Chapter 15 Taste, Smell and Vision
|
|
- Roderick Bryan
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 15 Taste, Smell and Vision The special senses are so named because they are associated with specific areas of the cortex. Touch is a general sense, so it s not included with the special senses. CHEMICAL SENSES alert us to things in our environment. This includes things to avoid and things that are beneficial. The chemical senses are gustation and olfaction! GUSTATION is one of the chemical senses. The sensory organ of the gustation sense is the TASTEBUD. There are about 10,000 tastebuds on the tongue. Tastebud location: o Located on mucocosal papillae (bumps on the tongue) o This is located at the top of the fungiform papillae, which is mostly on the anterior of the tongue o Also located on the sides of the circumvallate papillae, which is a V-shaped row of 7-12 of them near the back of the tongue. Tastebud anatomy o The tastebud consists of about epithelial cells. There are three types! o RECEPTOR CELL has gustatory hairs at the surface. The NEURONAL DENDRITE coils around several receptor cells. o SUPPORTING CELLS are between the receptor cells. They insulate receptor cells from each other so they all don t fire at once. o BASAL CELLS are regenerative cells to replace other types that are easily lost. PHYSIOLOGY OF TASTE There are five basic taste qualities, and most foods are a complex mixture. 1. Sweet (stimulated by carbohydrates-sugar, alcohol, some amino acids, lead salts) 2. Sour (acids-lemonade, orange juice) 3. Salty (metal ions-inorganic salts) 4. Bitter (alkaloids-quinine, nicotine, caffeine & some non-alkaloid aspirin) 5. Umamai (glutamate, beef flavor, aging cheese, MSG sometimes savory ) TASTE PREFERENCES reflect nutrient needs. Taste also triggers digestive reflexes, which begin with salivation and the secretion of gastric enzymes/intestinal juices when you start to think about food! MECHANISM OF TASTE 1. Food chemicals bind to hair receptor membrane protein. 2. Neurotransmitter release stimulates action potential in the nerve cell (in some cases by directly opening ion channels) Classic taste mapping is a bunch of hooey. All tastes are elicited from all areas of the tongue! 1
2 OLFACTION (SMELL) The sensory organ of smell is PSEUDOSTRATIFIED OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM. The cells of the pseudostratified olfactory epithelium: o OLFACTORY RECEPTOR CELLS o Bipolar neurons, they have hairlike extensions into the nuclei called OLFACTORY CILIA. They are non-motile! o Axons converge to form filaments of olfactory nerve (CNI) o They are able to generate action potentials o They are able to regenerate (this is a unique feature!) o SUPPORTING CELLS o Columnar cells that separate receptor cells. o They contain pigmented lipofuscin o BASAL CELLS o Short regenerative cells PHYSIOLOGY OF SMELL (smell is not as quantified as taste) We can distinguish about 10,000 different odors, and often just a few molecules. Odors stimulate different combinations, about 1,000 different receptor sites. In order to be smelled, the odorant must be volatile (able to go into a gaseous state). It then enters the nasal cavity and dissolves in the nasal mucus! MECHANISM 1. Odorant binds to receptor 2. Binding stimulates formation of intracellular messenger 3. Messenger opens Na+ channels, and generates an action potential (if threshold is reached) VISION ANATOMY OF VISION THE ACCESSORY STRUCTURES o EYEBROWS o Shade the sunlight o Protect from small particles from above o EYELIDS (palpebrae) o The upper and lower lids meet at the medial and lateral canthi o The MEDIAL CANTHUS is the location of the LACRIMAL CARUNCLE this secretes sebum and sweat o The eyelashes protect the free edge/eye and have nerve endings at the base of the follicle these stimulate the blink reflex o TARSAL GLANDS are modified sebaceous glands that lubricate the eye o CONJUCTIVA o Conjuctiva is a very thin, pleasant membrane that lines the inner portion of the eyelid. o PALPEBRAL CONJUCTIVA line the inside of the palpebrae 2
3 o Where the palpebral conjuctiva folds back over the anterior surface of the eyeball is the BULBAR CONJUCTIVA it covers only the white of the eye, not the cornea. o Blood vessels show through the conjunctiva o The major function of the conjunctiva is to produce a lubricating mucus LACRIMAL APPARATUS o LACRIMAL GLANDS lie in superolateral orbit and they produce tears (dilute saline lacrimal solution) o Blinking moves solution over the eye o Drainage of tears o It moves down and medially into lacrimal canals in medial canthus. o They empty into lacrimal sac and tapers into lacrimal duct o Drains into nasal cavity below inferior nasal concha EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES (move the eyes) o There are FOUR RECTUS MUSCLES. They rotate the eye in direction of name o Superior rectus CN III o Inferior rectus CN III o Lateral rectus CN VI (abducens nerve this muscle abducts) o Medial rectus CN III o TWO OBLIQUE MUSCLES. They attach at an angle and rotate the eye in the opposite direction of the name as well as slightly laterally. This lateral movement counters slight medial pull of opposite rectus muscle. o Superior oblique CN IV (trochlear nerve this is a pulley!) o Inferior oblique CN III THE EYEBALL ANATOMY there are three layers of the eyeball! 1. Outermost = Fibrous Layer (2 regions) a. The SCLERA is the bulk of the fibrous layer. It is made up of dense avascular connective tissue. It serves as an anchor for eye muscles. It is continuous with the dura mater. b. The CORNEA is continuous with the sclera. It bulges anteriorly and is clear. It is avascular, but innervated. The external surface is made up of stratified squamous cells, which 3
