HIGHER ALCOHOLS: MARKET FORECAST TO 2010

Transcription

1 Colin A. Houston and Associates, Inc. announces a new study entitled HIGHER ALCOHOLS: MARKET FORECAST TO 2010 Global demand for higher alcohols (C ) will grow at an annual rate of 3.1 percent, from 1.5 million tons in 1998 to 2.1 million tons in Three major surfactants - alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ether sulfates and alcohol sulfates - account for 75 percent of higher alcohol consumption, estimated at 1.6 million tons in These are some of the findings of CAHA s new multiclient study, HIGHER ALCOHOLS: MARKET FORECAST TO The new alcohol study includes a detailed global analysis of surfactant consumption and reports that worldwide demand has grown 3 percent per year since The global study details alcohol demand in the major end use segments - Household, Personal Care, Industrial and Institutional, and Industrial Processing Aids by region over the period. Also included are sections evaluating raw materials, technology, supply, competing materials and environmental issues. The study evaluates manufacturing economics of the various routes to alcohols and finds a compelling story for the advantages to be gained by large scale production. Certainly the lack of scale has been problematic for the smaller oleo alcohol producers who have also suffered from feedstock costs in the last few years. By-products, including glycerine and short chain materials, are especially important for the competitive economics of the alcohol producers. Competition will continue to be cost performance driven within a very broad market in terms of the product types offered. This comprehensive study was completed in May 2000 and is available for immediate delivery. The following pages contain the table of contents and other details. Please contact us at the address on the back cover if you have any questions. Contents Description of the Study 2 Table of Contents 4 Sample Tables 24 Qualifications and Personnel 30 How to Subscribe 33 1

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY Higher alcohols are a complex field with a range of products served by competing economics which are often dependent on diverse by-product credits. Furthermore, markets are frequently complicated by the preferences for different types and cuts of alcohol products. Other key factors include the degree of integration of the producers. Two of the largest oleo alcohol producers are forward integrated into consumer products while many of the synthetic alcohol producers are integrated with feedstocks and surfactants. The market analysis embodies regional trends and developments in formulation by end use in each of the regions and addresses the future impact on higher alcohol consumption over the period. Issues related to raw material costs, regional consumer preference (e.g., powder vs liquid detergents), consumer health conscious-ness and trends toward milder detergents, and environmental concerns over biodegrability of LABS and APE are among the factors evaluated and impacting current and future alcohol demand. While North America and West Europe will remain the largest markets for higher alcohol, more rapid growth for alcohol demand over the next 10 years will occur in Asia and Other regions. CAHA s in-depth analysis of this increasingly important market is offered as an 800-page report organized into nine chapters. A brief discussion of the main ones follows. Raw Materials The competing feedstocks are reviewed and their supply outlooks are profiled. The lauric oils, coconut and palm kernel, are competing feedstocks for oleo alcohol. The long term supply of coconut has been stagnating while the supplies of palm kernel, a by-product of palm oil manufacture have seen rapid growth. Feedstocks for the petrochemical alcohol routes, such as ethylene and normal paraffin are also reviewed. The pricing situations of the raw materials, which are entering a new dynamic period, are explored and compared. Higher Alcohols Technology A range of manufacturers processes are currently employed for higher alcohol production. These routes are detailed and costs are estimated for both whole cut and midcut alcohol products. The implications for the processes are evaluated on a comparable basis; the takeaway is an understanding of the relative merits of the various processes, and also the kind of cost variation that can take place as a result of changing feed and byproduct values. Regional prices histories are presented. Higher Alcohols Supply 2

3 A detailed review of production by type of alcohol and by producer is supported by descriptions of producers and their plants. Another feature of this chapter is the analysis of the captive use and merchant sales by producer in the three main regions. Higher Alcohols Demand Demand by region and by direct and derivative end use is presented in alcohol terms. Chain length issues related to demand are also reviewed. Higher Alcohol End Uses A detailed analysis of demand for the major alcohol-based surfactants, e.g., alcohol ether sulfates, and lesser known markets such as methacrylate esters and direct uses for alcohols is presented. The major surfactants account for three quarters of all alcohol usage and these segments are detailed by application area. The derivative producers and alcohol customers are described by region. The chapter also includes tables showing plant locations and capacities of ethoxylators and sulf(on)ators by region for Surfactant End Markets A surfactant survey provides an understanding of global surfactant markets, discussing formulation issues and other developments affecting alcohol derivatives and competing materials by subsegment and by major country. The historical development and future outlook for these markets is described and surfactant demand by type, by end market and by region is detailed for the period 1992 through Environmental Issues The safety of alcohol-based surfactants and other materials is reviewed in this chapter that focuses on biodegradability and toxicity. Legislative efforts and testing results and methods are explained along with other less prominent issues. End Use Competition and Conclusions This chapter first discusses global factors of intercompetition among surfactant intermediates, including raw materials, producer integration, and pricing. It then addresses cost performance, environmental and other points of competition between alcohol-based surfactants, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and other key materials. 3

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables List of Figures ii iv xxv xxxvi xliv I. INTRODUCTION I-1 - I-4 II. RAW MATERIALS II-1 - II-55 Natural Fats & Oils II-1 Technical Characteristics II-1 Introduction II-1 Supply/Demand Factors II-4 Coconut Oil II-6 Production II-7 World Forecast II-11 Palm Kernel Oil II-11 Production II-12 World Forecast II-16 Tallow II-18 Production II-19 Developing Sources II-19 Babassu II-19 Cuphea II-19 Rapeseed/Laurate Canola II-20 World Forecast II-20 Pricing of Fats and Oils II-21 Palm and Tallow Range Oils and Fats II-21 Lauric Oils II-22 Synthetic Raw Materials II-27 Technical Characteristics II-27 Introduction II-27 Ethylene II-28 Producers II-28 Pricing II-42 Normal Paraffins II-44 Producers II-44 Pricing II-48 Propylene Tetramer II-51 Producers II-52 Pricing II-54 III. HIGHER ALCOHOLS TECHNOLOGY III-1 - III-69 4

