EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE V SLEPEJ ULIČKE? PAVOL SUKENIK BRISTOL, UK

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1 EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE V SLEPEJ ULIČKE? PAVOL SUKENIK BRISTOL, UK

2 EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE Evidence based medicine is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. The practice of evidence based medicine means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research. (From BMJ 1996;312:71-72)

3 EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE Evidence based medicine is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. The practice of evidence based medicine means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research. (From BMJ 1996;312:71-72)

4 Sestrička, choďte prosím na internet, nájdite a kliknite na ikonu: SOM TOTÁLNE STRATENÝ.

5 ŠTÚDIE V INTENZÍVNEJ MEDICÍNE HAPPY MILLENIUM Van den Berghe, G et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med Brower, RG et al. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000 Rivers, E et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med Holzer, M et al. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med Bernard, GR et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2001.

6 ŠTÚDIE V INTENZÍVNEJ MEDICÍNE 15 ROKOV NESKÔR - MÁRNOSŤ RCT Intensive versus Conventional Glucose Control in Critically Ill Patients, The NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, N Engl J Med 2009 A Randomized Trial of Protocol-Based Care for Early Septic Shock, The ProCESS Investigators, N Engl J Med 2014; Trial of Early, Goal-Directed Resuscitation for Septic Shock (PROMISE), N Engl J Med 2015; Goal-Directed Resuscitation for Patients with Early Septic Shock, The ARISE Investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group, N Engl J Med 2014 Targeted Temperature Management at 33 C versus 36 C after Cardiac Arrest, N Engl J Med 2013 Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated) in Adults with Septic Shock, for the PROWESS-SHOCK Study Group, N Engl J Med 2012

7 ŠTÚDIE V INTENZÍVNEJ MEDICÍNE 15 ROKOV NESKÔR - MÁRNOSŤ RCT High versus Low Blood-Pressure Target in Patients with Septic Shock, N Engl J Med 2014 Albumin Replacement in Patients with Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock, N Engl J Med 2014 Intensity of Renal Support in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Kidney Injury, The VA/NIH Acute Renal Failure Trial Network, N Engl J Med 2008 Hydroxyethyl Starch or Saline for Fluid Resuscitation in Intensive Care (CHEST), N Engl J Med 2012

8 EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE 1. Štúdie, Meta-analýzy a bikini 2. Fragility index 3. Štatistické metódy a hodnota p<0.05

9 ŠTÚDIE A META- ANALÝZY SÚ AKO BIKINI. ČO UKAZUJÚ JE ZAUJÍMAVÉ, ČO ZAKRÝVAJÚ JE DÔLEŽITEJŠIE.

10 OBSAH VERSUS ZÁVER

11 OBSAH VERSUS ZÁVER Centrum pre fast-track Hip and Knee Arthroplasty vo Švédsku 120 pacientov Anestézia: Premedikácia: po Celecoxib 400mg, Paracetamol 1g (aj po operácii) Spinálna anestézia: 3ml 0.5% Bupivacaine, sedácia Propofol Celková anestézia: TIVA (Propofol+Remifentanil), Intubácia (Rocuronium) Oxycodone 10mg iv (20 min pred koncom operácie)

12 OBSAH VERSUS ZÁVER Záver: Pacienti ktorí dostali 10mg iv Oxycodone pred koncom operácie mali lepší pooperačný priebeh ako pacienti bez.

13 OBSAH VERSUS ZÁVER Nízky dychový objem (6-8ml/kg) vs bežný dychový objem (10-12ml/kg) 400 pacientov, elektívna chirurgia >2h, high risk pacienti, >40 years Sledované komplikácie počas 7 dní (10.5% vs 27.5%)

14 OBSAH VERSUS ZÁVER Nízky dychový objem (6-8ml/kg) s PEEP vs bežný dychový objem (10-12ml/kg) bez PEEP Záver: Pacienti s PEEP mali menej komplikácii ako pacienti bez PEEP

15 META-ANALÝZY Conclusion: According to randomized published evidence, peri-operative adult patients have an improved survival when receiving a liberal blood transfusion strategy.

16 META-ANALÝZY PERI-OPERAČNÁ TRANSFÚZIA

17 META-ANALÝZY Transfúzny trigger: 70v90, 80-90, , , , , 75-90, 75-89, anémia vs 100, anémia vs 89, Reštriktívna (7-9.7) vs Liberálna ( ) Typ operácie: Elective CABG, Non-emergency cardiac surgery, NOF, NOF patients >50y, Major surgery for abdominal cancer, Elective hip and knee replacement, Elective spinal fusion, Elective hip revision, Postpartum haemorrhage

18 META-ANALÝZY Abdominal surgery for cancer, ITU post op NOF age >65, nursing home residents Non-emergency cardiac surgery

19 Pozri sa čo dokážem. Vždy keď pustím slinu, PAVLOV sa usmeje a začne písať do svojho zápisníka

20 FRAGILITY INDEX I N STATISTICAL EVI DENCE Fragility index popisuje koľko udalostí je potrebných, aby sa zmenila štatistická signifikantnosť štúdie (p<0.05) Zvýšiť/znížiť množstvo udalostí, kým sa mení štatistická signifikantnosť Hypotetická štúdia: 2 skupiny, každá má 100 pacientov, udalosť je úmrtie pacienta.

