11/6/2014. Questions? vvibdv in California : What we think we know and where we re heading. What is Cooperative Extension? Who am I??

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? vvibdv in California 2008-2014: What we think we know and where we re heading Maurice Pitesky, DVM, MPVM, Dipl.

Eperience UC Etension, UC Davis School of Vet Med California Department of Food and Agriculture California Council of Science and Technology (Science Fellow-California State Senate) Who am I?

Researcher's Mission Statement: Statewide network of researchers and educators focused on the creation and application of knowledge in agriculture Small Animal Veterinarian Lawrence Livermore

Etension * Commercial & Backyard poultry operations 200 locally based CE advisors and specialists 57 local offices 130 campus based CE specialists 9 research and etension centers 700 academic

1 ? vvibdv in California : What we think we know and where we re heading Maurice Pitesky, DVM, MPVM, Dipl. ACVPM Assistant Specialist in Cooperative Etension, University of California Poultry Health and Food Safety Epidemiology Poultry Institute, 2014 Program: Puyallup, WA November 4 th 2014 Work Eperience UC Etension, UC Davis School of Vet Med California Department of Food and Agriculture California Council of Science and Technology (Science Fellow-California State Senate) Who am I?? What is Cooperative Etension? Researcher's Mission Statement: Statewide network of researchers and educators focused on the creation and application of knowledge in agriculture Small Animal Veterinarian Lawrence Livermore National Lab (Chemical And Biological National Security Program) Areas of Interest Application of classical & Spatial Epidemiology in disease surveillance Interface of science & policy Real Life Etension * Commercial & Backyard poultry operations 200 locally based CE advisors and specialists 57 local offices 130 campus based CE specialists 9 research and etension centers 700 academic researchers Sustainable Food animal production Net Gen food safety * Etension Specialists, Researchers and Farm Advisors Acknowledgements State/Feds University Commercial & Backyard poultry operations CDFA: Larry Allen Randy Anderson Annette Jones Michael Poulos Dan Rolfe Johnny Tran Dave Willoughby USDA: Shannon Chandler Kenneth Forsythe Angela Pelzel Greg Ramos Emi Saito OSU: Daral Jackwood CAHFS/UC Davis: Rich Breitmeyer Industry: Kristina Cataline Cutler Assoc. International Bruce Charlton CA Poultry producers Beate Crossley PEPA Rodrigo Gallardo Roberto Medanic Gabriel Sentíes-Cué Sirithorn Ratanapreukskul Peter Woolcock 1

o Non-enveloped vvibdv o Virus is highly resistant to heat and chemicals and can persist in the environment for months and possibly longer Fecal oral Transmission vvibdv Sensitivity Inactivated at ph

2 o Non-enveloped vvibdv o Virus is highly resistant to heat and chemicals and can persist in the environment for months and possibly longer Fecal oral Transmission vvibdv Sensitivity Inactivated at ph 12 o Predilection for lymphoid tissue, particularly the bursa o Genome has 2 segments of ds RNA B Segment A Segment B vvibd o Acute clinical disease and high (up to 60% ) mortality o Layers affected more than broilers o Clinical disease typically observed in chickens between 3-8 weeks of age Virus not egg transmitted Infected chickens ecrete virus up to 2 weeks after infection Mealworms, mosquitos, rodents and wild birds have all been implicated as reservoirs. Inactivated by 0.5% chloramine in 10 minutes Invert soaps Iodine and formalin based disinfectants may be effective Vaccination Global distribution of vvibdv Breeder Vaccination Moderate level of protection in chicks 1987 Progeny Vaccination Provide active immunity when the maternal immunity wanes Vaccination worse than disease??? Subtypes of vvibdv in California IBDV in California ( ) Case # Date Commercial/BY Production Class IBDV Subtype Distance from Approimate age IBD Vaccine status Inde case (miles) (weeks) Reported mortality 1 Dec. 08 Commercial Layer vvibdv/vvibdv Vac 5%-30% 2 Dec Commercial Layer vvibdv/vvibdv 2.5 Unknown Unknown ~30% 3 May 09 Commercial Brooding vvibdv/serotype & 7 Vac ~15 facility 4 May 2009 Commercial Broiler vvibdv/vvibdv 2 3 Vac < 1% 5 Aug Commercial Broiler vvibdv/vvibdv 4 4 Vac < 1% 6 Oct 09 BY Layer vvibdv/serotype Unknown Unknown 7 Jan Commercial Broiler vvibdv/vvibdv Vacc < 1% 8 Jan BY Layer vvibdv/vvibdv Unknown ~15% 9 June 2010 BY Layer vvibdv/ I Unknown Unknown 10 Sept BY Unknown vvibdv/vvibdv Unknown Unknown 11 Oct. 10 Commercial Brooder vvibdv/standard J 1-10 Vac L 12 Dec Commercial Brooding facility vvibdv/ M 5 & 7 Vac ~5% vvibdv/vvibdv & younger Vate < 1% Jan and Commercial Broiler N ~ 4 present 24 Aug BY Layer vvibdv/serotype Not vaccinated Unknown 25 Sept BY Layer vvibdv/ I 19 Unknown Not vaccinated Unknown o 54% are commercial vs. BY facilities o 54% are layer or brooder vs. broiler or unknown operations o 54% are vvibdv/vvibdv, 23% are vvibdv/serotype 2, and 8% are vvibdv/standard, 2