4 Innermost layer of the retina is made up of ganglion cell axons. The collected nerves from the OPTIC NERVE. renew the cornea continually. The internal surface of the cornea is made up of simple squamous cells. A Na+ pump continually pumps sodium out, taking water with it. This keeps the cornea clear! 2. Vascular Layer (aka uvea ) a. CHOROID is the posterior portion of vascular layer. It is highly vascular and supplies other layers with blood. It contains pigments to absorb stray light from internal reflection. b. CILIARY BODY is formed from the choroids. The ciliary muscle is a smooth muscle that changes the shape of the lens. The ciliary body has projections, called CILIARY PROCESSES which are capillaries that secrete fluid. c. SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS attach to the lens and are anchored by ciliary processes. d. IRIS is the pigmented portion on the anterior. It acts as a diaphragm, adjusting the size of the pupil. It constricts for near vision and boredom, and it dilates for far vision and interest/excitation. Eye color is related to the amount and location (depth) of brown pigment. 3. Inner Layer (the retina!) a. PIGMENTED LAYER is made up of simple, pigmented epithelium. It lies over the entire vascular layer and extends forward to the posterior surface of the iris. This layer absorbs stray light and stores Vitamin A! The pigmented epithelium act as phagocytes to remove dead or damaged photoreceptor cells. b. NEURAL LAYER = multiple layers of neuronal cells i. Extends anteriorly only to ORA SORRATA. This layer contains photoreceptive cells an visual processing cells. ii. The neural layer cells are: 1. PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS (abut the pigmented layer) 2. BIPOLAR CELLS (middle layer) 3. GANGLION CELLS (deepest layer they generate APs) 4. VISUAL PROCESSING CELLS (between other layers) a. AMACINE CELLS b. HORIZONTAL CELLS 5. PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS (there are two types) a. RODS respond to all wavelengths of light equally (best to green!). They are very sensitive and have a low stimulatory threshold. They are most active with night vision, but there is poor color discrimination. 4
5 b. CONES (three types). Each type responds best to either red, green or blue but there is some overlap. Cones respond best to bright light, so they are most active during the day. c. OPTIC DISC is the region where the nerve exits the eye. There are no photoreceptors at the optic disc a blind spot! d. Lateral to the optic disc is the MACULA where the innermost layers are pushed aside and it s mainly a bunch of photoreceptor cells. The small pit in the center of the macula is the FOVEA CENTRALIS. It is the point of highest visual acuity! It contains only cones, so used in daylight! Density of CONES declines with distance from the macula Density of RODS declines with proximity to macula. SO WHAT IS THE RESULT OF ALL THIS ROD/CONE STUFF? o Color and bright light discrimination is best at the fovea o The eye must move constantly to absorb the big picture o Rods discriminate poorly o Peripheral vision is good at night o Peripheral and night vision is limited Rods are the only photoreceptor cells at the periphery (near ora serrata) INTERNAL CHAMBERS OF THE EYE The posterior segment is filled with a clear gel called VITREOUS HUMOR. It provides support (intraocular pressure), holds the lens in place, holds the neural retina firmly against the pigmented layer and transmits light. The vitreous humor forms in embryo and lasts a lifetime. The anterior segment is divided by the iris into anterior and posterior chambers. It is filled with AQUEOUS HUMOR that circulates through the anterior segment and transports nutrients & wastes for the cornea and lens. It is produced by the ciliary processes of the ciliary body. It drains through the scleral venous sinus. The aqueous humor forms and drains continually! THE LENS The lens is a biconvex, transparent and flexible structure that can change shape to allow precise focusing of light on the retina. It is made up of two tissues: 1. Lens epithelium is made up of cuboidal cells on the anterior surface. They divide continually. 2. Lens fibers (derived from lens epithelium) make up the bulk of the lens. They contain transparant, precision-folded crystalline proteins. The continual lens fiber production causes lens to become less elastic with age. FOCUSING LIGHT FAR VISION is used for distances of 20 feet or more. With far vision the ciliary muscles are relaxed and the suspensory ligaments are tensed, so the lens flattens out. So the parallel light rays are minimally refracted. 5