21 FRAGILITY INDEX Fragility index p=0.039 significant 6 15 p=0.062 non-significant 7 16 p= 0.07 non-significant

22 FRAGILITY INDEX I N STATISTICAL EVI DENCE Critical Care Medicine Critical Care Intensive Care Medicine Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Journal of Critical Care Current Opinion in Critical Care American Journal of Critical Care Critical Care Clinics Journal of Intensive Care Medicine Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Intensive & critical care nursing Annals of Intensive Care Critical Care Nurse Nursing in Critical Care Critical care and resuscitation Critical Care Nursing Quarterly Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine N. Engl. J Med BMJ Lancet Annals of Internal Medicine JAMA JAMA Internal Medicine Chest American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Lancet Respiratory Medicine

23 FRAGILITY INDEX I N STATISTICAL EVI DENCE 56 štúdií in critical care medicine (multicentrické RCT) median fragility index 2 viac ako 40% štúdií má fragility index menší alebo rovný % štúdií má fragility index nižší ako loss to follow up

24 FRAGILITY INDEX I N STATISTICAL EVI DENCE

25 FRAGILITY INDEX IN CRITICAL CARE RESEARCH 137 pacientov v každom ramene, sledovaná mortalita and neurologia Fragility index 3 (mortalita)

26 FRAGILITY INDEX IN CRITICAL CARE RESEARCH 6S trial pacientov v každom ramene, sledovaná mortalita and RRT Fragility index 2 (mortality), fragility index 1 (RRT)

27 FRAGILITY INDEX IN CRITICAL CARE RESEARCH CHEST trial - >3300 pacientov Fragility index 1 (RRT)

28 FRAGILITY INDEX IN CRITICAL CARE RESEARCH 115 pacientov v každom ramene (60 vs 73 úmrtí) Fragility index 0 (precízny Fisherov test, nie chi square)

29 ŠTATISTIKA

30 ŠTATISTIKA V EBM Inferenčná štatistika Proces dedukcie z nazbieraných dát reprezentatívnej vzorky, ktorý by mal byť platný pre celú populáciu, na základe štatistického modelu. Príklad: predvolebný prieskum, cielená reklama, sociologické štúdie, kontrola kvality v priemysle Výsledok závisí: hypotézy, randomizácie, populácie, veľkosti súboru

31 ŠTATISTICKÉ METÓDY Fisher nulová hypotéza (hodnota p) Neyman-Pearson rozhodovacia teória Zostaviť nulovú hypotézu (musí byť nill t.j. žiadny rozdiel medzi skupinami) Zostaviť 2 alebo viac štatistických hypotéz, definovať chyby I, II, veľkosť vzorky a rejection region na základe cost-benefit. Zistiť úroveň signifikantnosti (p 0.034). Ak je výsledok nesignifikantný, nerobiť žiadne závery. Ak data spadajú do rejection region oblasti H1, akceptovať H2. Inak akceptovať H1. Vhodná ak vieme o probléme málo, a iba ako orientačná metóda na pochopenie daného problému. H1 a H2 by mali byť dysjunktné a vyčerpávajúce. Nulová hypotéza nie je nikdy dokázaná Vyžaduje opakované experimenty

32 NULOVÁ HYPOTÉZA Lady tasting tea H0- Dáma nedokáže rozonať či bolo pridané mlieko pred alebo po zaliatí vody 8 šálok čaju, náhodný výber 4 na ochutnanie, (70 permutácií) Odmietnutie hypotézy ak uhádne všetky 4 (pravdepodobnosť 1 zo 70, 1.4%, <5%) Nasledujú ďalšie experimenty Predpoklady: rovnaké množstvo mlieka, rovnaká sila čaju, rovnaká teplota Fisher 1971, II. The Principles of Experimentation, Illustrated by a Psycho-physical Experiment.

