Nick, Sheriah, Romico, Ja Kaya, Damial Cancer Biology. the leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S.A.

Transcription

1 Nick, Sheriah, Romico, Ja Kaya, Damial Cancer Biology the leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S.A.

2 What is Lung Cancer? Lung cancer - the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that start off in one or both lungs. The abnormal cells divide rapidly and form tumors. As the tumors become larger and more numerous, they undermine the lung s ability to provide the bloodstream with oxygen. Malignant tumors - the more dangerous ones, spread to other parts of the body either through the bloodstream or the lymphatic system. Metastasis refers to cancer spreading beyond its site of origin to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads it is much harder to treat successfully Benign tumors - tumors that remain in one place and do not appear to spread are known.

3 TYPES OF LUNG CANCER Lung cancer can be classified into two main types based on the cancer's appearance under a microscope: Non-small cell Lung Cancer and Small cell Lung Cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80% of lung cancers, and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer accounts for the remaining 20%. NSCLC can be further divided into four different types, each with different treatment options...

4 How lung Cancer develops...

5 CAUSES OF LUNG CANCER

6 SMOKING 90% of Lung Cancer patients develop their disease because of smoking. Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer deaths in the world. There are over 4,000 compounds in cigarette smoke. The majority of them are toxic, and damage our cells.

7 SMOKING CONTINUED Tobacco smoke consists of: Nicotine - this is not carcinogenic. However, it is highly addictive. Smokers find it very hard to quit because they are hooked on the nicotine. Nicotine is an extremely fast-acting drug. It reaches the brain within 15 seconds of being inhaled. If cigarettes and other tobacco products had no nicotine, the number of people who smoke every day would drop drastically. Without nicotine, the tobacco industry would collapse. Carbon Monoxide - this is a poisonous gas. It has no smell or taste. The body finds it hard to differentiate carbon monoxide from oxygen and absorbs it into the bloodstream. Faulty boilers emit dangerous carbon monoxide, as do car exhausts. Tar - consists of several cancer-causing chemicals. When a smoker inhales cigarette smoke, 70% of the tar remains in the lungs. Try the handkerchief test. Fill the mouth with smoke, don't inhale, and blow the smoke through the handkerchief. There will be a sticky, brown stain on the cloth. Do this again, but this time inhale and the blow the smoke through the cloth, there will only be a very faint light brown stain.

8 RADON GAS Silent & Deadly Radon is a tasteless, odorless, and colorless natural occurring radioactive gas. It comes from the natural decay of uranium found in most soils. The Gas typically moves up through the ground to the air above and into your house through holes and cracks in the foundation. Your homes then traps the gas inside where it builds up. Number 2 Killer

9 ASBESTOS Asbestos is the name given to a group of minerals that occur naturally in the environment as bundles of fibers. Asbestos has been mined and used commercially in North America since the late 1800s. Building and construction industries have used it for strengthening cement and plastics as well as for insulation, roofing, fireproofing, and sound absorption. The shipbuilding industry has used Asbestos to insulate boilers, steam pipes, and hot water pipes. The automotive industry uses Asbestos in vehicle brake shoes and clutch pads. Asbestos has also been used in ceiling and floor tiles; paints, coatings, and adhesives; and plastics.

10 AIR POLLUTION CANCER IS IN THE AIR... In 2013 The World Health Organization declared air pollution a human carcinogen like tobacco smoke, asbestos and arsenic. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies outdoor air pollution as a carcinogen, as well as many components of outdoor air pollution, including diesel engine exhaust, solvents, metals, and dust. According to the IARC, the predominant artificial sources of outdoor air pollution are transportation, stationary power generation, industrial and agricultural emissions, and residential heating and cooking.