6 NEAR VISION is used for distances up to 20 feet. ACCOMODATION occurs when the ciliary muscles contract and reduce tension on the suspensory ligaments. This causes the lens to bulge. PUPILLARY CONSTRICTION limits the light coming in. It prevents divergent rays at the periphery from entering the eye it occludes unfocused peripheral rays. CONVERGENCE involves both eyes rotating medially. THE VISUAL PATHWAY Each eye sees its own visual field, and there is quite a bit of overlap. 1. OPTIC NERVE carries light information from a single eye 2. Signals from the medial side of the retina cross to the opposite side via the OPTIC CHIASM. 3. The OPTIC TRACT carries signals from the opposite visual field to the thalamus. 4. OPTIC RADIATIONS carry these signals to the VISUAL CORTEX. 5. There, it braches to the SUPERIOR COLLICULI, PRETECTAL NUCLEI (in midbrain) and HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLIE (suprachiasmic nucleus, which is involved in the sleep/wake cycle). DEPTH PERCEPTION requires both eyes. It involves the visual location of objects in space. DISRUPTION OF THE PATHWAY o Eye or optic nerve damaged o Diminished visual field and loss of depth perception o Damage to optic tracts, optic radiations or cortex o Lose opposite half of the visual field o Depth perception is retained in the remaining half of the visual field. Superior colliculi reflex of extrinsic eye muscles Pretectal nuclei in the midbrain mediate papillary reflex Suprachiasmic nucleus in the hypothalamus sleep/wake cycle 6
4/22/16. Eye. External Anatomy of Eye. Accessory Structures. Bio 40B Dr. Kandula
Eye Bio 40B Dr. Kandula External Anatomy of Eye Accessory Structures l Eyebrows l Levator Palpebrae Superioris - opens eye l Eyelashes l Ciliary glands modified sweat glands l Small sebaceous glands l
More informationSpecial Senses: The Eye
Unit 4 Special Senses: The Eye ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY The Senses General senses of touch Temperature Pressure Pain Special senses Smell Taste Sight Hearing Equilibrium The Eye and Vision
More informationThe Special Senses: Part A
PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College CHAPTER 15 The Special Senses: Part A Warm Up What is the function of the eyeball? List any structures of the eyeball that you
More informationTHE SPECIAL SENSES. Introduction Vision
THE SPECIAL SENSES Introduction Vision RECEPTORS Structures designed to respond to stimuli Variable complexity RECEPTORS: GENERAL PROPERTIES Transducers Receptor Potential Generator Potential RECEPTORS
More informationSpecial Senses PART A
8 Special Senses PART A PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB The Senses General senses
More informationSense of Vision. Chapter 8. The Eye and Vision. The Eye Orbit. Eyebrows, Eyelids, Eyelashes. Accessory Organs 5/3/2016.
Sense of Vision Chapter 8 Special Senses The Eye and Vision 70 percent of all sensory receptors are in the eyes Each eye has over 1 million nerve fibers Protection for the eye Most of the eye is enclosed
More informationTaste buds Gustatory cells extend taste hairs through a narrow taste pore
The Special Senses Objectives Describe the sensory organs of smell, and olfaction. Identify the accessory and internal structures of the eye, and explain their function. Explain how light stimulates the
More informationo A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye
Name Period SPECIAL SENSES The Senses of touch o Temperature o Pressure o Pain o Smell o Taste o Sight o Hearing o Equilibrium The Eye and Vision are in the eyes has over a o Most of the eye is enclosed
More informationo A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye
Name Period SPECIAL SENSES The Senses General senses of touch o Temperature o Pressure o Pain Special senses o Smell o Taste o Sight o Hearing o Equilibrium The Eye and Vision 70 percent of all sensory
More informationUnit VIII Problem 8 Anatomy: Orbit and Eyeball
Unit VIII Problem 8 Anatomy: Orbit and Eyeball - The bony orbit: it is protecting our eyeball and resembling a pyramid: With a base directed: anterolaterally. And an apex directed: posteromedially. Notes:
More informationThe Orbit. The Orbit OCULAR ANATOMY AND DISSECTION 9/25/2014. The eye is a 23 mm organ...how difficult can this be? Openings in the orbit
The eye is a 23 mm organ...how difficult can this be? OCULAR ANATOMY AND DISSECTION JEFFREY M. GAMBLE, OD COLUMBIA EYE CONSULTANTS OPTOMETRY & UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY CLINICAL
More informationThe Nervous System: General and Special Senses Pearson Education, Inc.
18 The Nervous System: General and Special Senses Introduction Sensory information arrives at the CNS Information is picked up by sensory receptors Sensory receptors are the interface between the nervous
More informationChapter 17, Part 1! The Special Senses! SECTION 17-1! Olfaction, the sense of smell, involves olfactory receptors responding to chemical stimuli!
