Chapter 18. Metabolism--an Overview. to accompany Biochemistry, 2/e by Reginald Garrett and Charles Grisham. Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham
|
|
- Brice Nelson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 18 Metabolism--an Overview to accompany Biochemistry, 2/e by Reginald Garrett and Charles Grisham All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt Brace & Company, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida
2 Outline 18.1 Basic Set of Metabolic Pathways 18.2 Catabolism and Anabolism 18.3 Experimental Methods 18.4 Nutrition SPECIAL FOCUS: Vitamins
3 Metabolism The sum of the chemical changes that convert nutrients into energy and the chemically complex products of cells Hundreds of enzyme reactions organized into discrete pathways Substrates are transformed to products via many specific intermediates Metabolic maps portray the reactions
4 A Common Set of Pathways Organisms show a marked similarity in their major metabolic pathways Evidence that all life descended from a common ancestral form There is also significant diversity Autotrophs use CO 2 ; Heterotrophs use organic carbon; Phototrophs use light; Chemotrophs use Glc, inorganics & S
5 The Sun is Energy for Life Phototrophs use light to drive synthesis of organic molecules Heterotrophs use these as building blocks CO 2, O 2, and H 2 O are recycled See Figure 18.3
6
7 Metabolism Metabolism consists of catabolism and anabolism Catabolism: degradative pathways Usually energy-yielding! Anabolism: biosynthetic pathways energy-requiring!
8
9 Organization in Pathways Pathways consist of sequential steps The enzymes may be separate Or may form a multienzyme complex Or may be a membrane-bound system New research indicates that multienzyme complexes are more common than once thought
10
11 Catabolism and Anabolism Catabolic pathways converge to a few end products Anabolic pathways diverge to synthesize many biomolecules Some pathways serve both in catabolism and anabolism Such pathways are amphibolic
12
13 Comparing Pathways Anabolic & catabolic pathways involving the same product are not the same Some steps may be common to both Others must be different - to ensure that each pathway is spontaneous This also allows regulation mechanisms to turn one pathway on and the other off
14
15
16 The ATP Cycle ATP is the energy currency of cells Phototrophs transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP In heterotrophs, catabolism produces ATP, which drives activities of cells ATP cycle carries energy from photosynthesis or catabolism to the energy-requiring processes of cells
17
18 Redox in Metabolism NAD + collects electrons released in catabolism Catabolism is oxidative - substrates lose reducing equivalents, usually H - ions Anabolism is reductive - NADPH provides the reducing power (electrons) for anabolic processes
19 A comparison of state of reduction of carbon atoms in biomolecules.
20 Isotope Tracers as Probes Substrates labeled with an isotopic form of some element can be fed to cells and used to elucidate metabolic sequences Radioactive isotopes: 14 C, 3 H, 32 P Stable heavy isotopes: 18 O, 15 N
21 Nutrition Protein is a rich source of nitrogen and also provides essential amino acids Carbohydrates provide needed energy and essential components for nucleotides and nucleic acids Lipids provide essential fatty acids that are key components of membranes and also important signal molecules
22 Vitamins Many vitamins are "coenzymes" - molecules that bring unusual chemistry to the enzyme active site Vitamins and coenzymes are classified as "water-soluble" and "fat-soluble" The water-soluble coenzymes exhibit the most interesting chemistry
23 Vitamin B 1 Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) Thiamine - a thiazole ring joined to a substituted pyrimidine by a methylene bridge Thiamine-PP is the active form TPP is involved in carbohydrate metabolism It catalyzes decarboxylations of alpha-keto acids and the formation and cleavage of alpha-hydroxyketones
24
25 Thiamine Pyrophosphate Reactions and rationale Yeast pyruvate decarboxylase, acetolactate synthase, transketolase, phosphoketolase All these reactions depend on accumulation of negative charge on the carbonyl carbon at which cleavage occurs! Thiamine pyrophosphate facilitates these reactions by stabilizing this negative charge The key is the quaternary nitrogen of the thiazolium group
26 Role of the Thiazolium Nitrogen Key points: It provides electrostatic stabilization of the carbanion formed by removal of the C-2 proton It acts as an electron sink via resonance interactions The resonance-stabilized intermediate can be protonated to give hydroxyethyl-tpp, an isolatable intermediate! Study Figures !!