5 Table of Contents (continued) Introduction Technologies and Process Economics Oleo Alcohol Processes Methyl Ester Hydrogenation Fatty Acid Hydrogenation Direct Hydrogenation (Henkel Process) Modified Methyl Ester Processes Synthetic Higher Alcohol Processes Manufacture of Olefin Feedstock Oxo Technologies Shell Oxo Process Ziegler Oxidation Process Paraffin Oxidation Summary of Process Economics Competitive Feedstock and Cost Outlook Raw Materials Fats and Oils Ethylene Linear Olefins By-Products and Co-Products Glycerine Prices 5 III-1 III-2 III-4 III-4 III-11 III-18 III-19 III-19 III-22 III-33 III-37 III-39 III-51 III-51 III-54 III-54 III-55 III-58 III-58 III-60 III-61 Short Chain (C 6-11) III-62 Long Chain (C 16-18) III-63 Aluminas III-63 IV. HIGHER ALCOHOLS SUPPLY IV-1 - IV-56 Production by Type IV-1 North America IV-3 West Europe IV-6 Asia IV-8 Other Regions IV-14 Producers, Capacities and Locations IV-16 North America IV-18 BP Amoco IV-19 Cognis IV-20 Exxon IV-20 Procter & Gamble IV-21 Shell Chemical Company IV-22 CONDEA Vista IV-23 West Europe IV-24 Albright & Wilson IV-25 BASF IV-26 CONDEA IV-26 Cognis IV-28 Exxon IV-29 Fina Chemical IV-29 Salim Oleochemical IV-29 Shell Chemicals IV-30 III-64

6 Table of Contents (continued) Asia Aegis Chemical Cocochem Cognis Rika Fatty Chemical (Malaysia) Ltd. FPG Oleochemicals Sdn. Bhd. Fushun Detergent Chemicals Gujarat-Godrej Innovative Chemicals Jilin Chemical I.C. Kao Corporation Kyowa Hakko Mitsubishi Chemical Corp. New Japan Chemical Company Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Kogyo Ltd. (NSKK) Pilipinas Kao PT Aribhawana Utama PT Batamas Megah Primechem Senibel Other Chinese Producers Other Regions Captive and Merchant Market Analysis North America Captive Alcohol Market Merchant Alcohol Market West Europe Captive Alcohol Market Merchant Alcohol Market Asia IV-30 IV-33 IV-33 IV-33 IV-34 IV-34 IV-34 IV-35 IV-35 IV-35 IV-36 IV-36 IV-37 IV-37 IV-38 IV-39 IV-39 IV-40 IV-40 IV-41 IV-41 IV-43 IV-46 IV-47 IV-48 IV-49 IV-50 IV-51 IV-53 V. HIGHER ALCOHOLS DEMAND V-1 - V-21 Introduction V-1 Product Chain Length Issues V-1 End Market Product Preferences V-2 World Demand Summary V-7 Regional Demand V-11 North America V-12 West Europe V-15 Asia V-17 Other Regions V-19 VI. HIGHER ALCOHOL END USES VI-1 - VI-160 Surfactant Technology VI-2 Introduction VI-2 Transportation and Handling VI-3 Sulfation/Sulfonation VI-3 Introduction VI-3 Technology VI-4 Ethoxylation VI-34 6

7 Table of Contents (continued) Introduction Technology Pricing North America West Europe Alcohol Ethoxylate Technology Applications World Markets North America West Europe Asia Other Regions Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Technology Applications World Markets North America West Europe Asia Other Regions Alcohol Sulfate Technology Applications World Markets North America West Europe Asia Other Regions Fatty Nitrogen Derivatives Alkyldimethylamines From Alpha-Olefin via Alkyl Bromide From Fatty Acid via Fatty Acid Nitrile From Alcohol via Alkyl Chloride From Alcohol via Direct Amination Properties and Applications Producers and Production Consumption and Forecast Alcohol Demand Other End Uses Alkyl Glyceryl Ether Sulfonates Technology Consumption and Forecast Alkylpolyglycosides Technology Production and Producers Performance Applications Marketing Issues VI-34 VI-34 VI-48 VI-48 VI-50 VI-52 VI-52 VI-52 VI-55 VI-57 VI-64 VI-69 VI-73 VI-77 VI-77 VI-77 VI-78 VI-81 VI-86 VI-91 VI-95 VI-100 VI-100 VI-100 VI-101 VI-103 VI-109 VI-113 VI-116 VI-120 VI-120 VI-120 VI-121 VI-121 VI-122 VI-122 VI-124 VI-132 VI-134 VI-136 VI-136 VI-136 VI-137 VI-137 VI-137 VI-139 VI-141 VI-142 VI-143 7

8 Table of Contents (continued) Consumption Methacrylate Esters Technology Production and Producers Consumption Sulfosuccinates Technology Production and Producers Consumption and Forecast Direct End Uses Personal Care Aluminum Rolling Oils Other Direct End Uses Miscellaneous End Use Areas Pour Point Depressants Other Derivatives Unspecified Applications VI-144 VI-145 VI-145 VI-146 VI-148 VI-149 VI-149 VI-151 VI-151 VI-153 VI-154 VI-156 VI-157 VI-158 VI-158 VI-158 VI-159 VII. SURFACTANT END MARKETS VII-1 - VII-312 World Summary VII-1 North America End Markets VII-5 Introduction VII-5 Household Detergents VII-8 Summary VII-8 Heavy Duty Powders VII-13 United States VII-13 Canada VII-15 Surfactant Consumption VII-16 Heavy Duty Liquids VII-19 United States VII-20 Canada VII-21 Surfactant Consumption VII-21 Light Duty Liquids VII-24 United States VII-25 Canada VII-26 Surfactant Consumption VII-26 Fabric Softeners VII-28 United States VII-29 Canada VII-30 Surfactant Consumption VII-31 Other Household Products VII-32 Hard Surface Cleaners VII-33 Laundry Aids VII-35 Fine Fabric Detergents VII-37 Laundry Soap VII-38 Scourers VII-38 Automatic Dishwashing Detergents VII-40 Specialty Cleaners VII-41 Surfactant Consumption VII-44 8