Chapter 17, Part 1! The Special Senses! SECTION 17-1! Olfaction, the sense of smell, involves olfactory receptors responding to chemical stimuli! 2! 1! Olfaction A Chemical Sensation! Olfactory epithelium!
More informationOcular Anatomy for the Paraoptometric
Ocular Anatomy for the Paraoptometric Minnesota Optometric Association Paraoptometric CE Friday September 30, 2016 Lindsay A. Sicks, OD, FAAO Assistant Professor, Illinois College of Optometry lsicks@ico.edu
More informationSPECIAL SENSES PART I: OLFACTION & GUSTATION
SPECIAL SENSES PART I: OLFACTION & GUSTATION 5 Special Senses Olfaction Gustation Vision Equilibrium Hearing Olfactory Nerves Extend through cribriform plate into nasal cavity on both sides of nasal septum
More informationACTIVITIES. Complete Diagrams PNS 18 and 19 Complete PNS 23 Worksheet 3 #1 only Complete PNS 24 Practice Quiz
ACTIVITIES Complete Diagrams PNS 18 and 19 Complete PNS 23 Worksheet 3 #1 only Complete PNS 24 Practice Quiz THE SPECIAL SENSES Introduction Vision RECEPTORS Structures designed to respond to stimuli Variable
More informationSpecial Senses. Accessory Structures of the Eye. The Eye and Vision. Accessory Structures of the Eye. Accessory Structures of the Eye
8 PART A Special Senses PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB The Senses General senses
More informationThe Senses. Chapter 10 7/8/11. Introduction
Chapter 10 The Senses Introduction A. Sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and stimulate neurons to send nerve impulses to the brain. B. A sensation is formed based on the sensory input.
More informationINTRODUCTION: ****************************************************************************************************
BIOLOGY 211: HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY **************************************************************************************************** EYES AND VISION ****************************************************************************************************
More informationVision is the most dominant sense, about 70% of all sensory receptors in the body are in the eyes Accessory Structures of the eye : Eyelashes :
Sight By Jess Kapp Vision is the most dominant sense, about 70% of all sensory receptors in the body are in the eyes Accessory Structures of the eye : Eyelashes : Protect eye from debris and bacteria Eyebrows
More informationSensory system. Dr. Carmen E. Rexach Anatomy 35 Mt San Antonio College
Sensory system Dr. Carmen E. Rexach Anatomy 35 Mt San Antonio College Sensory receptors Detect stimuli Classified by structure Origin Distribution Modality Structural Classification naked nerve endings
More informationThe white of the eye and the part that maintains its shape is know n as the:
Scrub In The white of the eye and the part that maintains its shape is know n as the: a. Cornea b. Pupil c. Retina d. Sclera The structure that is found in the ear and contains the organ of hearing is
More informationHuman Biology 175 Lecture Notes: Special Senses Section 1 Eye
Human Biology 175 Lecture Notes: Special Senses Section 1 Eye A) Accessory Eye Structures 1) Protects 2) a) mucous membrane covers anterior sclera and inner eyelid b) lubricate/rinse the surface c) Conjunctivitis:
More informationHistology of the Eye
Histology of the Eye Objectives By the end of this lecture, the student should be able to describe: The general structure of the eye. The microscopic structure of:»cornea.»retina. EYE BULB Three coats
More informationVision I. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Vision I Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Eye Cornea Sclera Conjunctiva 2 Eye The conjunctiva lines the inner surface of the eyelids and outer surface of the sclera. 3
More informationCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Outline Nervous System Sensory Systems I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Biol 105 Lecture 11 Chapter 9 Senses Sensory receptors Touch Vision Hearing and balance Smell Senses Sensory receptor cells Sensory receptors
More informationHead: Special Senses. Taste Smell Vision Hearing/Balance
Head: Special Senses Taste Smell Vision Hearing/Balance TASTE: how does it work? Taste buds on tongue on fungiform papillae ( mushroom-like projections) Each bud contains several cell types in microvilli
More informationSpecial Senses. Mechanoreception Electroreception Chemoreception Others
Special Senses Mechanoreception Electroreception Chemoreception Others Recall our receptor types Chemically regulated: Respond to particular chemicals Voltage regulated: respond to changing membrane potential
More informationSpecial Senses: Vision
ighapmlre24pg223_230 5/12/04 2:27 PM Page 223 impos03 302:bjighapmL:ighapmLrevshts:layouts: NAME LAB TIME/DATE Special Senses: Vision REVIEW SHEET exercise 24 Anatomy of the Eye 1. Name five accessory
More informationEssentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology. Chapter 8. Special Senses. Slides Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L.
