Mohammad Akbari, Eshagh Zakipour Rahimabadi, Iman Sorinejad, Mahmood Azimi Rad, Eiraj Efatpanah and Mohammad Hossein Khanjani

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1 World Journl of Fish nd Mrine Sciences 6 (3): , 204 ISSN IDOSI Pulictions, 204 DOI: /idosi.wjfms Effect of Different Levels of Dietry L-Crnitine on Growth Performnce, Food Efficiency nd Body Composition of Pikeperch (Snder lucioperc) Fingerlings 2 Mohmmd Akri, Eshgh Zkipour Rhimdi, Imn Sorinejd, 3 4 Mhmood Azimi Rd, Eirj Eftpnh nd Mohmmd Hossein Khnjni Deprtment of Fisheries, Fculty of Nturl Resources, University of Hormozgn, Irn 2 Deprtment of Fisheries, Fculty of Nturl Resources, University of Zol, Irn 3 Deprtment of Fisheries, Fculty of Nturl Resources, University of Tehrn, Irn 4 Hed of Yosefpour's Fish Breeding nd Culture Center, Guiln Province, Irn Astrct: The Effects of different levels of dietry L-Crnitine on growth performnce, food efficiency nd ody composition of pikeperch (Snder lucioperc) were investigted in 42 dys feeding tril. Fingerlings of pikeperch were fed without L-Crnitine dded to control diet (tretment A), 000 mg/kg L-Crnitine dded to 3 control diet (tretment B) nd 2000 mg/kg L-Crnitine dded to control diet (tretment C) in m concrete tnks. 200 fingerlings (.63 g, men weight) were stocked in ech tnk nd fed up to 6 mels per dy. Higher increment in ody weight (5.92±0.37 g), specific growth rte (3.75±0.7) nd food efficiency (98.04±4.56) were otined with tretment C (2% L-Crnitine dded to control diet). This tretment lso showed significnt (P<0.05) decrese in food conversion rtio (.02±0.05) in comprison with other tretments. Highest survivl rte ws oserved in tretment (B) with (84.88±0.92%) rte nd gretest cnnilism (.25±0.09) ws found in tretment (A), respectively. Also significnt differences (P<0.05) ws oserved on crude protein nd crude lipid content mong the tretments. Highest crude protein (64.53±0.84) nd lowest crude lipid (2.59 ±0.23) contents of pikeperch whole ody ws oserved in tretment (C). The mount of ft in tretment (B) decresed ut did not show ny significnt differences with tretment (C) (P>0.05). According the otined results of this reserch, use of L-Crnitine through ddition in the diet, during pikeperch fingerlings growth, is recommended nd it seems tht 2000 mg/kg L-Crnitine ddition the diet will hve est results on growth performnce nd suitle ody composition. Key words: Snder lucioperc L-Crnitine Protein Lipid Food Efficiency INTRODUCTION hs een found to enhnce protein synthesis nd promote growth performnce [4]. L-crnitine ( -hydroxy - -N -trimethylminoutyric Incresed ftty cid oxidtion vi L-crnitine cid) widely is wter-solule quternry mine nd plys medition is ccompnied with decrese in essentil n importnt role in lipid -oxidtion to fcilitte the mino cids ctolism. The dvntge of dietry L- importtion of ctivted long-chin ftty cids into crnitine supplementtion for growth performnce is mitochondri nd the ccompnying intermedite relted to optimum dietry utiliztion s well s inhiition compounds out of the mitochondril mtrix [, 2]. It hs from lysine nd methionine ctolism [5]. During the pst lso een suggested tht L-crnitine supplementtion decde, some reports hve indicted tht L-crnitine my stimulte the protein-spring ction y incresing the improved the performnce of species such s hyrid energy derived from lipids [3] Due to its role in lipid striped ss [6], elug sturgeon [7], lck se rem [8], metolism in fish; dietry L-crnitine supplementtion ut hs no effect on the growth performnce of rinow Corresponding Author: Mohmmd Akri, Deprtment of Fisheries, Fculty of Nturl Resources, University of Hormozgn, Irn. Tel: ; Fx:

2 World J. Fish & Mrine Sci., 6 (3): , 204 trout fry nd fingerlings [9, 0], Atlntic slmon, [], Europen se ss [2] nd tilpi [3]. Pikeperch (Snder lucioperc), is one of the most commercilly importnt species of indigenous ichthyofun of Cspin Se [4] nd is vlule species for quculture due to its rpid growth, flesh qulity nd high commercil vlue [5]. Due to importnce of pikeperch s n quculture species nd little informtion on effect of L-crnitine on pike perch, this study ims to investigte the effect of different levels of dietry L-crnitine on growth performnce, food efficiency, survivl rte nd ody composition of pikeperch (Snder lucioperc) fingerlings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiment ws performed with three tretments in triplictes, in 9 veniro tnks of 000 L volume (with dimensions of 0.8 x 0.8 m) with completely rndomized design [6]. Ech veniro contined volume of 400 L of wter with proper ertion. The wter inlet with flow rte of 5-6 L/min, creted slight circultion current in the tnk. The initil stocking rte ws 2 fish/l, (sme size nd from sme stock) [7]. Light intensity ws 50 lux for 24 h in rering sloon [5]. The pond cultured pikeperch fingerlings (initil men weight of.63 g were trnsported to veniro tnks nd cclimted over 0-dy. After cclimtion period, the veniro were ssigned s 3 tretments (3 replicts per tretment) receiving the control diet (Tle ), (Frnce) with pellet size of. mm for first hlf of rering period nd 2.5 mm for second hlf of rering period (group A), or control diet supplemented with 000 (group B) nd 2000 mg L-crnitine/kg diet (group C) for 6 weeks. The fingerlings were hnd-fed from 8:00 to 20:00 with formulted. Feeding rte ws 4-5 % of ctul fish iomss for ll groups. Wter Physicochemicl prmeters were monitored during of experiment (Tle 2). Every 7 dys 20 fish from ech veniro (60 individuls/tretment) were rndomly cptured nd their length were mesured Tle : Formultion nd proximte composition of experimentl diets (% of Dry Mtter) Pellet size (mm) Ingredient (%) Fish mel 48 Fish oil * Concentrte 9 Mize gluten 8 Soy cke 7 Field pes 6 whet 6 whet gluten 5 Chemicl composition Crude protein (%) 45.6 Crude lipid (%) 7.45 Fier (%).52 Ash (%) 0.53 Gross energy 22. * Concentrte (pe proteins, krill mel, hydrolyzed fish, vitmins nd minerls, ntioxidnt (ethoxyquin), lecithin, yes extrct). individully, with 0. mm ccurcy. Fingerlings were weighted collectively from dy 0 to dy 4 nd individully from dy 2 to dy 42 with 0.0 mg ccurcy. The numer of smpled fingerlings ws tken into ccount for survivl clcultion. Body weight index (BWI), verge dily growth (ADG), specific growth rte (SGR), condition fctor (CF), food conversion rtio (FCR), food efficiency (FE), survivl rte (SR) nd cnnilism were ssessed s follows [8]. Weight gin (g) = (W f W i) Averge dily growth (ADG, %) = 00 (W f W i) T Specific growth rte (SGR, % dy ) = 00 (LnW LnW )?T i Condition fctor (CF) = 00 W f (L f) Feed conversion rtio (FCR) = W AWG TFS Feed efficiency (FE) = (FB IB)TFC Counted mortlity (%) =00 (Nd+Nc) Ni Survivl rte =00 (N f N i) Cnnilism (%) =00 (Nc+Nm) Ni 3 f Tle 2: Physicl nd chemicl prmeters during the experiment Durtion of experiment (weeks) Physicochemicl prmeters Wter temperture (ºC) ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.73 Dissolved O 2 (mg/l) 7.43 ± ± ± ± ± ±.3 ph 8.6 ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.24 Dt re presented s men nd stndrd devitions 228