27 Adenine Nucleotide Coenzymes All use the adenine nucleotide group solely for binding to the enzyme! Several classes of coenzymes: pyridine dinucleotides flavin mono- and dinucleotides coenzyme A
28 Nicotinic Acid and the Nicotinamide Coenzymes aka pyridine nucleotides These coenzymes are two-electron carriers They transfer hydride anion (H - ) to and from substrates Two important coenzymes in this class: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + )
29
30 Nicotinamide Coenzymes Structural and mechanistic features The quaternary nitrogen of the nicotinamide ring acts as an electron sink to facilitate hydride transfer The site (on the nicotinamide ring) of hydride transfer is a pro-chiral center! Hydride transfer is always stereospecific! Be sure you understand the pro-r, pro-s designations
31
32 Last Notes on Nicotinamides See box on page 590 Nicotinamide was first isolated in 1937 by Elvehjem at the University of Wisconsin Note similarities between structures of nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and nicotine To avoid confusion of names (and functions!), the name niacin (for nicotinic acid vitamin) was suggested by Cowgill at Yale.
33 Riboflavin and the Flavins Vitamin B 2 All these substances contain ribitol and a flavin or isoalloxazine ring Active forms are flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) FMN is not a true nucleotide FAD is not a dinucleotide But the names are traditional and they persist!
34
35 Flavin Mechanisms Flavins are one- or two-electron transfer agents Name "flavin" comes from Latin flavius for "yellow" The oxidized form is yellow, semiquinones are blue or red and the reduced form is colorless Study the electron and proton transfers in Figure Other transfers are possible!
36 Coenzyme A Pantothenic acid (vitamin B 3 ) is a component of Coenzyme A Functions: Activation of acyl groups for transfer by nucleophilic attack activation of the alpha-hydrogen of the acyl group for abstraction as a proton Both these functions are mediated by the reactive -SH group on CoA, which forms thioesters
37
38 Vitamin B 6 Pyridoxine and pyridoxal phosphate Catalyzes reactions involving amino acids Transaminations, decarboxylations, eliminations, racemizations and aldol reactions See Figure This versatile chemistry is due to: formation of stable Schiff base adducts a conjugated electron sink system that stabilizes reaction intermediates
39
40
41
42 Pyridoxal Phosphate Mechanisms Figure is a key figure - relate each intermediate to subsequent mechanisms Appreciate the fundamental difference between intermediates 2-5 and 6,7 It would be a good idea to devote some time to the mechanisms in the end-ofchapter problems.
43
44 Vitamin B 12 Cyanocobalamin B 12 is converted into two coenzymes in the body: 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin methylcobalamin
45 Vitamin B 12 Cyanocobalamin Dorothy Hodgkin determined the crystal structure of B 12 in at the time it was the most complicated structure ever elucidated by X-ray diffraction and she won a Nobel prize Most striking feature - the C-Co bond length of nm (2.05 A) - an essentially covalent bond
46
47 B 12 Function & Mechanism See Figures B 12 catalyzes 3 kinds of reactions: Intramolecular rearrangements Reductions of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides Methyl group transfers (assisted by tetrahydrofolate - which is covered in a later section of this chapter)
48 Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Most plants and animals make ascorbic acid - for them it is not a vitamin Only a few vertebrates - man, primates, guinea pigs, fruit-eating bats and some fish (rainbow trout, carp and Coho salmon) cannot make it! Vitamin C is a reasonably strong reducing agent It functions as an electron carrier
49 Roles of Vitamin C Many functions in the body Hydroxylations of proline and lysine (essential for collagen) are Vitamin C-dependent Metabolism of Tyr in brain depends on C Fe mobilization from spleen depends on C C may prevent the toxic effects of some metals C ameliorates allergic responses C can stimulate the immune system
50
51 Biotin "Chemistry on a tether" Biotin functions as a mobile carboxyl group carrier Bound covalently to a lysine The biotin-lysine conjugate is called biocytin The biotin ring system is thus tethered to the protein by a long, flexible chain
52
53 Biotin Carboxylations Most use bicarbonate and ATP Whenever you see a carboxylation that requires ATP and CO 2 or HCO 3-, think biotin! Activation by ATP involves formation of carbonyl phosphate (aka carboxyl phosphate) Carboxyl group is transferred to biotin to form N- carboxy-biotin The "tether" allows the carboxyl group to be shuttled from the carboxylase subunit to the transcarboxylase subunit of ACC-carboxylase
54 Lipoic Acid Another example of "chemistry on a tether"! Lipoic acid, like biotin, is a ring on a chain and is linked to a lysine on its protein Lipoic acid is an acyl group carrier Found in pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Lipoic acid functions to couple acyl-group transfer and electron transfer during oxidation and decarboxylation of α-keto acids
55