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb Seventh Edition Chapter 8 Special Senses Slides 8.1 8.19 Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook Special Senses Title Somatosensation Essential
More informationUnit 8: The Special Senses
Unit 8: The Special Senses I. The Senses A. General senses of touch 1. Temperature 2. Pressure 3. Pain B. Special senses 1. Smell 2. Taste 3. Sight 4. Hearing 5. Equilibrium II. The Eye and Vision A. 70%
More informationThe Special Senses. Smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium Housed in complex sensory organs
The Special Senses Smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium Housed in complex sensory organs Chemical Senses Interaction of molecules with receptor cells Olfaction (smell) and gustation (taste) Both
More informationThe Special Senses. Chapter 17
The Special Senses Chapter 17 Objective Describe the structure of vertebrate sensory organs and relate structure to function in vertebrate sensory systems. The 5 Special Senses 1. Olfaction 2. Gustation
More information20-20,000 Hertz range of human hearing
20-20,000 Hertz range of human hearing accommodation automatic adjustment in focal length of the lens of the eye; changing the shape of the lens aqueous humor Watery fluid in the anterior chambers of the
More informationChapter 7, Section 1 Review Questions. Directions: Place the letter of the best definition next to each key term. Name PER Date
Name PER Date Chapter 7, Section 1 Review Questions Directions: Place the letter of the best definition next to each key term. A. the middle layer of the wall of the eye B. the structure between the choroid
More informationChapter 18. The Senses SENSORY RECEPTION. Introduction: Superhuman Senses. Introduction: Superhuman Senses
Introduction: Superhuman Senses Chapter 18 The Senses! Three senses found in some animals but not humans Echolocation locating objects by detecting echoes of emitted sound waves Electroreception ability
More informationUnit 8 - The Special Senses 1
Unit 8 - The Special Senses 1 I. Unit 8: The Special Senses A. The Senses 1. General senses a) Light touch (1) Meissner's corpuscles b) Temperature c) Pressure (1) Pacinian corpuscles; also called lamellar
More informationSPECIAL SENSES. Anatomy & Physiology
SPECIAL SENSES Anatomy & Physiology BELL WORK: DEFINE LACRIMAL ACHROMATIC OTOSCOPE TENNITIS VERTIGO STANDARD 25) Define key terms associated with vision disorders, ear disorders, nose disorders, and mouth
More informationTHE EYE: RETINA AND GLOBE
Neuroanatomy Suzanne Stensaas February 24, 2011, 10:00-12:00 p.m. Reading: Waxman Ch. 15. Your histology and gross anatomy books should be useful. Reading: Histology of the Eye from any histology book
More informationEssential questions. What are the structures of the sensory system? 3.03 Remember the structures of the sensory system 2
Essential questions What are the structures of the sensory system? 3.03 Remember the structures of the sensory system 2 The Senses Eyes Sight Ears Hearing Nose Smell Tongue Taste Skin Touch 3.03 Remember
More informationLab Activities 16, 17, & 18
Lab Activities 16, 17, & 18 Olfaction & Taste Vision Hearing & Equilibrium Portland Community College BI 232 Lingual Papilla Papilla are epithelial projections on the superior surface of the tongue Circumvallate
More informationThe Eye. The Orbit. The EYE What a Trip!!! - The Anterior Segment 5/12/2015. Jill J Luebbert, CPOT, ABOC
The EYE What a Trip!!! - The Anterior Segment Jill J Luebbert, CPOT, ABOC The Eye The Orbit Bony socket containing the eye and most of its accessory organs consisting of 7 bones 1 The Seven Bones of the
More informationlet's continue talking about the eye,
Eye is mainly composed of 3 layers: External layer, which called The Sclera which is a hard connective tissue that gives the eye its round shape. Extension of the sclera into the front is the cornea, which
More informationSenses and Sense Organs
Senses and Sense Organs SENSORY SYSTEMS Human experience is effected by both internal and external stimuli. Humans are able to distinguish among many different types of stimuli by means of a highly developed
More informationGNK485 The eye and related structures. Prof MC Bosman 2012
GNK485 The eye and related structures Prof MC Bosman 2012 Surface anatomy Bony orbit Eyeball and Lacrimal apparatus Extra-ocular muscles Movements of the eye Innervation Arterial supply and venous drainage
More informationIntroduction. Senses our perception of what is out there 2 groups. General senses Special senses
Introduction Senses our perception of what is out there 2 groups General senses Special senses Central Processing and Adaptation Adaptation the loss of sensitivity after continuous stimulation Tonic receptors
More information02/03/2014. Average Length: 23mm (Infant ~16mm) Approximately the size of a quarter Volume: ~5mL
Identify the anatomy of the eye. Explain the basic physiology of the parts of the eye. Briefly discuss various surgeries related to different parts of the anatomy. Average Length: 23mm (Infant ~16mm) Approximately
More informationBi 121 Lab OLFACTION. olfactory bulb, olfactory nerve (=cranial nerve I), olfactory foramina, olfactory epithelium
Bi 121 Lab Week 9: THE SPECIAL SENSES The special senses include smell, taste, vision, hearing, and balance. In this laboratory exercise, we will look at many of the structures that provide for these senses.