3 World J. Fish & Mrine Sci., 6 (3): , 204 Arevitions in ove-mentioned equtions re s RESULTS follow: where W i nd W f re the initil nd finl ody weights (g), W TFS is the weight of the totl feed supplied The results of growth performnce of pikeperch (g)t = durtion of experiment (dys), L = finl ody length fingerlings were fed y control diet (tretment A), 000 (cm), Ni= initil numer of fingerlings, Nf= finl numer of mg/kg L-crnitine dded to control diet (tretment B) nd fingerlings, Nd=numer of ded fish without signs of 2000 mg/kg L-crnitine dded to control diet (tretment C) cnnilism, Nc = numer of ded fish due to cnnilism, comprisons re s presented in Tle 3. Averge fish Nm=numer of missing fish t the counting (end of fingerlings weights were 5.93, 6.4 nd 7.52 g for experiment), C = Cnnilism, ÄT=durtion of the tretments A, B nd C, respectively, t the end of experiment (dys), TFC the totl food consumption (g), IB experiment. Dily specific growth rtes ws significntly the initil iomss (g), FB the finl iomss (g). (P<0.05) higher in tretment C thn others t the end of Fish smples were nlyzed for proximte experiment. The finl condition fctor t the end of composition ccording to AOAC [9]. Ten fish from ech feeding tril, rnged from 0.72 for tretment A to 0.76 for veniro of experimentl tretments were tken for chemicl tretment B (Control mg/kg L-crnitine), nlysis of ody composition. Smpled fish were killed respectively. There ws no significnt difference on CF of nd the viscer were removed nd the crcsses were fingerlings fed different diet t the end of experiment. stored t -8 C for chemicl nlyses. Smples' moisture Food conversion rtio ws significntly (P<0.05) higher in (t 05 C for 24h), crude protein (Kjeldhl pprtus, tretment A. Tretment C showed the lowest FCR (.02) Gerhrdt, Königswinter, Germny. Nitrogen* 6.25), crude during experiment. Highest food efficiency ws found in ft (extrction with petroleum ether y Soxhlet pprtus, fingerlings fed Control mg/kg L-crnitine (tretment Behr, Düsseldorf, Germny) nd sh (incinertion t 550 C C). The highest Survivl rte ws oserved in tretment B for 6 h) were determined ccording to AOAC [9]. ut not significnt different etween tretment. The ody compositions of Pikeperch (S. lucioperc) mintined on Sttisticl Anlysis: Results re given s men ± vrious tretments is presented in Tle 4. Significntly stndrd devitions. Dt normlity ws tested y (P<0.05) higher content of crcss totl lipid ws Shpiro-Wilk's test. Dt were sujected to one-wy oserved in fish fed diets (A) compred with those fed ANOVA nd significnt difference mong tretments ws diets tretments. Higher nd lowest content of crcss determined y Duncn's test the vlues of P<0.05 were crude protein nd crude lipid were oserved in fish fed considered significntly different. All nlyses were diets (c) compred with other tretments. In tretment performed using sttisticl softwre SPSS (version, 6). (B) lso the mount of ft decresed, ut it ws not Tle 3: Effects of different diets on growth indices of pike perch fingerlings t the end of experiment Tretments Prmeters Control (A) Control mg/kg L-crnitine (B) Control mg/kg L-crnitine (C) Initil weight (g).63 ± ± ± 0.5 Finl weight (g) 5.93 ± ± ± 0.69 Weight gin (g) 4.30 ± ± ± 0.37 ADG (%).04 ± ± ±.63 SGR (% per dy) 3.09 ± ± ± 0.7 Initil length (mm) 5.98 ± ± ± 0.3 Finl length (mm) 9.38 ± ± ± 0.25 Initil CF 0.74 ± ± ± 0.08 Finl CF 0.72 ± ± ± 0.8 FCR.3 ± ± ± 0.05 FE ± ± ± 4.56 Survivl rte (%) ± ± ±.34 Cnnilism (%).25± ± ± 0.4 Vlues (men ± SD) of the sme line with different letters indicte significnt differences (P<0.05) 229