3 vvibdv in Washington State vvibdv Subtypes in California Spring 2014 Layer Flock Same subtype as in SoCal (vvibdv/standard) How to it get here? Following vvibdv () Northern California BY owner C Stanislaus County BY owner B Legend BY owner D 3

Affected Counties Number of Cases of vvibdv and it s subtypes between December of 2008 and August of 2013 2011 2013 Temporal Distribution of vvibdv in

greater than the epected versus Low Rate Clustering: Where the observed is less than the epected Distance Spatial-Temporal Clustering Distance Spatial

63 vvibdv/serotype 2 Distance Comparing the risk inside the cylinder to the risk outside the cylinder Benefit: able to detect the location and timing

4 Affected Counties Number of Cases of vvibdv and it s subtypes between December of 2008 and August of Temporal Distribution of vvibdv in Northern CA Understanding How Diseases Spread via Spatial Statistics Spatial Clustering Temporal Clustering High Rate Clustering: Where the observed is greater than the epected versus Low Rate Clustering: Where the observed is less than the epected Distance Spatial-Temporal Clustering Distance Spatial Clustering Northern California vvibdv/vvibdv Time Time Time Observed: 22 Epected: 2.07 Radius 30.6 km Obs/Ep: vvibdv/serotype 2 Distance Comparing the risk inside the cylinder to the risk outside the cylinder Benefit: able to detect the location and timing of clusters Drawback: Constraints on shape of cylinder can affect results Legend Observed: 7 Epected: 0.64 Radius 35.8 km Obs/Ep: 11.0 Significance of lack of spatial temporal clustering??? 4

commercial BY producers National surveillance in strategic states *Antemortem testing Vaccine studies Wildlife testing Mitigation vs. Elimination of vvibdv?

facilities 1 1 1 1 Development of lab d test to screen for segment B of genome 2 2 1 2 Surveillance of other potential (nonavian) reservoirs (rodents, mealworms, etc.

5 So how does it primarily spread? If you are really, really interested in the epidemiology of vvibdv Recommendations Outreach with BY specialty breeders NO trading of poultry with bursas Hatcheries Vaccine (HVT-VP2) Feed stores Small commercial BY producers National surveillance in strategic states *Antemortem testing Vaccine studies Wildlife testing Mitigation vs. Elimination of vvibdv??? Mitigating the Spread of Disease: Using Decision Lens 9/2011 DL Process Alternative I vs F/S/U I vs F/S vs U diff indiv wts everyone same wt Determination of RF for Re emergence/introduction at facilities Development of lab d test to screen for segment B of genome Surveillance of other potential (nonavian) reservoirs (rodents, mealworms, etc.) Wild bird surveillance geographically linked to affected facilities Evaluation of vvibd strains using SPF birds Voluntary surveillance at/around affected commercial facilities Development of lab protocols to track changes in genome Voluntary surveillance at commercial facilities (Central Valley, other nonaffected areas) Development of environmental test Development of BMP disease control program Voluntary surveillance/outreach to BYF owners near affected premises Voluntary surveillance/outreach to BYF owners throughout State Sentinel Surveillance using BY birds Evaluation of C&D methods Development of case definition Evaluation of vaccination strategies for parent/production flocks ID of recommended IBD vaccination strategies Do we still agree??? 5

