Analytic Techniques Utilisedfor Drug Checking

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1 Analytic Techniques Utilisedfor Drug Checking Challenges and Current Developments Anton Luf Head of checkit! Laboratory Clinical Institute for Laboratory Medicine Medical University of Vienna

2 checkit! is a scientific collaboration of funded by:

3 Integrated Drug Checking (IDC) Analytical & toxicological measures Substance analysis Individual risk categorisation Psychosocial interventions Information Advice & support source: Boran Ilic Fotografie

4 Integrated Drug Checking (IDC) Monitoring of the Drugmarket Ongoing Support Requirements for comprehensive individual risk assessment and effective harm reduction: Advice and Support Information Substance Analysis Identity of pharmacologically active substances Quantitative composition of the drug (dosage) Fast analysis and presentation of results at the venue Source: checkit!, Suchthilfe Wien ggmbh

5 Mobile Drug Checking Methods Requirements and challenges for mobile Drug Checking (DC) Mobile use Robustness Detection of all pharmacologically active components esp. in substance mixtures Low detection limits Quantitative determination Wide (quantitative) measuring range High sample throughput Identification of unknown substances Discrimination between isomers (e.g. 2-MMC, 3-MMC, 4-MMC) Allows adaptations to market changes Rational acquisition-& operating-costs

6 Mobile Drug Checking Methods Reagent testing: Mobile use Robustness Detection of all pharmacologically active components (substance mixtures) Low detection limits Quantitative determination High sample throughput Identification of unknown substances Source: Benefits: Fast and easy to use, low costs Limitations: High risk of misinterpretation & false negative results Discriminate between isomers (e.g. 2-MMC, 3-MMC, 4-MMC) Allows adaptations to market changes

7 Mobile Drug Checking Methods TLC (ThinLayer Chromatography) Mobile use Robustness Detection of all pharmacologically active components (substance mixtures) Low detection limits Quantitative determination High sample throughput Source: Benefits: Low costs & separation of substances, combination with Direct MS possible Identification of unknown substances Discriminate between isomers (e.g. 2-MMC, 3-MMC, 4-MMC) Allows adaptations to market changes

8 Mobile Drug Checking Methods FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) Mobile use Robustness Detection of all pharmacologically active components (substance mixtures) Low detection limits Quantitative determination High sample throughput Source: Source: Identification of unknown substances Benefits: No sample preparation & high throughput Limitations: Deciphering substance mixtures Discriminate between isomers (e.g. 2-MMC, 3-MMC, 4-MMC) Allows adaptations to market changes

9 Mobile Drug Checking Methods UHPLC-UV Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Ultra Violet Mobile use Robustness Detection of all pharmacologically active components (substance mixtures) Low detection limits Quantitative determination High sample throughput Identification of unknown substances Discriminate between isomers (e.g. 2-MMC, 3-MMC, 4-MMC) Allows adaptations to market changes Source: checkit! Suchthilfe Wien ggmbh

10 Mobile Drug Checking Methods UHPLC-MS Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass spectrometry Mobile use Robustness Detection of all pharmacologically active components (substance mixtures) Low detection limits Quantitative determination High sample throughput Identification of unknown substances Source: checkit! Suchthilfe Wien ggmbh Benefits: High discrimination power, identification of unknown substances possible, low detection limits Discriminate between isomers (e.g. 2-MMC, 3-MMC, 4-MMC) Allows adaptations to market changes

11 Mobile Drug Checking Methods GC-MS (Gas Chromatography - Mass spectrometry) Mobile use Robustness Detection of all pharmacologically active components Low detection limits Quantitative determination High sample throughput Identification of unknown substances Source: Benefits: Low detection limits & Identification of unknown substances Limitations: Elaborate sample preparation, not for thermally unstable compounds Discriminate between isomers (e.g. 2-MMC, 3-MMC, 4-MMC) Allows adaptations to market changes

12 Mobile Drug Checking Methods Direct masspectrometric techniques (DESI, MALDI, DART, etc.) Mobile use Robustness Detection of all pharmacologically active components (substance mixtures) Low detection limits Quantitative determination High sample throughput Source: Benefits: Short analysis time & low detection limits Limitations: no separation(substance mixtures) Identification of unknown substances Discrimination between isomers (e.g. 2-MMC, 3-MMC, 4-MMC) Allows adaptations to market changes

13 Mobile Drug Checking Methods HR-MS n (High Resolution Mass Spectrometry) Mobile use Robustness Detection of all pharmacologically active components Low detection limits Quantitative determination Sources: checkit! Suchthilfe Wien ggmbh Benefits: High amount of structural information & very low detection limits High sample throughput Identification of unknown substances Discriminate between isomers (e.g. 2-MMC, 3-MMC, 4-MMC) Allows adaptations to market changes Limitations: not for mobile use (yet)

14 Mobile Drug Checking Methods Reagent Testing TLC FTIR (U)HPLC- UV (U)HPLC- MS GC-MS Direct MS HR-MS Mobile use Robustness ~ + ~ - Detection of all components ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Low detection limits ~ Quantitative determination - ~ ~ ~ + High sample throughput ~ + + Identification of unknowns - - ~ - ~ Discrimination between isomers - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ Adaptability to market changes ~ Costs + + ~ ~