More informationa. The neural layer possesses an optic disc (blind spot), where the optic nerve exits the eye, and lacks photoreceptors. b. Lateral to the blind spot
The Special Senses Outline PART 1 THE EYE AND VISION (pp. 545 565; Figs. 15.1 15.19) 15.1 The eye has three layers, a lens, and humors and is surrounded by accessory structures (pp. 549 557; Figs. 15.1
More informationis the clear, transparent part at the front of the eye. It allows light to enter the eye and it also refracts (focuses) the light onto the retina.
Senses- Vision Light is a small part (1/70th) of the total electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. The EM band extends from radio waves at one extreme to x-rays at the other. The eye detects light and converts
More informationXUE HUI Department of Histology& Embryology, Basic Medicine College of Jilin University
SENSE ORGAN XUE HUI Department of Histology& Embryology, Basic Medicine College of Jilin University EYE fibrous globe lens photosensitive cells a system of cells and nerves concentric layers the sclera
More information-Detect heat or cold and help maintain body temperature
Sensory Receptors -Transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system -Reception occurs when a receptor detectd a stimulus -Perception occurs in the brain as this information
More information1 Eyelids. Lacrimal Apparatus. Orbital Region. 3 The Orbit. The Eye
1 1 Eyelids Orbital Region 2 Lacrimal Apparatus 3 The Orbit 4 The Eye 2 Eyelids The eyelids protect the eye from injury and excessive light by their closure. The upper eyelid is larger and more mobile
More informationChapter 18 Senses SENSORY RECEPTION 10/21/2011. Sensory Receptors and Sensations. Sensory Receptors and Sensations. Sensory Receptors and Sensations
SENSORY RECEPTION Chapter 18 Senses s convert stimulus energy to action potentials s 1. Are specialized cells, or 2. Specialized endings that detect stimuli All stimuli are forms of energy s in eyes detect
More information213: HUMAN FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY: PRACTICAL CLASS 12 Cranial cavity, eye and orbit
213: HUMAN FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY: PRACTICAL CLASS 12 Cranial cavity, eye and orbit OSTEOLOGY Identify the bones which comprise the walls of the orbit: maxilla, zygomatic, ethmoid, lachrymal, frontal, and
More informationThe Senses Help to maintain homeostasis General senses receptors located throughout the body
The Senses Help to maintain homeostasis General senses receptors located throughout the body Within the skin, organs & joints Sense of touch Special senses receptors in the head Sight Smell Taste Hearing
More informationChapter 29 The Senses
Chapter 29 The Senses PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
More informationEssentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb) Chapter 8 Special Senses. 8.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb) Chapter 8 Special Senses 8.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions Using Figure 8.1, identify the following: 1) The auricle (pinna) is indicated by.
More informationScrub In. What is the function of vitreous humor? What does the pupil do when exposed to bright light? a. Maintain eye shape and provide color vision
Scrub In What is the function of vitreous humor? a. Maintain eye shape and provide color vision b. Maintain eye shape and refract light rays c. Provide night vision and color vision d. Provide night vision
More informationPrinciples of Anatomy and Physiology
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14 th Edition CHAPTER 17 The Special Senses Olfaction: Sense of Smell Smell and taste are chemical senses. The human nose contains 10 million to 100 million receptors
More informationSense Organs. Chapter 38
Sense Organs Chapter 38 Chemical Senses Chemoreceptors are the receptors responsible for smell and taste. Because all members of the animal kingdom have developed a sense of taste and/or smell, chemoreceptors
More informationGanglion Cells Blind Spot Cornea Pupil Visual Area of the Bipolar Cells Thalamus Rods and Cones Lens Visual cortex of the occipital lobe
How We See How We See Cornea Ganglion Cells whose axons form the optic nerve Blind Spot the exit point at the back of the retina Pupil which is controlled by the iris Bipolar Cells Visual Area of the Thalamus
More informationChapter 10. The Senses
Chapter 10 The Senses 1 Introduction A. Sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and stimulate neurons to send nerve impulses to the brain. B. A sensation is formed based on the sensory input.