9 Table of Contents (continued) Personal Care Products Summary Shampoo Surfactant Consumption Hair Conditioners Surfactant Consumption Bath Additives Surfactant Consumption Other Personal Care Products Soaps Skin Creams and Lotions Toothpaste Shaving Creams Hair Styling Aids Miscellaneous Surfactant Consumption Industrial & Institutional Cleaners Summary Industrial, Institutional and Commercial Laundries Hard Surface Cleaners Commercial Dishwashing Other I&I End Uses Dairy and Food Plant Cleaners Dry Cleaners Carpet Cleaners Hand Cleaners Metal Cleaners Car Wash Cleaners Transport Vehicle Cleaners Surfactant Consumption - Regional Summary United States Canada Industrial Process Aids Summary Plastics and Elastomers Textiles Agricultural Chemicals Leather Paper Other End Markets Asphalt Cement Corrosion Inhibition Dispersants Food Metalworking Fluids Oil Spill Control Ore Flotation Paint VII-50 VII-50 VII-53 VII-54 VII-56 VII-57 VII-58 VII-59 VII-61 VII-62 VII-63 VII-64 VII-64 VII-64 VII-65 VII-65 VII-69 VII-69 VII-71 VII-72 VII-73 VII-74 VII-75 VII-76 VII-77 VII-77 VII-78 VII-79 VII-79 VII-79 VII-79 VII-81 VII-83 VII-83 VII-84 VII-86 VII-88 VII-89 VII-89 VII-90 VII-90 VII-91 VII-91 VII-92 VII-92 VII-92 VII-93 VII-93 VII-93 9

10 Table of Contents (continued) Petroleum Additives Polishes Slurries Wallboard Miscellaneous End Uses Surfactant Consumption - Regional Summary United States Canada West Europe End Markets Introduction Household Products Summary End Product Consumption and Forecast Heavy Duty Detergents Heavy Duty Powders and Tablets Heavy Duty Liquids France Germany Italy Spain U.K. Other Countries Surfactant Consumption and Forecast Light Duty Liquids Surfactant Consumption and Forecast Fabric Softeners Surfactant Consumption and Forecast Other Products Autodish Hard Surface Cleaners Fine Fabric Surfactant Consumption and Forecast Personal Care Products Summary Shampoo Surfactant Consumption Conditioners Surfactant Consumption and Forecast Liquid Bath and Shower Products Surfactant Consumption Other Product Areas Toilet Soap Liquid Soap Syndet Bars Skin Creams and Lotions Toothpaste Shaving Soaps and Creams Surfactant Consumption and Forecast Industrial and Institutional Cleaners VII-94 VII-94 VII-94 VII-95 VII-95 VII-96 VII-96 VII-98 VII-100 VII-100 VII-102 VII-102 VII-105 VII-112 VII-120 VII-127 VII-129 VII-131 VII-133 VII-133 VII-135 VII-137 VII-137 VII-146 VII-147 VII-151 VII-154 VII-155 VII-155 VII-157 VII-160 VII-160 VII-163 VII-163 VII-168 VII-170 VII-173 VII-175 VII-176 VII-178 VII-180 VII-181 VII-181 VII-181 VII-182 VII-183 VII-184 VII-185 VII

11 Table of Contents (continued) Summary Commercial Laundries Hard Surface Cleaners Commercial Dishwashing Other I&I Cleaners Metal Cleaners Vehicle Cleaners Carpet Cleaners Food Industry I&I Hand Cleaners Industrial Process Aids Summary Plastics and Elastomers Textiles Agricultural Chemicals Leather Paper Other End Markets Asphalt (Bitumen) Cement and Concrete Corrosion Inhibition Dispersants Food Additives Metalworking Fluids Oilfield Oil Spill Control Ore Flotation Petroleum Additives Polishes Slurries Wallboard Asia End Markets Introduction Household Products Summary Heavy Duty Detergents Japan South Korea China Indonesia Philippines India Other Asia Surfactant Consumption Dish Detergents Light Duty Liquids Japan South Korea China VII-186 VII-192 VII-193 VII-193 VII-195 VII-195 VII-197 VII-198 VII-198 VII-199 VII-200 VII-200 VII-201 VII-204 VII-206 VII-209 VII-210 VII-212 VII-212 VII-213 VII-214 VII-214 VII-214 VII-216 VII-218 VII-219 VII-219 VII-220 VII-221 VII-221 VII-222 VII-223 VII-223 VII-226 VII-226 VII-232 VII-234 VII-237 VII-239 VII-240 VII-242 VII-245 VII-248 VII-248 VII-251 VII-252 VII-253 VII-254 VII

12 Table of Contents (continued) Indonesia Philippines India Other Asia Surfactant Consumption Fabric Softeners Surfactant Consumption Other Household Products Surfactant Consumption Personal Care Products Hair Shampoo Bath and Shower Products Cream Rinse/Conditioners Toothpaste Other Personal Care Products Industrial and Institutional Cleaners Commercial and Institutional Laundries Hard Surface Cleaners Commercial Dishwashing Surfactant Consumption Industrial Process Aids Agricultural Chemicals Pulp and Paper Plastics and Elastomers Textiles Other Regions End Markets Introduction Household Products Overview of Africa, Middle East, and East Europe Detergent Markets Review of Latin America Heavy Duty Detergents Light Duty Detergents Toilet Soap Hard Surface Cleaners Laundry Aids Personal Care Products Overview of Africa, Middle East, and East Europe Review of Latin America Shampoo Other Personal Care Products Industrial and Institutional Cleaners Industrial Process Aids Overview of Africa, Middle East, and East Europe Review of Latin America Surfactants and Raw Materials in Other Regions VII-256 VII-256 VII-257 VII-257 VII-257 VII-259 VII-260 VII-261 VII-262 VII-264 VII-266 VII-268 VII-270 VII-272 VII-274 VII-276 VII-278 VII-278 VII-279 VII-279 VII-282 VII-283 VII-284 VII-285 VII-286 VII-287 VII-287 VII-289 VII-293 VII-294 VII-296 VII-296 VII-297 VII-298 VII-299 VII-299 VII-300 VII-300 VII-301 VII-302 VII-303 VII-304 VII-306 VII-306 VII-306 VII-307 VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES VIII-1 - VIII-63 Introduction VIII-1 12