56 Folic Acid Folates are donors of 1-C units for all oxidation levels of carbon except that of CO 2 Active form is tetrahydrofolate (THF) THF is formed by two successive reductions of folate by dihydrofolate reductase Know how to calculate oxidation states of C! See Table 18.6
57
58 Vitamin A Retinol, retinyl esters and retinal are forms of Vitamin A Retinol-binding proteins (RBPs) help to mobilize and transport vitamin A and its derivatives Retinol is converted to retinal in the retina of the eye and is linked to opsin to form rhodopsin, a light-sensitive pigment protein in the rods and cones Vitamin A also affects growth and differentiation
59
60 Vitamin D Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol is made in the skin by the action of UV light on 7-dehydrocholesterol Major circulating form is 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D 3 ) is the most active form It functions to regulate calcium homeostasis and plays a role in phosphorus homeostasis
61
62 Vitamins E and K Less understood vitamins Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is a potent antioxidant Molecular details are almost entirely unknown May prevent membrane oxidations Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting Carboxylation of 10 glutamyl residues on prothrombin (to form γ-carboxy-glu residues) is catalyzed by a vitamin K-dependent enzyme, liver microsomal glutamyl carboxylase
63
64
65
Chapter 18. Metabolism. BCH 4053 Summer 2001 Chapter 18 Lecture Notes. Slide 1. Slide 2
BCH 4053 Summer 2001 Chapter 18 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 18 Metabolism Overview 2 Metabolism Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical changes occurring in the cell. Nutrients fi Cellular Constituents,
More informationVitamins. Definition - Organic compound required in small amounts. A few words about each. Vitamin A. Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12
Vitamins. Definition - Organic compound required in small amounts. A few words about each. Vitamin A Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12 Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin A - Retinol Retinol (vitamin
More informationBIOL 158: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY II
BIOL 158: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY II Lecture 5: Vitamins and Coenzymes Lecturer: Christopher Larbie, PhD Introduction Cofactors bind to the active site and assist in the reaction mechanism Apoenzyme is an
More informationRegulation of Enzyme Activity
Regulation of Enzyme Activity Enzyme activity must be regulated so that the proper levels of products are produced at all times and places This control occurs in several ways: - biosynthesis at the genetic
More informationHind Abu Tawileh. Moh Tarek & Razi Kittaneh. Ma moun
26 Hind Abu Tawileh Moh Tarek & Razi Kittaneh... Ma moun Cofactors are non-protein compounds, they are divided into 3 types: Protein-based. Metals: if they are bounded tightly (covalently) to the enzyme
More informationChapter 9 Overview. Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle. Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions. Aerobic metabolism I
n n Chapter 9 Overview Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions Ingestion of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids Provide basic building blocks for
More informationPAPER No. : 16 Bioorganic and biophysical chemistry MODULE No. : 25 Coenzyme-I Coenzyme A, TPP, B12 and biotin
Subject Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag 16, Bio organic and Bio physical chemistry 25, Coenzyme-I : Coenzyme A, TPP, B12 and CHE_P16_M25 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction
More informationCoenzymes. Coenzymes 9/15/2014. BCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins
BCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins Cofactors Essential ions Coenzymes Cosubstrates Prosthetic groups Coenzymes structure/function/active group Vitamins 1 Coenzymes Some enzymes require for
More information9/16/2015. Coenzymes. Coenzymes. BCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins. Types of cofactors
BCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins Cofactors Essential ions Coenzymes Cosubstrates Prosthetic groups Coenzymes structure/function/active group Vitamins 1 Coenzymes Some enzymes require for
More informationCELLULAR METABOLISM. Metabolic pathways can be linear, branched, cyclic or spiral
CHM333 LECTURE 24 & 25: 3/27 29/13 SPRING 2013 Professor Christine Hrycyna CELLULAR METABOLISM What is metabolism? - How cells acquire, transform, store and use energy - Study reactions in a cell and how
More informationBCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins
BCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins Cofactors Essential ions Coenzymes Cosubstrates Prosthetic groups Coenzymes structure/function/active group Vitamins 1 Coenzymes Some enzymes require for
More informationCoenzymes. Coenzymes 9/11/2018. BCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins
BCMB 3100 Introduction to Coenzymes & Vitamins Cofactors Essential ions Coenzymes Cosubstrates Prosthetic groups Coenzymes structure/function/active group Vitamins 1 Coenzymes Some enzymes require for
More informationCells extract energy from their environment and use the energy for a host of biological activities including biosynthesis.
