Insulin and human growth hormone

Transcription

1 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Insulin and human growth hormone By Yuqiong Xia

2 Keywords Insulin, pancreatic, glucagon, diabetes, zinc, protamine peak, maximum, crystallization, acid Human growth factor, receptor, insulin-like growth factor 2

3 Outline Insulin Introduction Chemical description Pharmacology and formulations Human growth hormone 3

4 Source of insulin inside the body Common bile duct Stomach Duodenum Pancreatic duct pancreas islet β-cell 4

5 Source of commercial insulin First-line therapy Human insulin and insulin analog Others and not produced by major manufacturer Bovine and porcine insulin 5

6 The function of insulin Regulate carbohydrate and fat metabolism Cause cells in the skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood Inhibit the release of glucagon and stop the use of fat as an energy source Provided within the body in a constant proportion to remove excess glucose from the blood 6

7 Types of Diabetes Type I Diabetes Depend on external insulin Insulin is no longer produced in the patients Type II Diabetes Insulin resistant or have relatively low insulin production or both; Some patients require insulin 7

8 History of insulin 1921 Banting and Best discovered insulin Enhance purity Optimize formulation: acidic to neutral, zinc, protamine After 1980 Recombinant DNA technology >98% purity Insulin analog 8

9 Outline Insulin Introduction Chemical description Pharmacology and formulations Human growth hormone 9

10 Chemical structure of Insulin Preproinsulin 前胰岛素原 Proinsulin 胰岛素原 Insulin 10

11 Amino acid sequence A6-A11 21 AA A7-B7 A20-B19 30 AA 11

12 Charge properties pi = 5.3 ph = pi positive charge = negative charge ph < pi -NH 2 become NH 3 + ph > pi COOH become COO - 12

13 Association properties 生物制药工程 夏玉琼西安电子科技大学 13

14 T6 and R6 T-state monomer T-state dimer T-state hexamer R-state hexamer 14

15 Outline Insulin Introduction Chemical description Pharmacology and formulations Human growth hormone 15

16 Insulin secretion In response to a meal, μu/ml Background insulin secreted continually, 5-15 μu/ml 16

17 Formulations 1 Regular and rapid-acting soluble formulations 2 Intermediate-acting insulin formulations 3 Long-acting insulin formulations gEvBohg00mysY*elFKwirdD8x0vI0aDOj7WctXHNv5PmnArF-5N-FY0Vq/figure7.png

18 1 Regular and rapid-acting soluble formulations Zinc ~0.4% Phenolic ( 酚的 ) preservatives Peak insulin 2-4 hr Maximum duration 5-8 hr Delay: hexamer to monomer takes time 18

19 Insulin dissociation after SC administration 19

20 To minimize delay Insulin lispro Monomeric insulin analog Peak insulin ~1h Hexamer formed by insulin analog Still rapid 20

21 Insulin lispro disassociation after SC administration 21

22 2 Intermediate-acting insulin formulation NPH Neutral Protamine Hagedorn Lente 22

23 NPH Neutral crystalline suspension Co-crystallization with protamine Protamine 30 AA, 65-70% Arg Onset 1-2 hr, Peak 2-8 hr, Duration hr 23

24 NPH/regular 24

25 Lente zinc Single daily injection Onset 1-2 hr, Peak 3-10 hr, Duration hr Mix with regular, only for temporary use 25

26 3 Long-acting insulin formulation Ultralente: solid particles, subcutaneous Lantus : solid particles, subcutaneous Levemir : solution 26

27 Ultralente Similar to NPH, except Larger, no protamine crystallized at acidic conditions Use methylparaben( 对羟基苯甲酸甲酯 ) as preservative Onset hr, Peak 4-20 hr, Duration hr It will not be used soon 27

28 Lantus Prepared in ph =4.0 Insulin analog A21 to glycine Precipitates in the body when ph becomes neutral 28

29 Levemir Insulin analog Acylation with a fatty acid moiety Zinc hexamer Neutral ph Bind to albumin makes it have long circulation time 29

30 Levemir 生物制药工程 夏玉琼西安电子科技大学 30

31 Clone Technology to cure diabate I Human oocytes( 卵母细胞 ) reprogram adult somatic nuclei ( 体细胞核 ) of a type 1 diabetic to diploid ( 双倍体 ) pluripotent stem cells β-cell 31 Yamada, M. et al., Nature, doi: /nature13287

32 Outline Insulin Human growth hormone Introduction hgh structure and isohormones Pharmacology 32

33 Introduction to human growth hormone (hgh) Protein hormone Normal growth and development in humans Late 1950s, isolated and identified from Pituitary glands ( 脑垂体 ) from cadaver( 尸体 ) Patients undergoing hypophysectomy ( 垂体切除术 ) 1979 first cloned 1982 rhgh Bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells 33

34 Outline Insulin Human growth hormone Introduction hgh structure and isohormones Pharmacology 34

35 Structure 191 AA

36 Four anti-parallel alpha-helix 生物制药工程 夏玉琼西安电子科技大学 36

37 Genes hgh-n normal Expressed in pituitary hgh-v variant Several forms are expressed in pregnant women 37

38 Outline Insulin Human growth hormone Introduction hgh structure and isohormones Pharmacology 38

39 hgh Secretion From somatotroph ( 促生长激素细胞 )in the anterior pituitary ( 垂体前叶 ) hypothalamus Brain pituitary 39

40 hgh regulation Short loop By hypothalamus ( 下丘脑 ) Ultrashort loop By GH receptors on somatotroph ( 生长激素抑制素 ) Long loop By insulin-like growth factor ( 类胰岛素生长因子 ) and other modulators 40

41 GH regulation 41

42 GH secretion with time Highest during night Highest during puberty and gestation 青春期怀孕期

43 Biological actions Growth promoting Stimulate growth of cartilage and bone directly Metabolic actions Elevation of circulating glucose level and free fatty acids Other: increase in net muscle protein synthesis 43

44 hgh receptor (GHR) 246 AA 20 AA 350 AA 44

45 hgh binding protein (GHBP) hgh hgh 45

46 The effects of GHBP Decrease clearance of hgh Make hgh more stable Decrease the effects of hgh Compete with GHR 46

47 Summary Insulin Structure: A-chain, B-chain, S-S bond Three kind of formulations: regular, imtermediate, long Diabete 1 and 2 hgh Structure: single chain, S-S bond hgh regulation GHR and GHBP 47

48 Homework 9 Suppose there is a type 1 diabete patient, who is very busy with work and does have too much time to inject insulin. Please recommend an insulin drug for him and suggest him how to use it. Please list at least one application of rhgh. 48