11 GENETICS Overall, it has been estimated that 1.7% of lung cancers up to the age of 68 are hereditary. Several factors are associated with hereditary lung cancer, including: Race, Lung Cancer and Heredity Blacks with first-degree relatives have a greater risk of early onset lung cancer than whites. This risk increases in smokers. Smoking Status, Lung Cancer and Heredity Smokers who develop lung cancer are less likely to have a family history than nonsmokers that develop lung cancer. That said, however, for those who have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer, smoking appears to amplify that risk How Closely a Family Member is Related Having a first-degree family member (parent, sibling or child) with lung cancer roughly doubles the risk of developing lung cancer. This risk is more for women and less for men and stronger in nonsmokers than smokers. Having a second-degree relative (an aunt, uncle, niece or nephew) with lung cancer raises your risk by around 30%.

12 STATISTICS According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 7.6 million deaths globally each year are caused by cancer; cancer represents 13% of all global deaths. As seen below, lung cancer is by far the number one cancer killer. Total deaths worldwide caused by cancer each year: Lung cancer - 1,370,000 deaths Stomach cancer - 736,000 deaths Liver cancer - 695,000 deaths Colorectal cancer - 608,000 deaths Breast cancer - 458,000 deaths Cervical cancer - 275,000 deaths The American Cancer Society says that lung cancer makes up 14% of all newly diagnosed cancers in the USA today. It adds that annually, more patients die from lung cancer alone than prostate, breast and colon cancers combined (in the USA). An American man s lifetime risk of developing lung cancer is 1 in 13; for a woman the risk is 1 in 16. These risk figures are for all US adults, including smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers. Most lung cancer patients are over the age of 60 years when they are diagnosed. Lung cancer takes several years to reach a level where symptoms are felt and the sufferer decides to seek medical help.

13 STATISTICS CONTINUED Prevalence of this cancer- In 2011, there were an estimated 402,326 people living with lung and bronchus cancer in the United States.

14 GETTING TO KNOW LUNG CANCER Provost Jackson Dr. Ferrer

15 SYMPTOMS Cancer symptoms are quite varied and depend on where the cancer is located, where it has spread, and how big the tumor is. Lung cancer symptoms may take years before appearing, usually after the disease is in an advanced stage. Many symptoms of lung cancer affect the chest and air passages: Persistent or intense coughing Pain in the chest shoulder, or back from coughing Changes in color of the mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways (sputum) Difficulty breathing and swallowing Hoarseness of the voice Harsh sounds while breathing Chronic bronchitis or pneumonia Coughing up blood, or blood in the sputum

16 DIAGNOSIS In order to diagnose lung cancer, your doctor may recommend: Imaging tests - An X-ray image of your lungs may reveal an abnormal mass or nodule. A CT scan can reveal small lesions in your lungs that might not be detected on an X-ray. A PET/CT scan reveals information about both the structure and function of cells and tissues in the body during a single imaging session. A CT scan creates a 3D picture of the lungs, but it can miss small tumors if part of the lung has collapsed, as is sometimes the case. A PET scan goes beyond anatomy to show what is happening at a cellular level in the tissues of the lung. Sputum cytology - If you have a cough and are producing sputum, looking at the sputum under the microscope can sometimes reveal the presence of lung cancer cells. Tissue sample (biopsy) - A sample of abnormal cells may be removed in a procedure called a biopsy.

17 TREATMENT Surgery - is the oldest known treatment for cancer. If a cancer is in stage I or II and has not metastasized, it is possible to completely cure a patient by surgically removing the tumor and the nearby lymph nodes. After the disease spreads, it is nearly impossible to remove all of the cancer cells Radiation - destroys or shrinks lung cancer tumors by focusing high-energy rays on the cancer cells. This causes damage to the molecules that make up the cancer cells and leads apoptosis. Radiation utilizes high-energy gamma-rays that are emitted from metals such as radium or high-energy x-rays that are created in a special machine. Radiation can be used as the main treatment for lung cancer, to kill remaining cells after surgery, or to kill cancer cells that have metastasized. Chemotherapy- utilizes strong chemicals that interfere with the cell division process - damaging proteins or DNA inducing apoptosis. These treatments target any rapidly dividing cells. Chemotherapy medicines travel throughout the entire body, killing the original tumor cells as well as cancer cells that have spread throughout the body.

