Biology 1030 Winter 2009
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1 Coordinated Motion Chapters 45 ( ); 48 ( ); 49 ( ) Coordinated Movements Unique animal tissues Muscle tissue Nervous tissue The Neuron Cell Body (Soma) Nucleus Organelles Presynaptic cell Stimulus Dendrites Axon Hillock Presynaptic terminals Neurotransmitters Synapse Neurotransmitter Postsynaptic cell 1
2 Neurons Sensory Interneurons Motor The Nerve a neuron Animal Nervous Systems Radiata vs. Bilateria Diffuse net vs. ganglia Complex integration ti 2
3 Radial Nervous Systems Cindarians A diffuse network A nerve ring around the mouth No ganglia Echinoderms Secondary pentaradial symmetry Radial nerve Nerve ring Coordination Bilateral Nervous Systems Platyhelminths Central nervous system Two lateral nerve cords with a small brain Peripheral nerves Annelids Paired ventral nerve cords Segmental ganglia Local control Bilateral Nervous Systems Arthropods Complex appendages Anterior ganglia fused Complex control Segmental ganglia 3
4 Bilateral Nervous Systems Molluscs Consistent with life style Bivalves Simple network of ganglia No cephalization Gastropods and Polyplacophores Cephalization More complex activities Cephalopods A highly organized brain Problem solving and observational learning The Muscle Fibre Plasma membrane Myofibril Sarcomere Nuclei Multinucleated cell Myofibrils Sarcomeres Z lines Thick filaments Thin filaments Thick filaments (myosin) Thin filaments (actin) M line Z line The Muscle Muscle Muscle fibres Motor unit Bundle of muscle fibers Muscle body Single muscle fibre (cell) 4
5 Types of Vertebrate Muscle Skeletal (striated) muscle Voluntary Muscle fibres containing myofibrils Sarcomeres Also in active invertebrates Types of Vertebrate Muscle Cardiac muscle Involuntary Striated Branched cells Only in the vertebrate heart Types of Vertebrate Muscle Smooth muscle Involuntary Unstriated No sacromeres No myofibrils Diffuse contractile proteins Common in the invertebrates Except voluntary 5
6 What happens when you step on a nail? Excitable Cell Membranes Pumps Non-gated channels Voltage-gated Ion channels Ligand-gated Ion channels Excitable Cells Resting State Na + /K + ATPase Non-gated K + channels Resting membrane potential [Ca ++ ] [Ca ++ ] 6
7 Excitable Cells [Ca ++ ] Active State Gated channels open Key Cell/site specific Ion fluxes Transient depolarizations [Ca ++ ] Withdrawal Reflex Spinal Cord External stimulus 1. Receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. Interneuron 4. Motor neuron 5. Target organ Perception External stimuli The classical five senses Vision Hearing Taste Smell Touch 7
8 Perception Mechanoreceptors Compression, bending, stretch Touch, pressure, proprioception, hearing, balance Thermoreceptors Heat, cold Chemoreceptors Smell, taste Photoreceptors Vision Nociceptors Pain Perception Pain Stepping on a tack Nociceptors Pain receptors Depolarization Threshold Action potential Nerve Connective tissue Strong pressure Neuron Excitation +50 Stimuli Microelectrode Voltage recorder Reference electrode ential (mv) Membrane pote 0 50 Threshold Stable V R Depolarization Resting potential Depolarizations Time (msec) 8
9 Neuron Excitation ential (mv) Membrane pote Strong depolarizing stimulus +50 Action potential 0 50 Threshold Resting potential Depolarizations Time (msec) Microelectrode Voltage recorder Reference electrode Threshold voltage Action potential All-or-none The Action Potential Threshold Gated Na + channels Na + influx Rapid depolarization Membrane potential (mv) Action potential 50 Threshold 1 Resting potential 100 Time 2 3 The Action Potential Action potential peak Gated Na + channels Gated K + channels K + efflux Repolarization +50 Action potential 0 Membrane potential (mv) Time 9
10 The Action Potential Hyperpolarization Gated K + channels K + efflux Membrane potential (mv) Time 5 The Action Potential Resting membrane V Gated K + channels Na + /K + ATPase Membrane potential (mv) Time 5 AP Propagation Isolated events Depolarization at point A First action potential Na+ diffuses in cytosol Depolarization at point B Voltage-gated channels Second action potential Depolarization at point C Third action potential Action potential Na + K + Axon Plasma membrane Cytosol 10
11 Refractory Period of inexcitability Absolute refractory period Little to no concentration gradients Na + /K + ATPase Relative refractory period Small concentration gradients Conduction Velocity Increasing speed Axon diameter Squid giant axon 1 mm diameter! Conduction Velocity Increasing speed Temperature 11
12 Conduction Velocity Increasing speed Myelination Insulative layer Charge leakage Myelination Node of Ranvier Myelin Schwann cell Axon Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier Schwann cell Axon 0.1 µm Schwann cells Protective Insulative Nodes of Ranvier AP Propagation Saltatory conduction Nodes of Ranvier 12