ATP=cellular energy Cells extract energy from their environment and use the energy for a host of biological activities including biosynthesis. The reactions of energy extraction and energy use are called
More informationCITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM /19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG
CITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 1 2018/19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG Chapter Outline (19-1) The central role of the citric acid cycle in metabolism (19-2) The overall pathway of the citric
More informationSummary of Coenzymes. Summary of Coenzymes, con t. Summary of Coenzymes, con t. Lecture 31 BCH 4053 Summer 2000
Lecture 31 BCH 4053 Summer 2000 1 2 Summary of Coenzymes Coenzyme Thiamine Pyrophosphate NAD + and NADP + FAD and FMN Pyridoxal Phosphate Thiamine (B 1 ) Niacin Riboflavin (B 2 ) Pyridoxine (B 6 ) Class
More informationBiochemistry - I. Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture#19 Vitamins and Coenzymes-II
Biochemistry - I Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture#19 Vitamins and Coenzymes-II We continue our discussion on vitamins and coenzymes. What we learnt
More informationCoupled, interconnecting reactions
Metabolism: Basic concepts Hand-out for the CBT version November 2011 This module is based on 'Biochemistry' by Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer, seventh edition (2011), Chapter 15: Metabolism: Basic Concepts
More informationLecture Sixteen: METABOLIC ENERGY: [Based on GENERATION Chapter 15
Lecture Sixteen: METABOLIC ENERGY: [Based on GENERATION Chapter 15 AND STORAGE Berg, (Figures in red are for the 7th Edition) Tymoczko (Figures in Blue are for the 8th Edition) & Stryer] Two major questions
More informationIII. Metabolism - Gluconeogenesis
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge III. Metabolism - Gluconeogenesis Carl & Gertrude Cori Slide 1 Carbohydrate Synthesis Lactate, pyruvate and glycerol are the important
More informationIntroduction to Metabolism Cell Structure and Function
Introduction to Metabolism Cell Structure and Function Cells can be divided into two primary types prokaryotes - Almost all prokaryotes are bacteria eukaryotes - Eukaryotes include all cells of multicellular
More informationINTRODUCTION TO VITAMINS
BY: RASAQ, N. O LECTURE CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO VITAMINS COMPOSITION OF VITAMINS CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS: STRUCTURE AND FUCTIONS WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS AND FUNCTIONS COENZYMES
More informationVitamins. Dr. Syed Ismail. Compiled and Edited by. Associate Professor, SSAC VN Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani, India
Vitamins Compiled and Edited by Dr. Syed Ismail Associate Professor, SSAC VN Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani, India What are vitamins? Organic molecules with a wide variety of functions Cofactors
More informationLecture 1- Metabolism: Basic Concepts and Design. Introduction. Introduction. Introduction. Questions we will focus on this semester:
Lecture 1- Metabolism: Basic Concepts and Design Chem 454: Regulatory Mechanisms in Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire 1 Introduction Questions we will focus on this semester: How does a cell
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush
number 7 Done by حسام أبو عوض Corrected by Shahd Alqudah Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush 1 P a g e As we have studied before, in the fourth reaction of the Krebs cycle, α- ketoglutarate is converted into Succinyl-CoA
More informationBiologic Oxidation BIOMEDICAL IMPORTAN
Biologic Oxidation BIOMEDICAL IMPORTAN Chemically, oxidation is defined as the removal of electrons and reduction as the gain of electrons. Thus, oxidation is always accompanied by reduction of an electron
More informationHow Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7. Respiration
How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Respiration Organisms classified on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs: live on organic compounds
More informationEnzymes and Metabolism
PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky Enzymes and Metabolism Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition Elaine N. Marieb 1 Protein Macromolecules composed of combinations
More informationTCA CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle)
TCA CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle) TCA CYCLE The Citric Acid Cycle is also known as: Kreb s cycle Sir Hans Krebs Nobel prize, 1953 TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle The citric acid cycle requires aerobic conditions!!!!
