HIF-1-mediated metabolic reprogramming reduces ROS levels and facilitates

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1 HIF-1-mediated metabolic reprogramming reduces ROS levels and facilitates the metastatic colonization of cancers in lungs Authors: Tao ZHAO 1,2,3, Yuxi ZHU 1,2,4, Akiyo MORINIBU 1,2, Minoru KOBAYASHI 1,2, Kazumi SHINOMIYA 1,2, Satoshi ITASAKA 1, Michio YOSHIMURA 1, Guozheng GUO 3, Masahiro HIRAOKA 1, and Hiroshi HARADA* 1,2. Affiliations: 1 Group of Radiation and Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-applied Therapy, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine. 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan. 2 Group of Radiation and Tumor Biology, Career-Path Promotion Unit for Young Life Scientists, Kyoto University. Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan. 3 Department of Radiation Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University. 17 Changle West Road, Xi an, Shaanxi , China. 4 Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. No.1 Friendship Road, Yuanjiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing , China. *Address correspondence to: Hiroshi Harada, PhD. Group of Radiation and Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-applied Therapy, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine. 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan. Phone: ; Fax: ; hharada@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp.

2 Supplementary Figure S1 Bright Field DsRed2 Merge 6 splantation Days after Tran 7 8

3 Supplementary Figure S2 Hoechst CD31 Hoechst/CD31 Days after Trans splantation 9 15

4 Supplementary Figure S3

5 Supplementary Figure S4 a 10 8 HIF-1 activity (ph hotos/sec/roi) Days after Transplantation b 20.0 CLuc Activity in (RLU 1, the Serum,000) Days after Transplantation

6 Supplementary Figure Legends: Supplementary Figure S1. Athymic nude mice were i.v. transplanted with a suspension of the stable transfectant, EMT6/DsRed2 ( /mouse) that constitutively expressed DsRed2. Tumor-bearing mice underwent thoracotomy and the lungs were subjected to a real-time optical imaging experiment using the OV-100 in vivo imaging system (Olympus Corp.) on the indicated days after the transplantation. Metastatic colonies were detected as red fluorescence. Bar = 500 m. Supplementary Figure S2. On the indicated days after the i.v. transplantation of EMT6/CMVp-CLuc/5HREp-FLuc cells, lungs with the resultant metastatic tumors were surgically excised, and their frozen sections were stained with a combination of the anti-mouse CD31 rat monoclonal antibody (BD Bioscience) and Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rat IgG (Invitrogen) for CD31 (green), and with Hoechst33342 (for counter staining; blue) as described previously Bar =100 m. Supplementary Figure S3. EMT6/EFp-FLuc cells, which constitutively express firefly luciferase from CMV promoter, were i.v. transplanted into athymic nude mice. Ten days later, mice were subjected to an optical imaging experiment using the IVIS SPECTRUM in vivo imaging system. Metastatic tumors were detected as luciferase bioluminescence only in the lungs. Supplementary Figure S4. (a) On the indicated days after the i.v. transplantation of EMT6/CMVp-CLuc/5HREp-FLuc cells ( /mouse), mice were subjected to optical in vivo imaging using the IVIS SPECTRUM system to externally monitor HIF-1 activity in metastatic lung tumors as FLuc bioluminescence. (b) Ten L of serum was simultaneously harvested from mice and subjected to the in vivo CLuc assay to monitor the volume of metastatic tumors. Means ± s.d. n = 10.

7 Supplemental References 37 Harada, H. et al. Cancer cells that survive radiation therapy acquire HIF-1 activity and translocate towards tumour blood vessels. Nat Commun 3, 783, (2012). 38 Harada, H. et al. The Akt/mTOR pathway assures the synthesis of HIF-1alpha protein in a glucose- and reoxygenation-dependent manner in irradiated tumors. J Biol Chem 284, , (2009). 39 Harada, H. et al. Treatment regimen determines whether an HIF-1 inhibitor enhances or inhibits the effect of radiation therapy. Br J Cancer 100, , (2009). 40 Zeng, L. et al. TS-1 enhances the effect of radiotherapy by suppressing radiation-induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activation and inducing endothelial cell apoptosis. Cancer Sci 99, , (2008). 41 Zhu, Y. et al. Involvement of decreased hypoxia-inducible factor 1 activity and resultant G1-S cell cycle transition in radioresistance of perinecrotic tumor cells. Oncogene 32, , (2013).

A549 and A549-fLuc cells were maintained in high glucose Dulbecco modified

Cell culture and animal model A549 and A549-fLuc cells were maintained in high glucose Dulbecco modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37 C in humidified atmosphere containing