4 World J. Fish & Mrine Sci., 6 (3): , 204 Tle 4: Men nd stndrd devition of Body composition of pikeperch fingerlings fed diets with vrious dietry tretments Body Composition (%) Durtion of experiment (Dy) Tretments Moisture Crude protein Crude lipid Crude sh A ± ± ±.3.23 ± 0.49 B ± ± ± ± 0.7 C ± ± ± ± A 74.5 ± ± ± ±.7 B ± ± ± ± 0.65 C ± ± ± ±0.83 significnt (P>0.05) chnge with tretment (A). Also there In this regrd, L-crnitine plys n importnt role in ws no significnt difference in Ash mong ll tretment energy production y chperoning ctivted ftty cids (P>0.05). (cyl-coa) into the mtrix for nd ccompnying intermedite compounds out of the mitochondril mtrix DISCUSSION to prevent their ccumultion. Crnitine-cylcrnitine trnslocse is responsile for the trnsport of crnitine The present study demonstrted tht the nd its esters cross the inner mitochondril memrne. It ddition of L-crnitine in different levels to diet cn help to prevent the ccumultion of ftty cids in improve the growth performnce of pikeperch tissues nd thus the rtio of muscle to ft in the ody (snder lucioperc) nd est results found in rises [28]. Furthermore, OzõRio [4] indicted tht 000 mg tretment C (2000 mg/kg L-crnitine). No significnt kg L-crnitine supplementtion in the diet of Africn differences were oserved with fish fed on other ctfish rised the concentrtion of some mino cids in tretment. The incresed growth of pike perch (snder muscle tissue nd concluded tht L-crnitine incresed lucioperc) (Tle 3) s result of L-crnitine ppliction ftty cid oxidtion nd decresed mino cid comustion might e due to the incresed energy vilility due to for energy. Our results re in close greement with Sntulli rise in ftty cid oxidtion. The otined results re in nd D`Amelio [2] on Europen se ss, Torreele et l. close greement whit Torreele et l. [5] on Africn ctfish, [5] on Africn ctfish, Burtle nd Liu [25] on chnnel Sntulli nd D`Amelio [2] on Europen se ss, ctfish fingerling, Ji et l. [26] on Atlntic slmon nd Chtzifotis et l. [20] on red serem, Jyprks et l. M et l. [8] on lck se rem. [2] on Tilpi (Oreochromis mossmicus), Keshvnth This difference my e relted to the fish size [29], nd Renuk [22] on Ruoho ig crp Hindi, Becker et l. dietry composition nd feed processing [30], possile [23] on Hyrid tilpi (Oreochromis niloticus species effects, fish developmentl stge, environmentl Oreochromis ureus), Twiell nd Brown [6] on striped conditions nd the section ody used for nlysis, whole ss, Mohseni et l. [7] on elug sturgeon nd M et l. ody (present study; [9]) versus fish fillet [24, 26]. [8] on lck se rem, Jlli Hji-di et l. [24] on According the results of this reserch, use of L-crnitine rinow trout. through ddition in the diet, during pikeperch fingerlings In contrst, severl other studies reported tht L- growth, is recommended nd it seems tht 2000 mg/kg L- crnitine did not incresed the growth in fish, for instnce crnitine ddition the diet will hve the est results on see results otined for Chnnel ctfish [25], Rinow growth performnce nd suitle ody composition. trout [9, 0], Atlntic slmon [26]. Cichlid ornmentl (Pelvicchromis pulcher) [], Hyrid tilpi REFERENCES (Oreochromis niloticus Oreochromis ureus) [27]. The ody composition nlyses showed tht. Reouche, C.J. nd H. Seim, 998. Addition of L-crnitine incresed the crude protein nd Crnitine metolism nd its regultion in reduced the crude lipid content in pikeperch (Tle 4). microorgnisms nd mmmls. Ann. Rev. Nutrit., This might e due to the fct tht supplementtion of L- 8: DOI: 0.46/nnurev.nutr., 8(): 39. crnitine results in n ccelertion of ftty cid oxidtion 2. Hrpz, S., L-Crnitine nd its ttriuted nd improved nitrogen retention [26]. Also L-crnitine is functions in fish culture nd nutrition- review. most concentrted in tissues tht use ftty cids s their Aquculture, 249: 3-2. dx.dio.org/0.06/j. primry dietry fuel, such s skeletl nd crdic muscle. quculture

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