More informationChapter 5. Microbial Metabolism
Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism Metabolism Collection of controlled biochemical reactions that take place within a microbe Ultimate function of metabolism is to reproduce the organism Metabolic Processes
More informationVocabulary. Chapter 19: The Citric Acid Cycle
Vocabulary Amphibolic: able to be a part of both anabolism and catabolism Anaplerotic: referring to a reaction that ensures an adequate supply of an important metabolite Citrate Synthase: the enzyme that
More informationChapter 8. An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism
Chapter 8 An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism The metabolism of microbes Metabolism sum of all chemical reactions that help cells function Two types of chemical reactions: Catabolism -degradative;
More informationFatty acid breakdown
Fatty acids contain a long hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxylate group. Most contain between 14 and 24 carbon atoms. The chains may be saturated or contain double bonds. The complete oxidation of
More informationAhmad Ulnar. Faisal Nimri ... Dr.Faisal
24 Ahmad Ulnar Faisal Nimri... Dr.Faisal Fatty Acid Synthesis - Occurs mainly in the Liver (to store excess carbohydrates as triacylglycerols(fat)) and in lactating mammary glands (for the production of
More informationEnergy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Sources of cellular ATP 2. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy
Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Sources of cellular ATP 2. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy for cellular work (ATP) 3. Importance of electrons and
More informationRespiration. Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7
How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs: live on
More informationFoundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition
Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Talaro Chapter 8 An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
More informationEnergy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism)
Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism) Large food molecules contain a lot of potential energy in the form of chemical bonds but it requires a lot of work to liberate the energy. Cells need
More informationCellular Respiration- -conversion of stored energy in glucose to usable energy for the cell -energy in cells is stored in the form of ATP
Cellular Respiration Notes Chapter 7 How Cells Make ATP Energy Releasing Pathways Cellular Respiration- -conversion of stored energy in glucose to usable energy for the cell -energy in cells is stored
More informationSyllabus for BASIC METABOLIC PRINCIPLES
Syllabus for BASIC METABOLIC PRINCIPLES The video lecture covers basic principles you will need to know for the lectures covering enzymes and metabolism in Principles of Metabolism and elsewhere in the
More informationBiological oxidation I Respiratory chain
Biological oxidation I Respiratory chain Outline Metabolism Macroergic compound Redox in metabolism Respiratory chain Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation Metabolism Metabolism consists of catabolism
More informationCH395G FINAL (3 rd ) EXAM Kitto/Hackert - Fall 2003
CH395G FINAL (3 rd ) EXAM Kitto/Hackert - Fall 2003 1. A cell in an active, catabolic state has a. a high (ATP/ADP) and a high (NADH/NAD + ) ratio b. a high (ATP/ADP) and a low (NADH/NAD + ) ratio c. a
More informationMarah Bitar. Faisal Nimri ... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh
8 Marah Bitar Faisal Nimri... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh Summary of the 8 steps of citric acid cycle Step 1. Acetyl CoA joins with a four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, releasing the CoA group and forming a six-carbon
More informationA cell has enough ATP to last for about three seconds.
Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Energy and carbon sources in living cells 2. Sources of cellular ATP 3. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy for cellular
More informationMedicinal Chemistry 562P Final Exam: Atkins, Rettie December 12, Part I, Atkins (18 pts)
Medicinal Chemistry 562P Final Exam: Atkins, Rettie December 12, 2012 Part I, Atkins (18 pts) IA. 10 pts. For each statement indicate true or false. Please write the entire word. The Upper Level value
More informationOxidative phosphorylation & Photophosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation & Photophosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation is the last step in the formation of energy-yielding metabolism in aerobic organisms. All oxidative steps in the degradation of
More informationChapter 5 Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life
Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Metabolism of Microbes metabolism all chemical
More informationMicrobial Metabolism (Chapter 5) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus
Microbial Metabolism (Chapter 5) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus Primary Source for figures and content: Tortora, G.J. Microbiology An Introduction
More informationMetabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes
Topics Microbial Metabolism Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis 2 Metabolism Catabolism Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Breakdown of complex organic molecules in order to extract energy and dform simpler
More informationIII. Metabolism The Citric Acid Cycle
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge III. Metabolism The Citric Acid Cycle Slide 1 The Eight Steps of the Citric Acid Cycle Enzymes: 4 dehydrogenases (2 decarboxylation) 3
More informationWHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
CHAPTER 3 ESSENTIALS OF METABOLISM WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? It is important to have a basic understanding of metabolism because it governs the survival and growth of microorganisms The growth of microorganisms
More informationModule No. # 01 Lecture No. # 19 TCA Cycle
Biochemical Engineering Prof. Dr. Rintu Banerjee Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Saikat Chakraborty Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
More informationVITAMINS-4. Shariq Syed
VITAMINS-4 Shariq Syed Plan for today Review last lecture Summarize what s done Pop Quiz!! Which vitamin has a major role in clotting A K B I Don t know, Too busy with periodic exams! Pop Quiz!! Beriberi
More informationIII. Metabolism Glucose Catabolism Part II
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge III. Metabolism Glucose Catabolism Part II Slide 1 Metabolic Fates of NADH and Pyruvate Cartoon: Fate of pyruvate, the product of glycolysis.
More informationCitric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism. Entry of Pyruvate into the TCA cycle
Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism Stage II of catabolism involves the conversion of carbohydrates, fats and aminoacids into acetylcoa In aerobic organisms, citric acid cycle makes up the final
More informationCh. 9 Cell Respiration. Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53)
Ch. 9 Cell Respiration Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53) Essential question: How do cells use stored chemical energy in organic molecules and to generate ATP? Title: Oct 15 3:28 PM (2 of 53) Title: Oct 19
More informationCHAPTER 5 MICROBIAL METABOLISM
CHAPTER 5 MICROBIAL METABOLISM I. Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions A. Metabolism - The sum of all chemical reactions within a living cell either releasing or requiring energy. (Overhead) Fig 5.1 1. Catabolism
More informationCatabolism of Carbon skeletons of Amino acids. Amino acid metabolism
Catabolism of Carbon skeletons of Amino acids Amino acid metabolism Carbon skeleton Carbon Skeleton a carbon skeleton is the internal structure of organic molecules. Carbon Arrangements The arrangement
More informationENZYMES: CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE
ENZYMES: CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE Enzymes - catalysts of biological reactions Accelerate reactions by a millions fold Common features for enzymes and inorganic catalysts: 1. Catalyze only thermodynamically
More informationEnergetics of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Energetics of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism 1 Metabolism: The sum of all the chemical transformations taking place in a cell or organism, occurs through a series of enzymecatalyzed reactions that constitute