15 Current challenges for DC Increasing number of different new psychoactive substances (NPS) on the 2018 UHPLC-DAD-MS & MALDI-IT-MS market High complexity of samples 2012 HPLC-DAD-MS High variability of dosage Appearance of highly potent 2008 HPLC-DAD substances 2002 HPLC-UV 1997 Remedy

16 Mobile DC Methods checkit! Mobile UHPLC-DAD-MS System Autosampler UHPLC injection valves Diodearray- Detectors Column- Compartment UHPLC Pumps Massspectrometer Source: checkit! Suchthilfe Wien ggmbh

17 Mobile DC Methods checkit! Source: checkit! Suchthilfe Wien ggmbh Source: checkit! Suchthilfe Wien ggmbh

18 Mobile DC Methods checkit! Specifications Four parallel UHPLC-DAD-systems One of them coupled with MS Automated sample preparation Runtime per system: less than 10 min Throughput: up to 40 samples/h Screening for over 300 different substances Currently up to 58 quantitative parameters Source: checkit! Suchthilfe Wien ggmbh

19 Increasing number of NPS Substance First identified in Vienna Substance First identified In Vienna mcpp 2006 Dibutylone 2014 TFmPP 2007 Pentylone Fluoramphetamine chloromethamphetamin 2015 pfpp CMC 2015 Butylone Methylpentedrone 2015 Methylone MAPB 2015 Mephedrone 2010 bk-mddma C-E EMC MEC MMC C-I MeO-PCP 2016 MPA CEC 2016 Ethylphenidat FPM 2016 Flephedrone Fluormethamphetamine 2016 DOC Methylmethamphetamin B-NBOMe 2013 Deschloroketamine C-NBOMe 2013 Furanylfentanyl I-NBOMe 2013 TH-PVP MeO-MiPT 2013 MPHP H-NBOMe 2014 N-Ethylhexedrone MXP 2014 N-Ethylpentylone 2016

20 Increasing number of NPS Source: EMCDDA-Europol 2016, Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA

21 Complexity of samples 40.0 RP-HP1 #18 [7 peaks manually assigned # LB58 gek.als: ausgegebe UV_VIS_3 mau WVL:254 nm 8 - Int. Standard Dimethylcathinon PMA Coffein alpha-ppp Mephedron MEC min

22 Highly potent substances Need for low detection limits Sample submitted as: Fentanyl UHPLC-UV 254 nm

23 Highly potent substances Need for low detection limits UHPLC-UV 254 nm UHPLC-MS chromatogram (SIM scan; m/z 395)

24 Highly potent substances Need for low detection limits UHPLC-MS chromatogram (SIM scan m/z 395) Mass RT 3.48 min

25 Highly potent substances Need for low detection limits Carfentanil Highly potent synthetic opioid (4.000 to fold more potent than morphine) Source: 4[(1-Oxopropyl)-phenylamino]-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4- piperidin-carbonsäuremethylester

26 Highly potent substances Need for low detection limits Brought to analysis as: Actual constituents 4-HO-MET Fentanyl Mephedrone / 4-MMC unknown Research Chemical 4-HO-MET & Methoxyacetylfentanyl Carfentanil 4-CMC + 4-CEC U-47,700 U-47,700 U-47,700 Cyclopentylfentanyl Ethylphenidat + N-Ethylbuphedrone + Caffeine 4-CEC + 4-CMC + 3-MMC

27 Highly potent substances Need for low detection limits Brought to analysis as: Actual constituents 4-HO-MET 4-HO-MET & Methoxyacetylfentanyl Fentanyl 600 Mephedrone / 4-MMC 500 unknown 400 Research Chemical Carfentanil RP-HP2 #56 [modified by CIT_Admin] UV_VIS_2 mau WVL:215 nm Inhbit = Off 2-4-HO-MET CMC + 4-CEC U-47,700 U-47,700 U-47,700 Cyclopentylfentanyl Ethylphenidat + N-Ethylbuphedrone + Caffeine 4-CEC + 4-CMC + 3-MMC Methoxyacetylfentanyl Int. Standard min

28 Highly potent substances Need for low detection limits DirectMS: MALDI-IT-MS n

29 Highly potent substances Need for low detection limits DirectMS: MALDI-IT-MS n

30 Highly potent substances Need for low detection limits (U)HPLC- UV (U)HPLC- MS Direct MS (MALDI) Benefits of complementary MALDI-IT-MS n analysis: Additional structural information Minimum sample preparation Instant analysis (60 sec/sample) Fast screening for synthetic opioids Very low detection limits Mobile use + + (+)* Robustness + ~ ~ Detection of all components ~ ~ ~ Low detection limits ~ + + High sample throughput + ~ + Identification of unknowns Discrimination between isomers ~ ~ - Adaptability to market changes Costs ~ - - * Proof of concept phase

31 High variability of dosage 180 Average 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) content of ecstasy tablets: mg MDMA per tablet

32 High variability of dosage 350,0 Boxplot MDMA amount of ecstasy ,0 250,0 mg per tablet 200,0 150,0 Threshold: high dosage alert 100,0 50,0 0,

33 Mobile Drug Checking Conclusions Hardly any analytical technique applied alone meets all the requirements for mobile DC A combination of complementary methods increases the validity and thus the safety of the results Quantitative measurement is as important as identification of substances Constant method development is necessary to adapt to market changes

34 Thank you!