Lower Respiratory Tract (Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles) & the Lung
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1 Lower Respiratory Tract (Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles) & the Lung Color code: Important Extra & Doctor notes Editing file
2 Objectives: By the end of this lecture, the student should be able to describe: The microscopic structures of the wall of: Trache Primary or extrapulmonary bronchi. Intrapulmonary (secondary and tertiary) bronchi. Bronchioles. The microscopic structures of : Interalveolar septum. Alveolar phagocytes. Pleur 2
3 Trachea The wall of trachea is formed of: Mucos Submucos Adventiti MUCOSA (1) Epithelium: Respiratory epithelium (2) Lamina propri (3) Elastic lamina: It is formed of elastic fibers. It separates lamina propria from submucos SUBMUCOSA (1) C.T. (2) Numerous mucous & seromucous glands. (3) Lymphoid elements. ADVENTITIA (1) Fibroelastic C.T. (2) C-shaped rings (12-16) of hyaline cartilage. Trachealis muscle (bundle of smooth muscle fibers) connects the 2 ends of each C-shaped (incomplete) rings of cartilage. 3
4 EXTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS (1ry BRONCHUS) Generally have the same histological appearance as the trachea (but different in diameter.) INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS (2ry & 3ry BRONCHI) Mucosa Epithelium: Respiratory epith. Lamina propria No elastic lamina Muscle coat (complete) Two distinct layers of smooth muscle fibers spirally (to contract more surface) arranged in opposite direction. Submucosa Adventitia C.T. contains: Loose C.T. Seromucous glands. Lymphoid elements. Irregular plates of hyaline cartilage(complete layer). Solitary lymphoid nodules 4
5 BRONCHIOLES Preterminal (1ry) Bronchioles Are less than 1mm in diameter. (1) Mucosa: has longitudinal folds: A-Epithelium: Simple ciliated columnar epith. with occasional goblet cells. B-Lamina propria: C.T. rich in elastic fibers. (2) Smooth muscle: 2 helically arranged smooth muscle layers. (3) Adventitia: C.T. No cartilage, No seromucous glands, No lymph nodules. 5
6 BRONCHIOLES Terminal (2ry) Bronchioles Less than 0.5mm in diameter. Similar structure to preterminal bronchioles, but: Epithelium: Simple cuboidal partially ciliated epithelium With Clara cells (With NO goblet cells). Respiratory (3ry) Bronchioles Are similar in structure to terminal bronchioles But: their walls are interrupted by the presence of few pulmonary alveoli. CLARA CELLS Structure: columnar cells (non ciliated). Functions: 1-Degrade toxins in inhaled air. 2- Divide to regenerate the bronchiolar epith. 3- Produce surfactant-like material. 6
7 PULMONARY ALVEOLI Definition: They are small out-pouching of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts & alveolar sacs. INTERALVEOLAR SEPTA: The region between 2 adjacent alveoli. Components: Alveolar Epithelium: lines both sides of interalveolar septum. Type I Pneumocytes line 95% of the alveolar surface. Less numerous than type II pneumocytes. L/M: simple squamous epith. Function: Exchange of gases. 2 1 Type II Pneumocytes Line 5% of the alveolar surfaces. Are more numerous than type I pneumocytes. Are cuboidal or rounded cells, With Foamy cytoplasm. With central & rounded Nucleus. The cytoplasm contains membrane-bound Lamellar bodies (contain pulmonary surfactant). Function: 1- Synthesis & secretion of pulmonary surfactant. 2- Renewal of alveolar epithelial cells: Type II cells can divide to regenerate both type I & type II pneumocytes. Interstitium 1- Continuous Pulmonary Capillaries. 2-Interstitial C.T.: C.T. Fibers: elastic fibers & type III collagen (reticular fibers). C.T. Cells: Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Mast cells, Lymphocytes. 7
8 PULMONARY ALVEOLI Alveolar phagocytes (Lung macrophages) (Dust Cells) Sites: In the lumen of pulmonary alveoli. In the interstitium of interalveolar sept ALVEOLAR DUCTS: The wall of alveolar ducts consist of pulmonary alveoli. Alveolar duct ends by: atrium communicates with: 2-3 alveolar sacs. Function: Phagocytose particulate matter (e.g. dust) & bacteria in the lumen of pulmonary alveoli and in the interstitium of interalveolar sept 8
9 BLOOD-GAS BARRIER (BLOOD-AIR BARRIER) Definition: It is the region of the interalveolar septum that is traversed by O2 & CO2. Components: 1- Thin layer of surfactant. 2- Type I pneumocyte. 3- Fused basal laminae of type I pneumocytes & endothelial cells of the pulmonary capillary. 4- Endothelial cells of the pulmonary capillary. PLEURA Is formed of two layers: Parietal and visceral. It is formed of simple squamous mesothelium. The two layers are separated by serous flui The visceral layer has sub-epithelium loose C.T that extends into the lung tissue. 9
10 Quiz The intrapulmonary smooth muscle have.. shape. transverse longitudinal spiral irregular How many C-shaped rings the trachea have? Which of the following have less than 0.5mm diameter? 3. Trachea Preterminal Bronchioles Terminal bronchiole. Respiratory bronchiole. 4-Exchange of gases is the function of : Type I Pneumocytes Type II Pneumocytes Dust cells All The above 5-Phagocytosis of particulate matter is the function of : Type I Pneumocytes Type II Pneumocytes Dust cells All The above -6-Pleura has layer/s. One two three four 1-C 2-D 3-C 4-A 5-C 6-B 1. 10
11 Team Members Team Leaders Alhanouf Alhaloli Sarah AlFlaij Roaa Aljohani Abdullah shadid Renad Alkanaan Rawan Alzayed Please send your suggestions & questions: 11
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