13 Table of Contents (continued) Biodegradability Methods for Determination of Biodegradability MBAS Method for Anionic Surfactants Methods for Nonionic Surfactants Methods for Cationic and Amphoteric Surfactants Biodegradation Test Procedures Biological and Chemical Oxygen Demand OECD Test Procedures Other Biodegradation Test Methods Surfactant Biodegradability Legislation in the U.S. Anaerobic Biodegradation Biodegradability of Surfactants Today Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates Alpha-Olefin Sulfonates Methyl Ester Sulfonates Alcohol Sulfates Alcohol Ethoxysulfates Alcohol Ethoxylates Modified Nonionics Based on AE Alkylphenol Ethoxylates Alkylpolyglycosides Toxicity Introduction Mammalian Toxicity Aquatic Toxicity Endocrine Modulation Toxicity of Specific Surfactants Alcohol Sulfates Alcohol Ethoxysulfates Alcohol Ethoxylates Alkylphenol Ethoxylates Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates Alpha-Olefin Sulfonates Methyl Ester Sulfonates Alkylpolyglycosides Amine Oxides Betaines Diphenyl Oxide Disulfonates EO/PO Alcohols Ethoxylated Amines Sarcosinates Transportation and Handling Concerns VIII-3 VIII-4 VIII-5 VIII-5 VIII-6 VIII-7 VIII-7 VIII-7 VIII-10 VIII-14 VIII-16 VIII-19 VIII-21 VIII-25 VIII-25 VIII-25 VIII-26 VIII-27 VIII-28 VIII-29 VIII-33 VIII-37 VIII-37 VIII-37 VIII-38 VIII-40 VIII-41 VIII-41 VIII-44 VIII-46 VIII-49 VIII-53 VIII-55 VIII-56 VIII-57 VIII-57 VIII-57 VIII-58 VIII-58 VIII-58 VIII-60 VIII-61 IX. END USE COMPETITION AND CONCLUSIONS IX-1 - IX-49 Introduction IX-1 Review of Competitive Intermediates IX-3 Alkylbenzenes IX-5 Raw Materials IX-5 Capacity IX-10 13

14 Table of Contents (continued) Integration End Market Factors Environmental Factors Alpha-Olefins Raw Materials Capacity Integration Other Factors End Market Factors Environmental Factors Alkylphenol Raw Materials Capacity Integration End Market Factors Environmental Factors Normal Paraffin Raw Materials Capacity Integration End Market Factors Environmental Factors Competitive Outlook and Surfactant Intercompetition Surfactant Choices Alcohol Ethoxylates vs Alkylphenol Ethoxylates and Other Nonionics Alcohol Ethoxylates vs Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates vs Alcohol Sulfates vs Alcohol Ethoxysulfates Logistical Aspects of Competition Environmental Aspects of Competition Technological Aspects of Competition North America Alcohol Ethoxylates vs Alkylphenol Ethoxylates Alcohol Ethoxysulfates vs Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates Alcohol Sulfates vs Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates Alcohol Ethoxylates vs Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates West Europe Alcohol Sulfates vs Linear Alkylbenzene Issues Alcohol Ethoxysulfates Issues Alcohol Ethoxylates Issues Asia IX-10 IX-11 IX-13 IX-15 IX-15 IX-15 IX-16 IX-17 IX-17 IX-19 IX-19 IX-19 IX-19 IX-20 IX-20 IX-21 IX-23 IX-23 IX-23 IX-23 IX-24 IX-24 IX-25 IX-30 IX-30 IX-31 IX-31 IX-32 IX-34 IX-34 IX-36 IX-39 IX-41 IX-41 IX-42 IX-43 IX-46 IX-46 IX-47 IX-47 X. APPENDIX X-1 - X-12 List of Abbreviations X-1 List of Contacts X-6 14

15 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Regional Higher Alcohol Demand Forecast, iv 2 World - Higher Alcohol Demand Forecast, vi 3 World - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Capacities by Type, viii 4 World - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Production by Type, ix 5 World - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Production by Region, x 6 Summary of Alcohol Production Costs by Various Processes, 1998 xi 7 World - Alcohol Ethoxylate Consumption by End Use, xii 8 World - Alcohol Ethoxylate Consumption by Region, xiii 9 World - Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Consumption by End Use, xiv 10 World - Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Consumption by Region, xv 11 World - Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Consumption by End Use, xv 12 World - Alcohol Sulfate Consumption by Region, xvii 13 World - Alkyldimethylamine Consumption by Derivative, xviii 14 World - Alkyldimethylamine Consumption by Region, xix 15 World - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C 12-22) Consumption as Alkyldimethylamines, xx 16 World - Higher Alcohols Consumption in Direct End Uses by Region, xxi 17 World - Major Surfactant Consumption by Type, xxii 18 World - Total Surfactant Consumption by End Use, xxiii II-1 List of Fatty Acids and Corresponding Oils in Which They Occur II-2 II-2 Fatty Acid Composition of Lauric Oils and Tallow by Chain Length II-4 II-3 Coconut Oil Production and Exports, II-9 II-4 Palm Kernel Production and Exports, II-15 II-5 World - Coconut and Palm Kernel Oils Production, Exports and Consumption, II-17 II-6 World - Ethylene Capacity, II-29 II-7 North America - Ethylene Producers and Capacities, 1998 II-30 II-8 West Europe - Ethylene Producers and Capacities, 1998 II-31 II-9 Asia - Ethylene Producers and Capacities, 1998 II-35 II-10 Other Regions - Ethylene Producers and Capacities, 1998 II-38 II-11 U.S. - Average Contract Delivered List Price History for Ethylene, II-43 II-12 World - n-paraffin Capacity, 1998 II-45 II-13 World - C 10+ Normal Paraffin Producers and Capacities, 1998 II-45 II-14 U.S. - Refiner Prices for Resale of Kerosene, II-50 II-15 U.S. - n-paraffin Prices , Asia CFR II-51 II-16 World - Propylene Tetramer Producers and Capacities, 1998 II-53 II-17 U.S. - List Price History for Propylene Tetramer, II-55 III-1 Estimated Production Costs - C 6-18 Alcohols From Coconut Oil by the Conventional Methyl Ester Route III-2 Estimated Production Costs - C Detergent Alcohols From Coconut Oil by the Conventional Methyl Ester Route III-10 III-3 Estimated Production Costs - C 6-18 Alcohols From Coconut Oil by the Fatty Acid Route III-16 III-4 Estimated Production Costs - C Detergent Alcohols From Coconut Oil by the Fatty Acid Route III-17 III-5 Estimated Cost of Producing Olefins - Shell SHOP Process III-27 III-9 15