More informationSheet #13. #Citric acid cycle made by zaid al-ghnaneem corrected by amer Al-salamat date 11/8/2016. Here we go.. Record #18
1 Sheet #13 #Citric acid cycle made by zaid al-ghnaneem corrected by amer Al-salamat date 11/8/2016 Here we go.. Record #18 2 Three processes play central role in aerobic metabolism: 1) The citric acid
More informationAerobic Fate of Pyruvate. Chapter 16 Homework Assignment. Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 16 Homework Assignment The following problems will be due once we finish the chapter: 1, 3, 7, 10, 16, 19, 20 Additional Problem: Write out the eight reaction steps of the Citric Acid Cycle, using
More informationGluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis / TCA 11/12/2009. Free energy changes in glycolysis 11/13/2009
Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis / TCA 11/12/2009 Gluconeogenesis is the process whereby precursors such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids are converted to glucose. Fasting requires all the
More informationCH 7: Cell Respiration and Fermentation Overview. Concept 7.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
CH 7: Cell Respiration and Fermentation Overview Living cells require energy from outside sources Some animals obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other organisms Energy flows into
More informationAdenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 1 High energy bonds ATP adenosine triphosphate N NH 2 N -O O P O O P O- O- O O P O- O CH 2 H O H N N adenine phosphoanhydride bonds (~) H OH ribose H OH Phosphoanhydride bonds
More informationMBioS 303 Recitation Introductory Biochemistry, Summer 2008 Practice Problem Set #7: General Metabolism Concepts, Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle
MBioS 303 Recitation Introductory Biochemistry, Summer 2008 Practice Problem Set #7: General Metabolism Concepts, Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle (1) Glucose 1-pohsphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate
More informationBioenergetics and metabolic pathways
Bioenergetics and metabolic pathways BIOB111 CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY Session 17 Session Plan Introduction to Bioenergetics Metabolism Metabolic Pathways Metabolism & Cell Structure Mitochondria Compounds
More informationLecture'22:'April'30,'2013 Ch.%29:%Metabolism,%catabolism,%anabolism Metabolic%energy%&%ATP%Coupling Glycolysis%and%the%Link%ReacDon
CM'224' 'rganic'chemistry'ii pring'2013,'des'laines' 'rof.'chad'landrie 2 2 2 Gº' = -7.3 + + + Lecture'22:'April'30,'2013 Ch.%29:%Metabolism,%catabolism,%anabolism Metabolic%energy%&%AT%Coupling Glycolysis%and%the%Link%ReacDon
More informationBiological oxidation II. The Cytric acid cycle
Biological oxidation II The Cytric acid cycle Outline The Cytric acid cycle (TCA tricarboxylic acid) Central role of Acetyl-CoA Regulation of the TCA cycle Anaplerotic reactions The Glyoxylate cycle Localization
More informationBY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE
BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE LECTURE CONTENT INTRODUCTION CITRIC ACID CYCLE (T.C.A) PRODUCTION OF ACETYL CoA REACTIONS OF THE CITIRC ACID CYCLE THE AMPHIBOLIC NATURE OF THE T.C.A CYCLE THE GLYOXYLATE CYCLE
More informationIII. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular
III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular Chapter Questions 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? A) anabolic pathways B) catabolic pathways
More informationAmino acid metabolism I
Amino acid metabolism I Jana Novotná Department of the Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry The 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles Univ. Metabolic relationship of amino acids DIETARY PROTEINS GLYCOLYSIS
More informationMetabolism of Nucleotides
Metabolism of Nucleotides Outline Nucleotide degradation Components of Nucleobases Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis Hyperuricemia Sources Nucleotide degradation The nucleotides are among the most complex
More informationOxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation Energy from Reduced Fuels Is Used to Synthesize ATP in Animals Carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids are the main reduced fuels for the cell. Electrons from reduced fuels are
More informationBioenergetics. Finding adequate sources of energy is a constant challenge for all living organisms, including this bear.
