Q1. The photograph shows some cells in the root of an onion plant. By UAF Center for Distance Education [CC BY 2.0], via Flickr

Transcription

1 MITOSIS. STEM CELLS. Thornton College NAME. Q. The photograph shows some cells in the root of an onion plant. By UAF Center for Distance Education [CC BY 2.0], via Flickr (a) Cells X and Y have just been produced by cell division. (i) Name the type of cell division that produced cells X and Y.... () (ii) What happens to the genetic material before the cell divides?... () (b) A gardener wanted to produce a new variety of onion. Explain why sexual reproduction could produce a new variety of onion Page

2 ... (3) (Total 5 marks) Q2.Figure shows photographs of some animal cells at different stages during the cell cycle. Figure A Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images B Ed Reschke/Oxford Scientific/Getty Images C Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images Page 2

3 (a) Which photograph in Figure shows a cell that is not going through mitosis? Thornton College Tick one box. A B C () (b) Describe what is happening in photograph A. (2) (c) A student wanted to find out more about the cell cycle. The student made a slide of an onion root tip. She counted the number of cells in each stage of the cell cycle in one field of view. The table below shows the results. Stages in the cell cycle Non-dividing cells Stage Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Total Number of cell s Each stage of the cell cycle takes a different amount of time. Which stage is the fastest in the cell cycle? Give a reason for your answer. Stage... Reason... (2) Page 3

4 (d) The cell cycle in an onion root tip cell takes 6 hours. Calculate the length of time Stage 2 lasts in a typical cell. Give your answer to 2 significant figures. Thornton College Time in Stage 2 =... minutes (3) (e) Bacteria such as Escherichia coli undergo cell division similar to mitosis. Figure 2 shows a growth curve for E. coli grown in a nutrient broth. Figure 2 What type of cell division causes the change in number of E. coli cells at P? () Page 4

5 (f) Suggest why the number of cells levels out at Q. (2) (Total marks) Q3.The diagram below shows the production of human sperm cells. (a) Name the organ where the processes shown in the diagram above take place.... () (b) (i) Not every cell in the diagram above contains the same amount of DNA. Cell A contains 6.6 picograms of DNA ( picogram = 0-2 grams). How much DNA is there in each of the following cells? Page 5

6 Cell B... picograms Thornton College Cell C... picograms Cell E... picograms (2) (ii) How much DNA would there be in a fertilised egg cell?... picograms () (iii) A fertilised egg cell divides many times to form an embryo. Name this type of cell division.... () (c) After a baby is born, stem cells may be collected from the umbilical cord. These can be frozen and stored for possible use in the future. (i) What are stem cells? (2) (ii) Suggest why it is ethically more acceptable to take stem cells from an umbilical cord instead of using stem cells from a 4-day-old embryo produced by In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF). () (iii) Stem cells taken from a child s umbilical cord could be used to treat a condition later in that child s life. Page 6

7 Give one advantage of using the child s own umbilical cord stem cells instead of using stem cells donated from another person. () (iv) Why would it not be possible to treat a genetic disorder in a child using his own umbilical cord stem cells? () (Total 0 marks) Page 7

8 M. (a) (i) mitosis correct spelling only (ii) replicates / doubles / is copied / duplicates accept cloned ignore multiplied / reproduced (b) fertilisation occurs / fusion (of gametes) accept converse for asexual, eg none in asexual / just division in asexual so leading to mixing of genetic information / genes / DNA / chromosomes genes / DNA / chromosomes / genetic information comes from parent in asexual ignore characteristics one copy (of each allele / gene / chromosome) from each parent or gametes produced by meiosis or meiosis causes variation meiosis must be spelt correctly [5] M2.(a) C (b) cytoplasm and cell membrane dividing accept cytokinesis for mark Page 8

9 to form two identical daughter cells (c) stage 4 only one cell seen in this stage (d) (4 / 36) / (minutes) allow 0 (minutes) with no working shown for 3 marks (e) binary fission do not accept mitosis (f) shortage of nutrients / oxygen so cells die or death rate = rate of cell division [] Page 9

10 M3.(a) testis / testes allow testicle(s) (b) (i) B = 3.2 C = 6.6 E = 3.3 all 3 correct = 2 marks 2 or correct = mark If no marks awarded allow ecf for C and E based on answer to B ie C = ½ B and E = ½ C for one mark 2 (ii) 6.6 allow twice answer for cell E in part bi (iii) mitosis correct spelling only (c) (i) any two from: cells that are able to divide undifferentiated cells / not specialised can become other types of cells / tissues or become specialised /differentiated allow pluripotent 2 (ii) 4-day embryo is a (potential) human life or destroying/damaging (potential) human life allow cord would have been discarded anyway ignore reference to miscarriage allow cannot give consent (iii) perfect tissue match or hard to find suitable donors allow same/matching antigens Page 0

11 allow no danger of rejection allow no need to take immunosuppressant drugs (for life) ignore genetically identical or same DNA Thornton College (iv) stem cells have same faulty gene / allele / DNA / chromosomes allow genetically identical ignore cells have the same genetic disorder [0] Page