33 ROZHODOVACIA TEÓRIA Obvinený na súde H1 - obvinený je nevinný (H2 - obvinený je vinný) H1 - pravdivá (obvinený je nevinný) H1 - nepravdivá (obvinený je vinný) Potvrdenie hypotézy Zamietnutie pravdivej hypotézy Potvrdenie nepravidvej hypotézy Zamietnutie hypotézy Chyba typ I ( ) Chyba typ II (B)

34 ROZHODOVACIA TEÓRIA Senzitivita a špecificita

35 HODNOTY P p<0.05 Štúdia vyšla signifikantne pozitívne a intervencia funguje pravdepodobnosť menej ako 1:20 že výsledok je dôsledkom náhody (intervencia nefunguje) hodnota p je pravdepodobnosť (apriorná t.j. pred realizáciou pokusu, z ktorého získame dáta), že získame hodnotu testovacej štatistiky, ktorá je va čšia alebo rovná ako skutočne získaná hodnota za predpokladu, že je nulová hypotéza pravdivá.

36 ŠTATISTICKÁ SIGNIFIKANTNOSŤ Interpretácia hodnoty p možnosti 1. null hypotéza je nepravidvá (hypotézu odmietneme) 2. null hypotéza je pravdivá, testovaná vzorka je nezvyčajná Testovanie vakcíny, null hypotéza vakcína nefunguje, p 0.04 Interpretácia správna: Ak predpokladáme že vakcína nemá efekt, v 4% štúdií kvôli sampling error odmietneme null (výsledok - vakcína funguje). Interpretácia nesprávna: Ak odmietneme null hypotézu, pravdepodobnosť že urobíme chybu je 4%.

37 ŠTATISTICKÁ SIGNIFIKANTNOSŤ Hodnota p sa nerovná α (chyba typ 1) Aká je skutočná pravdepodobnosť že urobíme chybu (nesprávny záver)? hodnota p Pravdepodobnosť nesprávneho odmietnutia nulovej hypotézy p 0.05 Prinajmenšom 23% (typicky okolo 50%) p 0.01 Prinajmenšom 7% (typicky okolo 15%) Thomas SELLKE, M. J. BAYARRI, and James O. BERGER, Calibration of p Values for Testing Precise Null Hypotheses, The American Statistician, February 2001, Vol. 55, No. 1

38 ŠTATISTICKÁ SIGNIFIKANTNOSŤ 100 psychologických štúdií ktoré boli publikované (štatisticky signifikantne výsledky) zopakovanie experimentu Iba 36% štúdií bolo po zopakovaní štatisticky signifikantných

39 ŠTATISTIKA V EBM Čo nám štatistická inferencia a hodnota p <0.05 NEDOKAZUJE!!! Pravdivosť nulovej hypotézy Pravdivosť alternatívnej hypotézy Pravdepodobnosť že výsledky sú replikovateľné Výsledok je významný Výsledok sa dá generalizovať/aplikovať v inom kontexte

40 HODNOTY P Iróniou je, že keď anglický štatistik Ronald Fisher zaviedol v roku 1925 hodnotu P, jeho úmyslom nebolo, aby to bol definitívny štatistický test pre vedecký výskum. Mal to byť iba skríningový test. Jeho zámerom bolo urobiť experiment, zistiť či sú dáta vzájomne kompatibilné či nie, a podľa toho pokračovať či nepokračovať vo výskume.

41 P VALUES ASA STATEMENT (A MERICA N STA TISTICAL A SSOCIATION)

42 P VALUES ASA STATEMENT (A MERICA N STA TISTICAL A SSOCIATION) 1. Hodnota P indikuje, či sú dáta vzájomne kompatibilné pri danom štatistickom modeli. 2. Hodnota P nemeria pravdepodobnosť, že študovaná hypotéza je pravdivá, ani pravdepodobnosť že dáta vznikli v dôsledku náhody. 3. Vedecké závery ani obchodné rozhodnutia by nemali byť založené na tom, či hodnota p prekročila určitú hranicu.

43 P VALUES ASA STATEMENT (A MERICA N STA TISTICAL A SSOCIATION) 4. Dáta by mali byť publikované úplne a transparentne. 5. Hodnota p, alebo ináč povedané štatistická signifikantnosť, nemeria veľkosť efektu ani dôležitosť výsledku. 6. Sama o sebe, hodnota p nepredstavuje dostatočný dôkaz o platnosti modelu či hypotézy.

44 Insanity: Doing same thing over and over again and expecting different results.

45 EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE

46 HIGHEST FRAGILITY INDEX Growth hormone increased mortality ( 532 patients, FI 20) ARDS low tidal volume ( 861 patients, FI 11) Efficacy of activated protein C ( 1690 patients, FI 15) Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor ( 797 patients, FI 12) Addition of Clopidogrel to Aspirin (> patients, FI 12) Intensive versus conventional glucose control ( 6104 patients, FI 11) Tranexamic acid in trauma patients ( > patients, FI 48) Prone positioning in ARDS ( 466 patients, FI 20)

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