complex (?) Tree 2 Within 6 months of leaves turning chlorotic, leaves had completely turned brown, with over 70% to 80% defoliation; tree died Cut stump with beetle tunneling Uprooted stump, orange interior with blackened decayed areas Recovered: Campylocarpon sp.
28 Lychee Dieback Partially dead 40% dead 100% brown and dead
29 Lychee Dieback Numerous Ambrosia beetle tunneling of branches and base of tree Recovered oomycete fungi from surrounding soil
30 Macadamia Quick Decline Old and New Day 0 Day 14 Day 144 Day 253
31 Macadamia Quick Decline Old and New Trunk bleeding and frass
32 Macadamia Quick Decline Old and New MQD Original P. tropicalis MQD II P. heveae
33 Old, New, & Emerging Diseases Hawaii Island 1) Diagnosed pathogens 2) Mysteries of the past 3) New mysteries 4) ROD
34 Ōhi a, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrtaceae Dominant tree in 80% of Hawaiian forests Both primary succession and old-growth species Forms almost pure stands; Morphologically diverse Important for watershed, wildlife, and Photo: JB Friday cultural values Photo: JB Friday Photo: Jack Jeffery Photos: JB Friday
35 Causing widespread mortality of Ōhi a (M. polymorpha) on Hawaiʻi Island Characterized by canopy browning, wilt, death, and defoliation Caused by two new wound colonizing fungi of Ceratocystis Rapid Ōhi a Death
36 C. fimbriata and spp. Wide geographical distribution and host range (woody and herbaceous plants) Fungus-Host > 250 records world-wide including 31 plant species and 14 plant families Wound parasites; disrupt water movement; cankers; necrosis of inner bark; discoloration of sapwood; wilt and canker stain pathogen; death Important Tree Diseases (not found in Hawaiʻi): C. fimbriata s.l. Sweet potato, Mango, Eucalyptus, Taro, Cacao, Citrus spp., Coffee, Rubber tree, Prunus spp., Fig, Poplar, Acacia spp. & Kiwi at least 40 genera in 35 countries C. manginecans - Mango sudden decline (Oman and Pakistan) C. platani - Canker stain disease of sycamore (Europe) C. fagacearum - Oak wilt (USA) C. smalleyi Hickory canker (USA)
37 Ceratocystis Isolates in Hawaiʻi ( Invasive Species ) Photo credit Scot Nelson Sweet potato pathogen; In HI >75 years; Only infects sweet potatoes; Worldwide distribution Syngonium pathogen: Isolated at a BI nursery in 1979/2016; Broadly distributed (Florida, Brazil, Australia); Closely related to strains that affect crops (coffee, cacao) and forest species (eucalyptus, sycamore) Taro pathogen: First isolated in 1990 s on Oahu and Kauaʻi; minor pathogen on storage roots Ōhi a pathogens: Two new species isolated from dead and dying Ōhi a trees
38 Isolation, ID & Pathogenicity Tests
39 Field Symptoms & Signs Ceratocystis sp. A Ceratocystis sp. B 400X
40 Fungal Biology/Host Range/Resistance Testing Ag & Nursery Crops London Plane Taro M. polymorpha varieties and spp. Syngonium Sweet potato Coffee
41 USDA, ARS PBARC
42 Avocado Laurel Wilt Laurel wilt was first discovered in Georgia in 2002 on the red bay tree, Persea borbonia due to the insect Xyloborus glabratus and its associated symbiotic fungi, Raffaelea lauricola The fungus infects and kills other members of Lauraceae including avocado, Persea americana
43 Laurel Wilt was detected in Miami-Dade county in 2011 USDA, ARS Subtropical Horticulture Research Station Avocado germplasm
44 USDA ARS Subtropical Horticulture Research Station in Miami, FL Name Accessions Annona spp. (sugar apple) 26 Averrhoa carambola (carambola) 13 Cocos spp. (coconut) 20 Dimocarpus spp. (longan) 10 Ficus spp. (tropical fig) 115 Hevea spp. (natural rubber) 13 Litchi chinensis (lychee) 18 Mangifera spp. (mango) 316 Musa spp. (banana/plantain) 93 Palmae (palms) 411 Persea americana (avocado) 269 Psidium spp. (guava) 13 Saccharum spp. (sugarcane) ~1300 Theobroma cacao (cacao) 120 Clonal repository for 269 avocado accessions among other tropical/subtropical fruit trees and sugarcane. Currently free from the ambrosia beetle and laurel wilt, but expensive prophylactic fungicide treatments are needed yearly. Hilo was selected as the backup for this valuable collection, but special measures were necessary to avoid transfer of laurel wilt or avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd). Total ~3300
45 Transfer of avocado germplasm from Miami to Hilo via Fort Detrick Plants are tested to be free of Laurel Wilt and Avocado Sun Blotch Viroid ARS Miami sends seeds for rootstock and clean scion to the ARS Foreign Disease/Weed Science lab in Fort Detrick, MD Clean scion are sent to ARS Hilo and grafted in approved quarantine facility
46 Triple-tested avocado accessions grown in Hilo Screening by Wade Heller Each accession is maintained in a 5 gal pot in covered greenhouses and a field planting
47 Triple-tested avocado accessions grown in Hilo In addition to Laurel wilt each plant is tested for the presence of Avocado Sun Blotch ASBVd ASBVd testing developed at USDA ARS Miami (David Kuhn and Barbara Freeman) and transferred to ARS Hilo (Ryan)
48 Develop molecular markers to confirm identification of Sharwil avocados westhawaiitoday.com DNA collected from avocado trees at UHM Kainaliu Station for SNP marker development Working with ARS SHRS, Miami (Kuhn and Freeman) to develop Sharwil specific SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers to confirm identity of Sharwil avocado Conducted in support of Dr. Alyssa Cho s Sustainable Hawaii Avocado Production for Market Expansion
49 Chiou Ling Chang, Research Biologist Research Areas Objectives Parasitoids Approach 1. To establish proteome profiling & atlas of fruit flies and their interactive parasitoids; 2. To apply the foundational knowledge to interested research areas; 3. To identify and manipulate the interested proteins/genes to develop novel pest control technologies (RNAi) for fruit fly control.
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