33 Bioenergetics Finding adequate sources of energy is a constant challenge for all living organisms, including this bear. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc
More informationKEY CONCEPT QUESTIONS IN METABOLIC REDOX REACTIONS
Redox Reactions in Metabolism Supplemental Reading Key Concepts - Reduction potentials are a measurement of electron affinity - Coenzymes provide reactive groups that function in enzyme catalysis - The
More informationRespiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7
How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Respiration Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs:
More informationBIOL2171 ANU TCA CYCLE
TCA CYCLE IMPORTANCE: Oxidation of 2C Acetyl Co-A 2CO 2 + 3NADH + FADH 2 (8e-s donated to O 2 in the ETC) + GTP (energy) + Heat OVERVIEW: Occurs In the mitochondrion matrix. 1. the acetyl portion of acetyl-coa
More informationCHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions
CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions Glucose metabolism 1. Below is depicted glucose catabolism. Indicate on the pathways the following: A) which reaction(s) of glycolysis are irreversible B) where energy
More informationIn glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic
Glycolysis 1 In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic glycolysis. If this pyruvate is converted instead
More informationThe Citric Acid Cycle 19-1
The Citric Acid Cycle 19-1 The Citric Acid Cycle Three processes play central role in aerobic metabolism the citric acid cycle electron transport oxidative phosphorylation Metabolism consists of catabolism:
More informationMetabolism. Chapter 8 Microbial Metabolism. Metabolic balancing act. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes. Topics. Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis
Chapter 8 Microbial Metabolism Topics Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Metabolism 1 2 Metabolic balancing act Catabolism and anabolism simple model Catabolism Enzymes
More informationMITOCW watch?v=eoyhjlqp2ps
MITOCW watch?v=eoyhjlqp2ps The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. To
More informationThe Citric acid cycle. The Citric Acid Cycle II 11/17/2009. Overview. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
The itric acid cycle The itric Acid ycle II 11/17/2009 It is called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic and is the hub of the metabolic system. It accounts for the majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid
More informationPentose Phosphate Pathway
Pentose Phosphate Pathway An overview of the pathway, its regulation and relationship to glycolysis and other pathways. See chapter 15 of Fundamentals of Biochemisty: Life at the Molecular Level, 4 th
More informationEnzymes what are they?
Topic 11 (ch8) Microbial Metabolism Topics Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis 1 Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Metabolism 2 Metabolic balancing act Catabolism Enzymes involved in breakdown of complex
More information7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 31 Amino Acid Synthesis 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 31 Outline Although the atmosphere is approximately 80% nitrogen,
More informationSection B: The Process of Cellular Respiration
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL ENERGY Section B: The Process of Cellular Respiration 1. Respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport: an overview 2. Glycolysis
More informationMETABOLISM -Introduction- Serkan SAYINER, DVM PhD. Assist. Prof.
METABOLISM -Introduction- Serkan SAYINER, DVM PhD. Assist. Prof. Near East University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry serkan.sayiner@neu.edu.tr Overview Living organisms need
More informationBiochemistry I Professor S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 18 Vitamins and Coenzymes-I
Biochemistry I Professor S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 18 Vitamins and Coenzymes-I We start our discussion on vitamins and coenzymes. We will have
More informationBioenergetics and metabolic pathways
Bioenergetics and metabolic pathways BIOB111 CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY Session 17 Session Plan Introduction to Bioenergetics Metabolism Metabolic Pathways Metabolism & Cell Structure Mitochondria Compounds
More informationChemical Energy. Valencia College
9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter objectives: How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of
More informationChapter 13 - TCA Cycle
Chapter 13 TCA Cycle The third fate of glucose/pyruvate is complete oxidation to C 2 + H 2 in the matrix of the mitochondrion. The 1 st step is the oxidation and decarboxylation of pyruvate to AcetylCoA,
More informationCell Respiration - 1
Cell Respiration - 1 All cells must do work to stay alive and maintain their cellular environment. The energy needed for cell work comes from the bonds of ATP. Cells obtain their ATP by oxidizing organic
More informationChapter 27 Bioenergetics; How the Body Converts Food to Energy
Chapter 27 Bioenergetics; How the Body Converts Food to Energy 1 Metabolism Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the dynamic state of a cell or organism. Pathway: A series
More informationChapter 24 Lecture Outline
Chapter 24 Lecture Outline Carbohydrate Lipid and Protein! Metabolism! In the catabolism of carbohydrates, glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate, which is then metabolized into acetyl CoA. Prepared
More informationChapter 12 Nutrition
Chapter 12 Nutrition Nutrients macronutrients: large required daily quantities carbohydrates, lipids, proteins micronutrients: small required daily quantities vitamins, minerals Also required: water and
More information