16 List of Tables (continued) Table III-6 World - Internal Olefin Producers Via Pacol/Olex Processes, 1998 III-32 III-7 Comparison of Oxo Technology Conditions for Higher Alcohols III-35 III-8 Estimated Production Costs - C Detergent Alcohols Via Shell Oxo Process III III-9 Estimated Production Costs - C Alcohols From CONDEA Vista Ziegler Process III III-10 Estimated Production Costs - C Detergent Alcohols From CONDEA Vista Ziegler Process III III-11 Analysis of Alcohols Produced by BP Amoco Ziegler Process III-47 III-12 Estimated Production Costs - C Alcohols From BP Amoco Process III III-13 Estimated Production Costs - C Detergent Alcohols From BP Amoco Process III III-14 Summary of Alcohol Production Costs by Various Processes, 1998 III-53 III-15 Alpha-Olefin (C ) Production Forecast, III III-16 U.S. - Detergent-Range Alcohols Average Price History, III-65 IV-1 World - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Production by Region, IV-2 IV-2 World - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Production by Type, IV-3 IV-3 U.S. - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Production by Producer, IV-4 IV-4 North America - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Production by Type, IV-6 IV-5 West Europe - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Production by Type, IV-7 IV-6 West Europe - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Production by Producer, IV-7 IV-7 Asia - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Production by Type, IV-9 IV-8 Asia - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Production by Producer, IV-11 IV-9 Other Regions - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Production by Type, IV-15 IV-10 World - Regional Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Capacities by Derivation, 1998 IV-16 IV-11 World - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Capacities by Region, IV-17 IV-12 World - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Capacities by Type, IV-18 IV-13 North America - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Producers and Capacities, 1998 IV-19 IV-14 U.S. - Shell Chemical Co. Detergent Alcohol Capacity, IV-22 IV-15 West Europe - Detergent-Range Oleochemical-Based Alcohol (C ) Producers and Capacities, 1998 IV-24 IV-16 West Europe - Detergent-Range Synthetic Alcohol (C ) Producers and Capacities, 1998 IV-25 IV-17 Asia - Detergent-Range Oleo-Based Alcohol (C ) Producers and Capacities, 1998 IV-31 IV-18 Asia - Detergent-Range Synthetic Alcohol (C ) Producers and Capacities, 1998 IV-32 IV-19 Other Regions - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C ) Producers and Capacities, 1998 IV-41 IV-20 North America - Estimated Captive/Merchant C Alcohol Analysis, 1998 IV-47 IV-21 West Europe - Estimated Captive/Merchant C Alcohol Analysis, 1998 IV-50 IV-22 Asia - Estimated Captive/Merchant C Alcohol Analysis, 1998 IV-53 V-1 World - Higher Alcohol Demand Forecast, V-8 V-2 World - Detergent Alcohol Use in AES by Application, V-9 V-3 Regional Higher Alcohol Demand Forecast, V-11 V-4 North America - Higher Alcohol Demand Forecast, V-14 V-5 West Europe - Higher Alcohol Demand Forecast, V-16 V-6 Asia - Higher Alcohol Demand Forecast, V-18 V-7 Other Regions - Higher Alcohol Demand Forecast, V-20 VI-1 World - Sulfation/Sulfonation Capacity by Region, 1999 VI-5 VI-2 North America - Sulfators/Sulfonators and Capacities, 1999 VI-5 VI-3 West Europe - Sulfators/Sulfonators and Capacities, 1999 VI-9 VI-4 Asia - Sulfators/Sulfonators and Capacities, 1999 VI-13 VI-5 Other Regions - Sulfators/Sulfonators and Capacities, 1999 VI-22 16

17 List of Tables (continued) Table VI-6 World - Ethoxylation Capacity by Region, 1999 VI-35 VI-7 North America - Surfactant Ethoxylators and Capacities, 1999 VI-36 VI-8 West Europe - Surfactant Ethoxylators and Capacities, 1999 VI-39 VI-9 Asia - Surfactant Ethoxylators and Capacities, 1999 VI-42 VI-10 Other Regions - Surfactant Ethoxylators and Capacities, 1999 VI-46 VI-11 World - Alcohol Ethoxylate Consumption by Region, VI-56 VI-12 World - Alcohol Ethoxylate Consumption by End Use, VI-56 VI-13 North America - Selected Alcohol Ethoxylate Producers, 1999 VI-57 VI-14 North America - Alcohol Ethoxylate Consumption by End Use, VI-59 VI-15 North America - Selected Alcohol Ethoxylate Customers, 1999 VI-60 VI-16 U.S. - Alcohol Ethoxylate Consumption by End Use, VI-62 VI-17 Canada - Alcohol Ethoxylate Consumption by End Use, VI-63 VI-18 West Europe - Selected Alcohol Ethoxylate Producers, 1999 VI-64 VI-19 West Europe - Alcohol Ethoxylate Consumption by End Use, VI-65 VI-20 West Europe - Selected Alcohol Ethoxylate Customers, 1999 VI-66 VI-21 Asia - Selected Alcohol Ethoxylate Producers, 1999 VI-70 VI-22 Asia - Alcohol Ethoxylate Consumption by End Use, VI-72 VI-23 Asia - Selected Alcohol Ethoxylate Customers, 1999 VI-73 VI-24 Other Regions - Selected Alcohol Ethoxylate Producers, 1999 VI-74 VI-25 Other Regions - Alcohol Ethoxylate Consumption by End Use, VI-76 VI-26 World - Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Consumption by Region, VI-79 VI-27 World - Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Consumption by End Use, VI-80 VI-28 North America - Selected Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Producers, 1999 VI-81 VI-29 North America - Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Consumption by End Use, VI-83 VI-30 North America - Selected Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Customers, 1999 VI-83 VI-31 U.S. - Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Consumption by End Use, VI-84 VI-32 Canada - Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Consumption by End Use, VI-85 VI-33 West Europe - Selected Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Producers, 1999 VI-87 VI-34 West Europe - Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Consumption by End Use, VI-88 VI-35 West Europe - Selected Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Customers, 1999 VI-90 VI-36 Asia - Selected Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Producers, 1999 VI-92 VI-37 Asia - Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Consumption by End Use, VI-94 VI-38 Asia - Selected Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Customers, 1999 VI-94 VI-39 Other Regions - Selected Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Producers, 1999 VI-96 VI-40 Other Regions - Alcohol Ethoxysulfate Consumption by End Use, VI-97 VI-41 World - Alcohol Sulfate Consumption by Region, VI-102 VI-42 World - Alcohol Sulfate Consumption by End Use, VI-103 VI-43 North America - Selected Alcohol Sulfate Producers, 1999 VI-104 VI-44 North America - Alcohol Sulfate Consumption by End Use, VI-105 VI-45 North America - Selected Alcohol Sulfate Customers, 1999 VI-106 VI-46 U.S. - Alcohol Sulfate Consumption by End Use, VI-107 VI-47 Canada - Alcohol Sulfate Consumption by End Use, VI-108 VI-48 West Europe - Selected Alcohol Sulfate Producers, 1999 VI-109 VI-49 West Europe - Selected Alcohol Sulfate Customers, 1999 VI-111 VI-50 West Europe - Alcohol Sulfate Consumption by End Use, VI-112 VI-51 Asia - Selected Alcohol Sulfate Producers, 1999 VI-114 VI-52 Asia - Alcohol Sulfate Consumption by End Use, VI-115 VI-53 Asia - Selected Alcohol Sulfate Customers, 1999 VI-116 VI-54 Other Regions - Selected Alcohol Sulfate Producers, 1999 VI

