TABLE OF CONTENTS PATHOLOGY A) GENERAL PATHOLOGY

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1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PATHOLOGY A) GENERAL PATHOLOGY 1.1 Cell injury 1.2 Wound repair 1.3. Inflammation 1.4. Cytokines 1.5. Complement 1.6. Autoantibodies 1.7. What is amyloid? 1.8. Hypersensitivity 1.9. Oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes Tumor markers Metastases Genetics - Pedigrees Autosomal recessive diseases Autosomal dominant diseases X-linked recessive diseases Turner syndrome 1.18 Klinefelter syndrome Deletions HLA Most common causes B) ORGAN PATHOLOGY SLE Systemic sclerosis Sjögren s syndrome Immunodeficiencies Bleeding disorders Hemolytic anemias Other anemias Red blood cells Neutropenia Leukocytosis Leukemias Lymphomas Plasma cell neoplasias Phlebothrombosis Arteriosclerosis Arteritis Aneurysms Heart sounds Congenital heart defects Ischemic heart disease Myocardial infarction Heart failure Endocarditis Pericarditis Rheumatic fever Obstructive lung diseases Restrictive lung diseases Pneumonia Lung tumors Glomerulonephritis Glomerulonephritis Urolithiasis Venereal diseases Testicular tumors Ovarian tumors Endometrium Placenta Breast Mouth Diverticulas and hernias Gastritis Gastroenteritis Polyposis of colon Inflammatory bowel disease Malabsorption Cholelithiasis Carcinomas Jaundice Hepatitis Hepatitis B serology i

2 1.72. Toxic hepatitis Cirrhosis Liver carcinoma Arthritis Bones Cartilage Bone tumors Muscular dystrophies Brain tumors CNS degeneration Demyelinating diseases Pituitary hyperfunction Pituitary hypofunction Adrenal adenomas / carcinomas Thyroid Thyroid tumors Parathyroids Diabetes mellitus Multiple endocrine neoplasia Skin tumors Other skin diseases Toxins MICROBIOLOGY A) GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 2.1. Gram stain 2.2 Special stains 2.3. Normal flora 2.4. Cell walls 2.5. Toxins 2.6. O 2 -Requirements 2.7. Most common causes B) BACTERIA 2.8. Staphylococci 2.9. Streptococci Neisseria Bacilli Gram-positive bacilli Clostridia Enterobacteriaceae More Enterobacteriaceae Gram-negative bacilli (zoonotic) Other gram-negative bacilli Mycobacteria Higher bacteria Spirochetes Chlamydia Rickettsia C) VIRUSES DNA viruses Herpes viruses RNA viruses ARBO viruses Slow viral diseases of CNS Prions Retroviruses HIV xvii

3 D) FUNGI & PARASITES Fungi Fungal diseases Malaria Tissue protozoa Intestinal protozoa Trichomonas Flukes Tapeworms Roundworms PHARMACOLOGY 3.1 Drug interactions 3.2. Bad combinations 3.3. Famous side effects 3.4. Antidotes 3.5. Antibiotics 3.6. Drugs of choice 3.7. Penicillins 3.8. Cephalosporins 3.9. Antiviral drugs Antifungal drugs Antiprotozoal drugs AIDS Inhibitors of translation Inhibitors of replication Inhibitors of transcription Combination chemotherapy NSAIDs Gout 3.19 Heart failure Antihypertensive drugs Anti-angiotensins Ergot alkaloids Diuretics Antianginal drugs Platelet aggregation inhibitors Anticoagulants Thrombolytics Antiarrhythmic drugs Inotropic drugs Asthma Insulins Sulfonylureas Hyperlipidemias Hyperlipidemia drugs Peptic ulcers Adrenergic drugs Cholinesterase inhibitors Cholinergic drugs Antimuscarinic drugs Antinicotinic drugs Oral contraceptives Street drugs Opioids Antidepressants Lithium CNS stimulants Anxiolytic drugs Hypnotic drugs Antihistamines Anesthetics Parkinson s disease Neuroleptics Antiepileptic drugs Antiemetic drugs Laxatives xviii

4 BIOCHEMISTRY 4.1. Reactions & location 4.2. Enzyme kinetics 4.3. Amino acids 4.4. Amino acid precursors 4.5. Amino acid disorders 4.6. Enzyme defects 4.7. Monosaccharides 4.8. Hexose kinases 4.9. Saccharides Saccharide disorders Enzyme defects Glycogen storage diseases Enzyme defects Glycosaminoglycans Fatty acids Bile acids Lipoproteins Phospholipids Glycolipids Sphingolipidoses Enzyme defects Porphyrias Enzyme defects Preferred nutrients Vitamins ATP equivalents Key enzymes - sugars Key enzymes fats Key enzymes - others Steroids Adrenal gland Testis (Leydig cells) Peripheral metabolism Ovary (Theca cells) Ovary (Granulosa cells) Peripheral metabolism Corpus luteum α-hydroxylase deficiency α-hydroxylase deficiency β-hydroxylase Endocrine control of metabolism Nucleotides Purines Pyrimidines Gene expression Transcription Replication xix

5 ANATOMY A) EMBRYOLOGY 5.1. Germ layers 5.2. Fetal remnants 5.3. Derivatives of branchial arches 5.4. Pharyngeal pouches 5.5. Urogenital development 5.6. Fetal circulation B) GROSS ANATOMY 5.7. The skull and its holes 5.8. Eye 5.9. Tongue Mandible Larynx Shoulder Brachial plexus Brachial plexus Injuries Brachial nerve injuries Elbow Wrist cuts Hip Leg Foot & ankle Mediastinum Coronary arteries Abdominal arteries Peritoneum Layers of spermatic cord Ovary / testis C) NEUROANATOMY Cortex Cerebral arteries Transient ischemic attacks Hypertensive hemorrhage Cranial nerves Visual system Parasympathetic ganglia Basal ganglia Thalamus Brainstem syndromes Medulla Lower pons Upper pons Crossing over sites Where is the lesion? Key dermatomes xx

6 PHYSIOLOGY 6.1. Six equations you really need 6.2. Ion channels 6.3. Transport 6.4. Signal transduction 6.5. Nerve fibers 6.6. Touch receptors 6.7. Accommodation 6.8. Nystagmus 6.9. Cochlea Deafness Autonomic nervous system Cholinergic receptors Adrenergic receptors Control of heart beat Skeletal muscle Control of muscle tone Muscle types Electromechanical coupling Cardiac cycle Lung volumes Breathing patterns Respiratory Center Respiratory quotient Acid base Hemoglobins Oxygen binding curve Blood proteins Circulation Fetal circulation Renal transport Clearance Volume regulation Fluid shifts Renin / Angiotensin Juxtaglomerular apparatus Intestinal absorption Gastrointestinal hormones Stomach Pituitary feedback loops Adrenal hormones Insulin Gonadotrope hormones xxi

7 SOCIAL SCIENCES A) PSYCHOLOGY 7.1. Motor development 7.2. Psychological development 7.3. IQ tests 7.4. Conditioning 7.5. Defense mechanisms 7.6. Sleep stages 7.7. Suicide 7.8. Stages of dying B) PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 7.9. Neurotransmitters Grief & Depression Delirium & Dementia Personality disorders Anxiety disorders Somatoform disorders Schizophrenia Major depression Epilepsy Drug abuse Child abuse C) STATISTICS Definitions Sensitivity Specificity Positive predictive value Negative predictive value Cancer statistics (USA) Randomized clinical trial Observational cohort Case control study Cross sectional survey Legal issues xxii