More informationOlfaction. The Special Senses. The Special Senses. Olfaction. The Ethmoid. Olfactory Receptors. The five special senses are
The Special Senses The Special Senses Chapter 14 in Open Stax Chapter 17 in Martini The five special senses are Olfaction Gustation Equilibrium Hearing Vision Olfaction Olfaction The sense of smell, or
More informationSenses- Ch. 12. Pain receptors- respond to tissue damage in all tissues except in the brain
Senses- Ch. 12 5 general types of sensory neurons or receptors are known. These specialized neurons detect stimuli from the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin. The stimuli are changed into electrical signals
More informationBony orbit Roof The orbital plate of the frontal bone Lateral wall: the zygomatic bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid
Bony orbit Roof: Formed by: The orbital plate of the frontal bone, which separates the orbital cavity from the anterior cranial fossa and the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere Lateral wall: Formed
More informationSpecial Senses. The Senses. General senses. Special senses. Yong Jeong, MD, PhD Department of Bio and Brain Engineering
8 Special Senses Yong Jeong, MD, PhD Department of Bio and Brain Engineering The Senses General senses Touch Pressure Pain Temperature Proprioception Special senses Smell Taste Sight Hearing Equilibrium
More informationSurgical Anatomy Ear and Eye. Presenters: Dr. Jim Hurrell and Dr. Dennis McCurnin
Surgical Anatomy Ear and Eye Presenters: Dr. Jim Hurrell and Dr. Dennis McCurnin A Warm Welcome from My Faculty TEAM and Me!!! 2 The Pledge of Allegiance 3 The Senses 4 Hearing 3 Layers of Ear EXTERNAL
More informationSpecial Senses. Unit 6.7 (6 th Edition) Chapter 7.7 (7 th Edition)
Special Senses Unit 6.7 (6 th Edition) Chapter 7.7 (7 th Edition) 1 Learning Objectives Identify the five special senses. Identify the four general senses. Trace the pathway of light rays as they pass
More information2. WINDOWS OF KNOWLEDGE
CONTENT 2. WINDOWS OF KNOWLEDGE Vision - The protective measures of eyes. - Structure of human eye, Working of eye lens, - Photo receptors in the retina, Sense of vision. - Disorders & diseases of eyes,
More information4. Which letter in figure 9.1 points to the fovea centralis? Ans: b
Chapter 9: The Sensory System 1. Proprioceptors are involved in the sense of A) pain. B) temperature. C) pressure. D) movement of limbs. 2. Which are chemoreceptors? A) taste B) olfactory C) proprioceptors
More informationHigh graded potential at receptor ending causes rapid firing of its afferent neuron. Afferent neuron. Fig. 6-1, p. 142
What are receptor neurons? Specialized neurons that respond to physical or chemical stimuli Respond by changing ion channels, altering graded potentials Afferent neuron High graded potential at receptor
More informationWhere sensations get received
What are receptor neurons? Specialized neurons that respond to physical or chemical stimuli Respond by changing ion channels, altering graded potentials Afferent neuron High graded potential at receptor
More informationBIOL 347 General Physiology Lab The Special Senses
BIOL 347 General Physiology Lab The Special Senses Objectives Students will identify the different parts of the eye and understand their functions. Students will explain colorblindness, astigmatism, and
More informationBiology. Slide 1 of 49. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology 1 of 49 2 of 49 Sensory Receptors Neurons that react directly to stimuli from the environment are called sensory receptors. Sensory receptors react to stimuli by sending impulses to other neurons
More informationChapter 15 Lecture Outline
Chapter 15 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction
More informationTASTE: Taste buds are the sense organs that respond to gustatory stimuli. Chemoreceptors that respond to chemicals broken down from food in the saliva
UNIT 5: Nervous System- Senses Somatic Senses Somatic senses are associated with receptors in the skin, muscles, joints, and viscera (organs of the body) Include senses of touch, pressure, temperature,
More information2 Sensing the Environment
CHAPTER 17 2 Sensing the Environment SECTION Communication and Control California Science Standards 7.5.a, 7.5.b, 7.5.g, 7.6.b BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer
More informationChapter 18. The Nervous System. General and Special Senses. Lecture Presentation by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College
Chapter 18 The Nervous System General and Special Senses Lecture Presentation by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Introduction Every plasmalemma functions as a receptor for the cell Plasmalemma
More informationThe Sense Organs 10/13/2016. The Human Eye. 1. Sclera 2. Choroid 3. Retina. The eye is made up of three layers:
The human body gathers information from the outside world by using the five senses of: The Sense Organs 12.3 Sight Hearing Taste Smell Touch This information is essential in helping the body maintain homeostasis.