Creating a stress test One of the major advantages of DL based AHP models is the ability to change the model when the facts on the ground have changed.

weight and virus evolution increased 20% Origin Alternative al Determination of risk factors for re emergence 1 or re introduction at affected facilities Development of laboratory diagnostic test to

Surveillance of wild bird populations geographically linked to affected commercial 5 poultry facilities Voluntary surveillance of commercial facilities in the Central Valley and other parts of the 6

laboratory protocols that enable the tracking of changes in the vvibd 9 genome Development of environmental test 10 Voluntary surveillance and outreach to backyard owners in proimity to affected 11

6 Creating a stress test One of the major advantages of DL based AHP models is the ability to change the model when the facts on the ground have changed. Scenario A: Containment weight doubled Scenario B: Containment weight increased 50% Scenario C: Virus Evolution weight doubled Scenario D: Virus evolution weight increased 50% Scenario E: Containment weight and virus evolution increased 20% Origin Alternative al Determination of risk factors for re emergence 1 or re introduction at affected facilities Development of laboratory diagnostic test to 2 screen for segment B of the vvibd genome Surveillance of other potential reservoirs 3 (mealworms, rodents, beetles) Evaluation of vvibd strains using Specific 4 Pathogen Free (SPF) birds Surveillance of wild bird populations geographically linked to affected commercial 5 poultry facilities Voluntary surveillance of commercial facilities in the Central Valley and other parts of the 6 State not known to have vvibd Development of Best Management Practices 7 (BMP) disease control program Voluntary surveillance at and around known 7 affected commercial facilities Development of laboratory protocols that enable the tracking of changes in the vvibd 9 genome Development of environmental test 10 Voluntary surveillance and outreach to backyard owners in proimity to affected 11 premises Voluntary surveillance and outreach to 12 backyard owners throughout the State Evaluation methods for cleaning and 13 disinfection (C&D) of vvibd Sentinel surveillance using backyard birds 14 Development of case definition for vvibd 15 Evaluation of IBD vaccine strategies for parent 15 and production flock Identification of recommended IBD vaccination 17 strategies DL Stress test Stress Test Results Alternative Original A B C D E Determination of risk factors for re-emergence or reintroduction at affected facilities Development of laboratory diagnostic test to screen for segment B of the vvibd genome Surveillance of other potential reservoirs (mealworms, rodents, beetles) Evaluation of vvibd strains using Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) birds Surveillance of wild bird populations geographically linked to affected commercial poultry facilities Voluntary surveillance of commercial facilities in the Central Valley and other parts of the State not known to have vvibd Development of Best Management Practices (BMP) disease control program Voluntary surveillance at and around known affected commercial facilities Development of laboratory protocols that enable the tracking of changes in the vvibd genome Development of environmental test Voluntary surveillance and outreach to backyard owners in proimity to affected premises Voluntary surveillance and outreach to backyard owners throughout the State Evaluation methods for cleaning and disinfection (C&D) of vvibd Sentinel surveillance using backyard birds Development of case definition for vvibd Evaluation of IBD vaccine strategies for parent and production flock Article Accepted with Revisions to the Journal of Preventative Veterinary Medicine A COOPERATIVE APPROACH TO ANIMAL DISEASE RESPONSE ACTIVITIES: ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) AND vvibd IN CALIFORNIA POULTRY EMI K. SAITO a, SUPIE SHEA b, ANNETTE JONES c, GREGORY RAMOS d, & MAURICE PITESKY e* Identification of recommended IBD vaccination strategies Containment weight Industry Support weight Virus evolution weight ? 6

Avian Influenza and Backyard Biosecurity

Avian Influenza and Backyard Biosecurity Maurice Pitesky, DVM, MPVM, Dipl. ACVPM Assistant Specialist in Cooperative Extension, University of California Poultry Health and Food Safety Epidemiology School