18 List of Tables (continued) Table VI-55 Other Regions - Alcohol Sulfate Consumption by End Use, VI-118 VI-56 World - Alkyldimethylamine Production by Source, VI-124 VI-57 North America - Alkyldimethylamine Producers and Capacities, 1998 VI-125 VI-58 West Europe - Alkyldimethylamine Producers and Capacities, 1998 VI-128 VI-59 Asia - Alkyldimethylamine Producers and Capacities, 1998 VI-131 VI-60 World - Alkyldimethylamine Consumption by Derivative, VI-132 VI-61 World - Detergent-Range Alcohol (C 12-22) Consumption as Alkyldimethylamines, VI-135 VI-62 World - Alkylpolyglycoside Consumption by End Use Area and Region, VI-145 VI-63 World - Methacrylate Ester Producers by Region, 1998 VI-147 VI-64 World - Methacrylate Ester Consumption by Region, VI-148 VI-65 World - Alcohol Demand for Methacrylate Esters by Region, VI-149 VI-66 World - Sulfosuccinate Consumption by Region, VI-152 VI-67 World - C 12 and Higher Alcohol Demand for Sulfosuccinates by Region, VI-152 VI-68 World - Higher Alcohols Consumption in Direct End Uses by Region, VI-154 VI-69 World - Direct Use of Higher Alcohol in Personal Care Products by Region, VI-156 VI-70 Regional Consumption of Higher Alcohols as Rolling Oils, 1998 VI-157 VI-71 World - Higher Alcohol Consumption in Other Direct End Uses by Region, VI-157 VI-72 World - Other Derivatives Consumption of Higher Alcohols by Region, VI-159 VI-73 World - Unspecified Other Consumption of Higher Alcohols by Region, VI-160 VII-1 World - Total Surfactant Consumption by End Use, VII-1 VII-2 World - Surfactant Consumption by Region, VII-3 VII-3 World - Major Surfactant Consumption by Type, VII-4 VII-4 North America - Surfactant Consumption by Major End Market Area, VII-5 VII-5 North America - Total Surfactant Use, VII-6 VII-6 North America - Major Household Product Consumption, VII-8 VII-7 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Household Products by Country and End Use, 1998 VII-10 VII-8 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Household Products by End Use, VII-11 VII-9 U.S. - Consumption of Heavy Duty Detergents, VII-15 VII-10 Canada - Consumption of Heavy Duty Detergents, VII-15 VII-11 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Heavy Duty Powders by Country, 1998 VII-17 VII-12 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Heavy Duty Powders, VII-18 VII-13 North America - Consumption of Heavy Duty Liquids, 1998 VII-20 VII-14 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Heavy Duty Liquids by Country, 1998 VII-21 VII-15 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Heavy Duty Liquids by Type, VII-23 VII-16 North America - Consumption of Light Duty Liquids, 1998 VII-25 VII-17 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Light Duty Liquids by Country, 1998 VII-27 VII-18 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Light Duty Liquids by Type, VII-28 VII-19 North America - Consumption of Fabric Softeners, 1998 VII-29 VII-20 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Fabric Softeners by Country, 1998 VII-32 VII-21 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Fabric Softeners by Type, VII-32 VII-22 North America - Consumption of Other Household Products, 1998 VII-33 VII-23 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Other Household Products by Country, 1998 VII-44 VII-24 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Other Household Products by Type, VII-45 VII-25 North America - Personal Care Product Consumption, VII-50 VII-26 North America - Surfactant Consumption by Personal Care End Uses, VII-52 VII-27 North America - Total Surfactant Consumption in Personal Care by Type, VII-53 VII-28 North America - Consumption of Shampoo, 1998 VII-54 18

19 List of Tables (continued) Table VII-29 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Shampoo by Country, 1998 VII-54 VII-30 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Shampoo, VII-56 VII-31 North America - Consumption of Conditioners, 1998 VII-56 VII-32 North America - Surfactant and Direct Alcohol Consumption in Conditioners by Country, 1998 VII-57 VII-33 North America - Surfactant and Direct Alcohol Consumption in Conditioners by Type, VII-58 VII-34 North America - Consumption of Bath Additives, 1998 VII-59 VII-35 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Bath Additives by Country, 1998 VII-60 VII-36 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Bath Additives by Type, VII-60 VII-37 North America - Consumption of Other Personal Care Products, 1998 VII-61 VII-38 North America - Surfactant and Direct Alcohol Consumption in Other Personal Care Products by Country, 1998 VII-67 VII-39 North America - Surfactant and Direct Alcohol Consumption in Other Personal Care Products by Type, VII-68 VII-40 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Industrial and Institutional Cleaners by End Use, VII-69 VII-41 North America - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Industrial and Institutional Cleaners, VII-70 VII-42 U.S. - Surfactant Consumption in I&I Laundries, VII-72 VII-43 U.S. - Surfactant Consumption in Hard Surface Cleaners, VII-73 VII-44 U.S. - Surfactant Consumption in Dishwashing, VII-74 VII-45 U.S. - Surfactant Consumption in Other I&I Applications, VII-75 VII-46 U.S. - Surfactant Consumption in Industrial and Institutional Cleaners by End Use, VII-80 VII-47 U.S. - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Industrial and Institutional Cleaners, VII-81 VII-48 Canada - Surfactant Consumption in Industrial and Institutional Cleaners by End Use, VII-81 VII-49 Canada - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Industrial and Institutional Cleaners, VII-82 VII-50 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Industrial End Uses, VII-83 VII-51 North America - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Industrial End Uses, VII-84 VII-52 U.S. - Surfactant Consumption in Plastics and Elastomers, VII-85 VII-53 U.S. - Surfactant Consumption in Textiles, VII-87 VII-54 U.S. - Surfactant Consumption in Agricultural Chemicals, VII-88 VII-55 U.S. - Surfactant Consumption in Leather, VII-89 VII-56 U.S. - Surfactant Consumption in Paper, VII-90 VII-57 U.S. - Surfactant Consumption in Other Industrial Process Aids, VII-95 VII-58 U.S. - Surfactant Consumption in Industrial End Uses, VII-96 VII-59 U.S. - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Industrial End Uses, VII-97 VII-60 Canada - Surfactant Consumption in Industrial End Uses, VII-98 VII-61 Canada - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Industrial End Uses, VII-99 VII-62 West Europe - Total Surfactant Consumption by Type, VII-100 VII-63 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption by End Use Area, VII-101 VII-64 West Europe - Major Household Detergent by End Use, VII-103 VII-65 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Household Detergent Production by End Use and Country, 1998 VII-106 VII-66 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Household Detergent Production, VII-110 VII-67 West Europe - Consumption of Heavy Duty Detergents, VII-121 VII-68 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Heavy Duty Powders by Country VII-138 VII-69 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Heavy Duty Powders by Type, VII