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19 TREATMENT CONTINUED SURGERY The types of lung surgery are: -Wedge resection The surgeon removes a small wedge-shaped piece of lung that contains the lung cancer and a margin of healthy tissue around the cancer. This is likely to be done when your lung function would be decreased too much by removing a lobe of lung (lobectomy). The risk of lung caner coming back (recurring) is higher with this method. -Lobectomy. The right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes. A lobectomy removes the entire lobe of your lung that contains the cancer. Your lungs can function with the lobes that remain. -Pneumonectomy. A pneumonectomy removes your entire lung that contains the lung cancer. A pneumonectomy is done only when needed, because it will greatly reduce your overall lung function. -Sleeve resection. The surgeon removes the cancerous part of the bronchus and reconnects the healthy ends. The bronchus is the part of the trachea (windpipe) that branches off into each side of the lungs.

20 STAGES STAGE 0 Because stage 0 Non Small cell Lung Cancer is limited to the lining layer of airways and has not invaded deeper into the lung tissue or other areas, it is usually curable by surgery alone. NO chemotherapy or radiation therapy is needed STAGE 1 The tumor may be removed either by taking out one lung lobe (lobectomy) or by taking out a smaller piece of a lung. STAGE 2 Usually people who have a who have NSCLC at stage 2 are healthy enough for surgery, and will have either a Lobectomy of sleeve resection done to remove the cancer. Sometime the whole lung is removed, as well as any lymph nodes likely to have cancer in them. In some cases chemotherapy with radiation may be recommended before surgery to shrink the tumor to make the operation easier. STAGE 3A Treatment may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery or any combination of these. Treatment options will depend on the size of the tumor, location, and which lymph nodes it has spread to, as well as your overall health.

21 STAGES CONTINUED STAGE 3B At this stage of NSCLC the cancer has spread to lymph nodes that are near the other lung or in the neck, and may also have grown into important parts of the chest. Along with the other stages, the treatment options depend on the patients overall health and how well they are expected to tolerate the treatments. Treatment options for this stage are usually a combination of chemotherapy and radiation. STAGE 4 Stage 4 NSCLC is widespread when it is diagnosed, because the cancer as spread to distant sites it is very hard to cure. Treatment options depend on how many tumors there are and the patients overall health. If the patient is in overall good health then surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or a combination of these will be used to help the patient live longer and relieve symptoms.

22 SURVIVAL

23 DIET Reducing cancer risk... Apart from obesity and alcohol, there isn't much specific evidence at the moment that diet can reduce cancer risk. But a healthy diet may help and it will also lower your risk of other diseases, such as heart disease. To eat healthily 1 Eat less red meat and animal fats (butter, cream, cheese) 2 Eat at least 5 portions of raw or lightly cooked fruit and vegetables every day (see below for examples) 3 Eat more fiber 4 Eat more oily fish (salmon, trout, mackerel) 5 Eat less salt and salty foods 6 Eat less sugar and sugary foods 7 Eat more whole grain cereals and bread, brown rice and pulses 8 Don't fried foods and if you use fats in cooking, choose vegetable oils or olive oil not lard or butter 9 Drink less alcohol Examples of a portion of fruit or vegetables include an apple, pear, orange or banana, about 5cm of cucumber, a medium tomato, a handful of grapes or strawberries, 3 tablespoons of vegetables, or a heaped tablespoon of dried fruit. Cancer fighting foods

24 WORK CITED "Lung Cancer." Causes. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Nov < "Lung Cancer Fact Sheet - American Lung Association." American Lung Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Nov < "Lung Cancer: Treatment Options." Cancer.Net. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Nov < "What Are the Risk Factors?" Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 14 Oct Web. 02 Nov <

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