13 The End of the Axon Cell-cell communication Physically separated Electrical signal Chemical signal Neurotransmitters Chemical Synapse Presynaptic terminal Voltage-gated Ca ++ channels Vessicles Ca ++ -dependent trafficking Neurotransmitter release Excitatory acetylcholine Inhibitory GABA [Ca ++ ] [Ca ++ ] Excitatory Effects Synaptic cleft Acetylcholine release Postsynaptic cell Ligand-gated Na + channels Depolarization Excitatory postsynaptic potential Membrane Potential V R EPSP Threshold Time 13
14 Inhibitory Effects Synaptic cleft GABA release Postsynaptic cell Ligand-gated Cl channels Hyperpolarization Inhibitory postsynaptic potential Membrane Potential V R IPSP Time Threshold Net Effects Multiple presynaptic neurons Inhibitory GABA Excitatory - ACh Temporal summation Spatial summation Membrane Potential V R Threshold Time Where Are We At? Nociceptor Sensory Neuron Motor Neuron Interneuron Spinal Cord Perception of pain Sensory neuron Repeat in interneuron Repeat in motor neuron 14
15 At the Muscle Fibre Synaptic terminal T Tubule Synaptic cleft ACh SR Ca 2+ Synapse T-tubules Sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium store At the Muscle Fibre T Tubule ACh SR Ca 2+ Wave of depolarization Sarcoplasmic reticulum Voltage-gated Ca ++ channels Cytosolic calcium Muscle Proteins Contractile proteins Thick filaments (myosin) M-line Thin filaments (actin) Z-line Z line M line Sarcomere Sarcomeres 15
16 Muscle Proteins Troponin complex Ca ++ -binding sites Tropomyosin Myosinbinding site Other proteins Troponin Calcium binding sites Tropomyosin Myosin binding sites Role of Calcium Ca ++ from the SR Binds troponin Conformation change Pulls tropomyosin Myosin binding sites Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model Actomyosin crossbridges 1. Bind ATP 2. Cleave ATP Shape change ATP ADP P i 16
17 Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model Actomyosin crossbridges 3. Bind actin ADP P i 4. Release ADP Shape change Filament slides ADP P i Muscle Contraction Actomyosin crossbridges 1000s per sarcomere Pulling Z-line M Sarcomeres shorten = Contraction Where Are We At? Nociceptor Sensory Neuron Perception of pain Sensory neuron Interneuron Motor neuron Target effect Are we done yet? Motor Neuron Interneuron Spinal Cord 17
18 Needs for Locomotion Biceps Extensor muscle Circular muscle Triceps For coordinated motion: 1. Attach to a skeleton 2. Antagonistic pairs Flexors Extensors Flexor muscle Longitudinal muscle Types of Skeletons Structural support Endoskeletons Por., Ech., Chor., Moll. Exoskeletons Arth., Moll. Hydrostatic skeletons Cnid., Nem., Platy., Ann., Moll. Antagonistic Muscle Pairs Flexors bend joints Extensors straighten joints Opposing effects 18
19 In our Scenario Nociceptor Inhibitory (GABA) Sensory Neuron Excitatory (ACh) Interneuron innervates multiple motor neurons Excitatory motor neuron Flexor contraction Inhibitory motor neuron Extensor relaxation Motor Neurons Interneuron Spinal Cord Crossed Extensor Reflex Inhibitory (GABA) Excitatory (ACh) Interneuron crosses spinal cord One leg goes up One leg goes down Excitatory (ACh) Coordinated Motions Depends on: Habitat Stage of live Aquatic Swimming Terrestrial Crawling Walking Jumping Flying 19
20 Swimming Jet propulsion Water is forced through the smaller opening Cnidarian medusae Circular ring of muscles Swimming Cephalopds 40 km/h! Mantle cavity Gas exchange Siphon Contraction of muscles Directional Swimming Some peculiar swimming styles can be observed The swimming anemone The swimming scallop 20
21 Hydrostatic Skeletons Moving with no bones Just a fluid-filled coelom Water is uncompressible Change shape, not volume Hydrostatic Movement Nematode movement Longitudinal muscles Dorsal Ventral Hydrostatic Movement Unilateral contractions Undulatory motion Antagonistic muscle pair? 21
22 Hydrostatic Movement Polychaete worms Lateral longitudinal muscles Left vs. right contractions Parapodia extend Hydrostatic Movement Annelids Longitudinal muscles Segment anchors Setae dig in Circular muscles Segment extends Waves of contraction Crawling Turbellarians crawl using ventral cilia thin film of water/mucus Molluscs use waves of contraction Direct waves push the animal forward Retrograde waves pull the animal forward 22
23 Insect Flight Antagonistic muscle pairs One pair causes the wings to raise One pair causes them to lower Joint is a lever and fulcrum Muscle attachment Direct flight muscles Indirect flight muscles Direct Flight Muscles Basalar muscle Physically pulls the wing down Dorsoventral muscle Pulls the dorsal skeleton (notum) down Indirectly pushes the wing up Indirect Flight Muscles Change the body shape Dorsal longitudinal muscles Wings are indirectly pulled down Dorsoventral muscles Indirectly pulls the wings up 23
Coordinated Movements
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