More informationEye Movements. Geometry of the Orbit. Extraocular Muscles
Eye Movements Geometry of the Orbit The eye (oculus) is located in the anterior aspect of the orbit: the equator of the eye (defined by a coronal plane passing through its middle) lies at the margin of
More informationThe sebaceous glands (glands of Zeis) open directly into the eyelash follicles, ciliary glands (glands of Moll) are modified sweat glands that open
The Orbital Region The orbits are a pair of bony cavities that contain the eyeballs; their associated muscles, nerves, vessels, and fat; and most of the lacrimal apparatus upper eyelid is larger and more
More informationTHE SPECIAL SENSES (1) THE CHEMICAL SENSES: TASTE (GUSTATION) AND SMELL (OLFACTION)
THE SPECIAL SENSES Senses allow the body to maintain homeostasis by constantly receiving information regarding internal and external environmental changes. There are many ways we sense things, but there
More informationChapter 16B. The Special Senses. The Special Senses. Olfactory Epithelium. Chemical Senses
The Special Senses Chapter 16B Smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium Housed in complex sensory organs The Special Senses 1 2 Chemical Senses Interaction of molecules with chemoreceptor cells Olfaction
More informationFor this lab you will use parts of Exercise #18 in your Wise lab manual. Please be sure to read those sections before coming to lab
Bio 322 Human Anatomy Objectives for the laboratory exercise The Eye and Ear Required reading before beginning this lab: Saladin, KS: Human Anatomy 5 th ed (2017) Chapter 17 For this lab you will use parts
More information4/17/2019. Special Senses. Special sensory receptors. Vision - 70% of body's sensory receptors in eye Taste Smell Hearing Equilibrium
Special Senses Special sensory receptors Distinct, localized receptor cells in head Vision - 70% of body's sensory receptors in eye Taste Smell Hearing Equilibrium The Eye and Accessory Structures The
More informationMedical School Histology Basics. VIBS 289 lab. Eye
Medical School Histology Basics VIBS 289 lab Eye Larry Johnson Texas A&M University Aqueous humor OUTLINE OVERVIEW CELLULAR STRUCTURES THROUGH WHICH LIGHT PASSES A. CORNEA B. LENS C. RETINA STRUCTURES
More informationNeuroscience - Problem Drill 13: The Eye and Visual Processing
Neuroscience - Problem Drill 13: The Eye and Visual Processing Question No. 1 of 10 needed, (3) Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed. 1. Which of the following statements
More informationPhysiology Unit 2 SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology Unit 2 SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY In Physiology Today Sensory System Sensory information Conscious sensations Unconscious sensations Sensory processing Transferring stimulus energy into a graded potential
More informationPresentation On SENSATION. Prof- Mrs.Kuldeep Kaur
Presentation On SENSATION Prof- Mrs.Kuldeep Kaur INTRODUCTION:- Sensation is a specialty area within Psychology that works at understanding how are senses work and how we perceive stimuli in the environment.
More informationThe Sensory Systems. Lesson 7.1: The Eye Lesson 7.2: The Ear Lesson 7.3: Smell and Taste
7 The Sensory Systems Lesson 7.1: The Eye Lesson 7.2: The Ear Lesson 7.3: Smell and Taste Chapter 7: The Sensory Systems Lesson 7.1 The Eye The Eye anatomy of the eye external internal vision injuries,
More informationThe olfactory epithelium is located at the roof of the nasal cavity. Nasal conchae cause turbulance of incoming air
Special Senses I. Olfaction II. Gustation A. Anatomy and general info The olfactory epithelium is located at the roof of the nasal cavity Nasal conchae cause turbulance of incoming air Olfactory glands
More informationImage Formation and Phototransduction. By Dr. Abdelaziz Hussein Lecturer of Physiology
Image Formation and Phototransduction By Dr. Abdelaziz Hussein Lecturer of Physiology Vision Vision is a complex process through which an image of the external environment is formed on the photosensitive
More informationSensory Systems Vision, Audition, Somatosensation, Gustation, & Olfaction
Sensory Systems Vision, Audition, Somatosensation, Gustation, & Olfaction Sarah L. Chollar University of California, Riverside sarah.chollar@gmail.com Sensory Systems How the brain allows us to see, hear,
More informationSensing and Perceiving Our World
PSYCHOLOGY: Perspectives & Connections 2 nd Edition GREGORY J. FEIST ERIKA L. ROSENBERG Sensing and Perceiving Our World Chapter Four Chapter Preview The Long Strange Trip From Sensation to Perception
More informationBony orbit. Lateral wall: Formed by : the zygomatic bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid
Bony orbit Roof: Formed by: The orbital plate of the frontal bone, which separates the orbital cavity from the anterior cranial fossa and the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere Lateral wall: Formed
More informationTest Bank for Medical Surgical Nursing An Integrated Approach 3rd Edition by White
Test Bank for Medical Surgical Nursing An Integrated Approach 3rd Edition by White Link full download : http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-for-medical-surgical-nursing-anintegrated-approach-3rd-edition-by-white/
More informationSpecial Senses Sight Smell Taste Hearing and balance. Touch, not special, and not here (Ch 13)
Special Senses Sight Smell Taste Hearing and balance Touch, not special, and not here (Ch 13) Eye, matey. Eye and Associated Structures 70% of all body sensory receptors are in the eye About half of the
More information