20 List of Tables (continued) Table VII-70 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Heavy Duty Liquids by Country, 1998 VII-145 VII-71 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Heavy Duty Liquids by Type, VII-145 VII-72 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Light Duty Liquids by Country, 1998 VII-150 VII-73 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Light Duty Liquids by Type, VII-151 VII-74 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Fabric Softeners by Country, 1998 VII-154 VII-75 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Fabric Softeners by Type, VII-155 VII-76 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Other Household Products by Country, 1998 VII-160 VII-77 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Other Household Products by Type, VII-161 VII-78 West Europe - Personal Care Product Consumption by End Use, VII-164 VII-79 West Europe - Total Surfactant Consumption in Personal Care Products, VII-167 VII-80 West Europe - Consumption of Shampoo by Country, 1998 VII-168 VII-81 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Shampoo by Country, 1998 VII-173 VII-82 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Shampoo by Type, VII-173 VII-83 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Conditioners by Country, 1998 VII-176 VII-84 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Conditioners by Type, VII-176 VII-85 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Bath Additives by Country, 1998 VII-179 VII-86 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Bath Additives by Type, VII-180 VII-87 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Other Personal Care End Uses, VII-185 VII-88 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in I&I Cleaners by End Use, VII-186 VII-89 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Industrial & Institutional Cleaners, VII-187 VII-90 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption in Industrial End Uses, VII-200 VII-91 West Europe - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Industrial End Uses, VII-201 VII-92 Asia - Surfactant Consumption by End Use Area, VII-223 VII-93 Asia - Total Surfactant Consumption by Type, VII-224 VII-94 Asia - Household Product Consumption by End Use, VII-226 VII-95 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Household Detergents by End Use and Country, 1998 VII-227 VII-96 Asia - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Household Products, VII-230 VII-97 Asia - Consumption of Heavy Duty Detergents, VII-233 VII-98 Asia - Consumption of Powder Detergents, VII-234 VII-99 Japan - Consumption of Heavy Duty Detergents, VII-235 VII-100 Japan - Laundry Powder Detergent Market Shares, 1998 VII-237 VII-101 South Korea - Consumption of Heavy Duty Detergents, VII-237 VII-102 China - Consumption of Heavy Duty Detergents, VII-239 VII-103 Indonesia - Consumption of Heavy Duty Detergents, VII-241 VII-104 Philippines - Consumption of Heavy Duty Detergents, VII-242 VII-105 Philippines - Laundry Powder Detergent Market Shares, 1998 VII-245 VII-106 India - Consumption of Heavy Duty Detergents, VII-246 VII-107 Other Selected Asian Countries - Consumption of Heavy Duty Detergents, 1998 VII-248 VII-108 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Laundry Products by Country, 1998 VII-249 VII-109 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Heavy Duty Detergents by Type, VII-250 VII-110 Asia - Consumption of Light Duty Liquids by Country, 1998 VII-253 VII-111 Japan - Dishwash Detergent Market Shares, 1998 VII-254 VII-112 South Korea - Dishwash Detergent Market Shares, 1998 VII-255 VII-113 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Light Duty Liquids by Country, 1998 VII-258 VII-114 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Light Duty Liquids by Type, VII-259 VII-115 Asia - Consumption of Fabric Softeners by Country, 1998 VII-260 VII-116 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Fabric Softeners by Country, 1998 VII-261 VII-117 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Fabric Softeners by Type, VII

21 List of Tables (continued) Table VII-118 Asia - Consumption of Other Household Products, 1998 VII-262 VII-119 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Other Household Products by Country, 1998 VII-263 VII-120 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Other Household Products by Type, VII-263 VII-121 Asia - Personal Care Product Consumption by End Use, VII-264 VII-122 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Personal Care Products by End Use, VII-265 VII-123 Asia - Total Surfactant Consumption in Personal Care Products, VII-266 VII-124 Asia - Consumption of Shampoo by Country, 1998 VII-267 VII-125 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Shampoo by Country, 1998 VII-268 VII-126 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Shampoo by Type, VII-268 VII-127 Asia - Consumption of Bath and Shower Products by Country, 1998 VII-269 VII-128 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Bath and Shower Products by Country, 1998 VII-270 VII-129 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Bath and Shower Products by Type, VII-270 VII-130 Asia - Consumption of Conditioners by Country, 1998 VII-271 VII-131 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Conditioners by Country, 1998 VII-272 VII-132 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Conditioners by Type, VII-272 VII-133 Asia - Consumption of Toothpaste by Country, 1998 VII-273 VII-134 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Toothpaste by Country, 1998 VII-273 VII-135 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Toothpaste by Type, VII-274 VII-136 Asia - Consumption of Other Personal Care Products by Country, 1998 VII-275 VII-137 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Other Personal Care End Uses, VII-275 VII-138 Asia - Consumption of I&I Cleaning Products by End Use, VII-276 VII-139 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in I&I Cleaners by End Use, VII-279 VII-140 Asia - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Industrial and Institutional Cleaners, VII-281 VII-141 Asia - Surfactant Consumption in Industrial End Uses, VII-282 VII-142 Asia - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Industrial End Uses, VII-283 VII-143 Other Regions - Consumption of Synthetic Detergents, 1998 VII-289 VII-144 Latin America - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Household Products, VII-291 VII-145 Latin America - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Personal Care Products, VII-301 VII-146 Latin America - Shampoo Consumption by Country, 1998 VII-302 VII-147 Latin America - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Industrial & Institutional Cleaners, VII-304 VII-148 Latin America - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Industrial Process Aids, VII-306 VII-149 Other Regions - Surfactant Consumption by End Use, VII-307 VII-150 Latin America - Surfactant Consumption by End Use, VII-310 VII-151 Latin America - Surfactant Consumption by Type in Selected End Uses, VII-311 VII-152 Other Regions - Surfactant Consumption by Type, VII-312 VIII-1 OECD Screen and Confirmatory Test Conditions VIII-9 VIII-2 Tests for Ready Biodegradability Recommended by OECD VIII-12 VIII-3 Tests for Inherent Biodegradability Recommended by OECD VIII-13 VIII-4 Simulation Tests for Biodegradability VIII-14 VIII-5 Biodegradability Data on Various Surfactants VIII-20 VIII-6 Acute Aquatic Toxicity Data on Various Surfactants VIII-56 VIII-7 Skin and Eye Irritation of Ethoxylated Fatty Acids VIII-59 VIII-8 Acute Oral Toxicity VIII-60 IX-1 Summary of Intermediate and Surfactant Economic and Environmental Sensitivities IX-4 IX-2 U.S. - Price History of Benzene, IX-9 IX-3 U.S. - Price History of Selected Alpha-Olefins, IX-18 21

22 List of Tables (continued) Table IX-4 World - Consumption of Alcohol-Based vs. Other Surfactants, IX-26 IX-5 World - Summary of Major Alcohol-Based Surfactants by Sector, IX-27 IX-6 World - Consumption of Surfactants in Household Products, IX-28 IX-7 Surfactant Intercompetition Review IX-35 IX-8 North America - Total Surfactant Use, 1998 and 2010 IX-37 IX-9 West Europe - Total Surfactant Use, 1998 and 2010 IX-43 IX-10 Asia - Total Surfactant Use, 1998 and 2010 IX-48 22

23 LIST OF FIGURES Figure II-1 World Consumption of Coconut Oil, 1998 II-6 II-2 World Consumption of Palm Kernel Oil, 1998 II-12 II-3 Lauric Oil Prices, II-23 II-4 Lauric Oil Monthly Price History, II-25 II-5 Raw Material Flow to Synthetic Higher Alcohols II-27 III-1 Methyl Ester Route to Oleo Alcohols III-6 III-2 Fatty Acid Route to Oleo Alcohols III-13 III-3 Summary of Intermediate and Synthetic Alcohol Processes III-21 III-4 Shell Higher Olefin Process for Producing Olefins From Ethylene III-23 III-5 Oligomer Product Distribution vs. K Factor III-25 III-6 Molex Unit Configuration III-29 III-7 Pacol-Olex Unit Configuration III-30 III-8 Simplified Flow Diagram of the Original CONDEA Vista (Alfol) Ziegler Process III-41 III-9 Distribution of Alcohol by Chain Length From the CONDEA Vista Ziegler Process III-42 III-10 Simplified Flow Diagram of the BP Amoco Ziegler Process III-46 III-11 Distribution of Alcohol by Chain Length from the EPAL Process III-48 III-12 Intercompetition of Key Fats and Oils III-56 IV-1 World - C Alcohol Production by Type, IV-3 IV-2 World - Major C Alcohol Captive vs. Merchant Markets, 1998 IV-44 IV-3 Major World Captive/Merchant C Alcohol Markets, 1998 IV-45 V-1 Regional Higher Alcohol Demand, V-12 VII-1 North America - Surfactant Consumption by End Use Market, VII-7 VII-2 North America - Major Surfactants in Household Products by Products, VII-7 VII-3 North America - Major Surfactants in Household Products by Surfactant, VII-9 VII-4 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Heavy Duty Powders, VII-19 VII-5 North America - Surfactant Consumption in Heavy Duty Liquids, VII-24 IX-1 Left to Right Pathways From Synthesis of Major Surfactants From Raw Materials and Intermediates IX-2 IX-2 Commercial Utilization Routes of Normal Paraffins in Detergent Intermediate Manufacture IX-6 23

24 SAMPLE TABLES Table 5 WORLD - DETERGENT-RANGE ALCOHOL (C ) PRODUCTION BY REGION, (thousand tons) AAGR % Region North America West Europe Asia Other Regions TOTAL Table IV-4 NORTH AMERICA - DETERGENT-RANGE ALCOHOL (C ) PRODUCTION BY TYPE, (thousand tons) AAGR % Type Synthetic alcohol Oleo alcohol TOTAL 24

25 Table IV-6 WEST EUROPE - DETERGENT-RANGE ALCOHOL (C (thousand tons) ) PRODUCTION BY PRODUCER, Producer Location F OLEO ALCOHOLS TOTAL OLEO SYNTHETIC ALCOHOLS GRAND TOTAL WEST EUROPE F = Forecast 25

26 Alcohol ethoxylates Alcohol ether sulfates Alcohol sulfates Subtotal Nitrogen Derivatives Table V-5 WEST EUROPE - HIGHER ALCOHOL DEMAND FORECAST, (thousand tons) Quaternary ammonium compounds Amine oxide Other ADA derivatives Subtotal Nitrogen Derivatives Other Intermediates Alkylpolyglycosides Methacrylate esters Sulfosuccinates Others Subtotal Others Direct End Uses Personal care Other Unspecified other TOTAL AAGR %

27 Household Personal Care Table VI-12 WORLD - ALCOHOL ETHOXYLATE CONSUMPTION BY END USE, (thousand tons, 100 percent solids) Industrial & Institutional Industrial a a TOTAL Does not include AE consumed in AES production. AAGR % Household Personal Care Industrial & Institutional Industrial TOTAL Table VI-52 ASIA - ALCOHOL SULFATE CONSUMPTION BY END USE, (thousand tons, 100 percent solids) AAGR %

28 Table VII-1 WORLD - TOTAL SURFACTANT CONSUMPTION BY END USE, (thousand tons) AAGR % HOUSEHOLD North America West Europe Asia Other Regions TOTAL PERSONAL CARE North America West Europe Asia Other Regions TOTAL I&I CLEANERS North America West Europe Asia Other Regions a TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESS AIDS North America West Europe Asia Other Regions a TOTAL GRAND TOTAL b a Incomplete data for I&I and Industrial Process Aids. b Does not include soap. 28